m10u4
the∙or∙etic∙al / ˌθiəˈretikl; NAme ˌθi:ə- /
◙ adj. [usually before noun]
1. concerned with the ideas and principles on which a particular subject is based, rather than with practice and experiment
• 理论上的:
»a theoretical approach
理论研究方法
»theoretical physics
理论物理
»The first year provides students with a sound theoretical basis for later study.
第一年为学生以后的学习奠定坚实的理论基础。
【OPP】 experimental , practical
2. that could possibly exist, happen or be true, although this is unlikely
• 理论上存在的；假设的:
»It's a theoretical possibility.
这是理论上存在的可能性。
♦ the∙or∙etic∙al∙ly / -kli / adv.:
»theoretically sound conclusions
理论上无懈可击的结论
»It is theoretically possible for him to overrule their decision, but highly unlikely.
按理说他可以否定他们的决定,但是可能性很小。
in∙volve / inˈvɔlv; NAme inˈvɑ:lv /
◙ verb
1. if a situation, an event or an activity involves sth, that thing is an important or necessary part or result of it
• 包含；需要；使成为必然部份(或结果)
【SYN】 entail :
▪ [VN]
»Any investment involves an element of risk.
任何投资都有一定的风险。
»Many of the crimes involved drugs.
许多罪案都与毒品有关。
▪ [V -ing]
»The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.
考试将包括回答一些关于一张照片的问题。
▪ [VN -ing]
»The job involves me travelling all over the country.
这份工作需要我在全国各地来往。
»(formal) The job involves my travelling all over the country.
这份工作需要我在全国各地来往。
2. [VN] if a situation, an event or an activity involves sb, they take part in it or are affected by it
• 牵涉；牵连；影响:
»There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.
有一起涉及一群年轻人的严重事件。
»How many vehicles were involved in the crash?
这次撞车事故涉及多少辆汽车？
3. [VN] ~ sb (in sth / in doing sth) to make sb take part in sth
• (使)参加,加入:
»We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations.
我们希望参加庆典的人越多越好。
»Parents should involve themselves in their child's education.
父母应当参与孩子的教育。
4. [VN] ~ sb (in sth) to say or do sth to show that sb took part in sth, especially a crime
• 表明(某人参与了犯罪等)
【SYN】 implicate :
»His confession involved a number of other politicians in the affair.
他的自白供出其他一些政治人物也涉及此事。 【PHR V】
◘ in'volve sb in sth
• to make sb experience sth, especially sth unpleasant
• 把某人牵涉(或牵扯)到某事里:
»You have involved me in a great deal of extra work.
你害得我添了一大堆额外的工作。
down∙load
◙ verb / ˌdaunˈləud; NAmE -ˈloud /
• əʒŋ] (computing 计) to move data to a smaller computer system from a larger one
• 下载；下装
--› compare load v. (5)
【OPP】 upload
◙ noun
• / ˈdaunləud; NAmE -loud / (computing 计) data which is downloaded from another computer system
• 已下载的数据资料
♦ down∙load∙able / ˌdaunˈləudəbl; NAmE -ˈloud- / adj.
de∙lete / diˈli:t /
◙ verb [VN]
• ~ sth (from sth) to remove sth that has been written or printed, or that has been stored on a computer
• 删去；删除:
»Your name has been deleted from the list.
你的名字已从名单上删掉。
»This command deletes files from the directory.
这一指令把文档从目录中删除。
»(BrE) Mr / Mrs / Ms (delete as appropriate)
先生/太太/女士(酌情删除)
♦ de∙le∙tion / diˈli:ʃn / noun [U, C] :
»He made several deletions to the manuscript.
他在原稿上删去了好几处。
file / fail /
◙ noun
1. a box or folded piece of card for keeping loose papers together and in order
• 文件夹；卷宗:
»a box file
文件箱
»A stack of files awaited me on my desk.
我桌上有一堆文件正待我去处理。
2. a collection of information stored together in a computer, under a particular name
• (计算机的)文件, 档案:
»to access / copy / create / delete / download / save a file
存取/复制/创建/删除/下载/保存文件
»Every file on the same disk must have a different name.
同一磁盘上的每一个文件都必须有不同的文件名。
--› see also PDF
3. ~ (on sb) a file and the information it contains, for example about a particular person or subject
• 档案:
»secret police files
警方秘密档案
»to have / open / keep a confidential file on sb
有/设立/保存某人的机密档案
»Your application will be kept on file (= in a file, to be used later).
你的申请书将存档。
»Police have reopened the file (= have started collecting information again) on the missing girl.
警方对失踪的女孩已重新建档调查。
4. a metal tool with a rough surface for cutting or shaping hard substances or for making them smooth
• 锉；锉刀
--› see also nail file
5. a line of people or things, six behind the other
• 排成一行的人(或物):
»They set off in file behind the teacher.
他们跟在教师后面鱼贯出发。 【IDIOMS】
◘ (in) single 'file
(also old-fashioned (in) Indian file)
• (in) six line, six behind the other
• 一路纵队；单行:
»They made their way in single file along the cliff path.
他们一个接着一个沿悬崖小径前进。
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ sth (away) to put and keep documents, etc. in a particular place and in a particular order so that you can find them easily; to put a document into a file
• 把(文件等)归档:
»The forms should be filed alphabetically.
这些表格应该按字母顺序归档。
»I filed the letters away in a drawer.
我把信件存放到抽屉里了。
»Please file it in my 'Research' file.
请把它归入我的研究类档案。
2. ~ (for sth) (law 律) to present sth so that it can be officially recorded and dealt with
• 提起(诉讼)；提出(申请)；送交(备案):
▪ [V]
»to file for divorce
提交离婚申请书
▪ [VN]
»to file a claim / complaint / petition / lawsuit
提出索赔/申诉；呈交诉状；提起诉讼
▪ [also V to inf]
3. [VN] (of a journalist 记者) to send a report or a story to your employer
• 发送(报道给报社)
4. [V +adv. / prep.] to walk in a line of people, six after the other, in a particular direction
• 排成一行行走:
»The doors of the museum opened and the visitors began to file in.
博物馆开门了,参观者鱼贯而入。
5. [VN] ~ sth (away / down, etc.) to cut or shape sth or make sth smooth using a file
• 锉平；锉去；锉薄；锉光滑:
»to file your nails
把指甲锉光滑
of∙fen∙sive / əˈfensiv /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (to sb) rude in a way that causes you to feel upset, insulted or annoyed
• 冒犯的；得罪人的；无礼的:
»offensive remarks
冒犯的言论
»His comments were deeply offensive to a large number of single mothers.
他的评论严重触怒了众多的单身母亲。
»The programme contains language which some viewers may find offensive.
节目里使用了某些观众可能认为是犯忌的语言。
【OPP】 inoffensive
2. (formal) extremely unpleasant
• 极其讨厌的；令人不适的
【SYN】 obnoxious :
»an offensive smell
刺鼻的气味
--› note at disgusting
3. [only before noun] connected with the act of attacking sb / sth
• 攻击性的；进攻性的:
»an offensive war
侵略战争
»offensive action
进攻行动
»He was charged with carrying an offensive weapon.
他被指控携带攻击性武器。
--› compare defensive (1)
4. (NAmE) (sport 体) connected with the team that has control of the ball; connected with the act of scoring points
• 攻方的；进攻型的；攻击型的:
»offensive play
进攻动作
--› compare defensive (3)
♦ of∙fen∙sive∙ly adv.
♦ of∙fen∙sive∙ness noun [U]
◙ noun
1. a military operation in which large numbers of soldiers, etc. attack another country
• 进攻；攻击；侵犯
【SYN】 strike :
»an air offensive
空中攻击
»They launched the offensive on January 10.
他们于 1 月 10 日发动了进攻。
2. a series of actions aimed at achieving sth in a way that attracts a lot of attention
• (引人注意的)系列行动；运动；攻势
【SYN】 campaign :
»The government has launched a new offensive against crime.
政府发动了新的打击犯罪攻势。
»a sales offensive
销售攻势
»The public seems unconvinced by their latest charm offensive (= their attempt to make people like them).
公众似乎并不相信他们最近所表演的一连串笑脸攻势。 【IDIOMS】
◘ be on the of'fensive
• to be attacking sb / sth rather than waiting for them to attack you
• 发动攻势；主动出击
◘ go on (to) the of'fensive | ◘ take the of'fensive
• to start attacking sb / sth before they start attacking you
• 先发制人
hat∙red / ˈheitrid /
◙ noun [U, C]
• ~ (for / of sb / sth) | ~ (towards sb) a very strong feeling of dislike for sb / sth
• 仇恨；憎恨；厌恶:
»He looked at me with intense hatred.
他满怀敌意地看着我。
»There was fear and hatred in his voice.
他的声音里透露着恐惧和仇恨。
»She felt nothing but hatred for her attacker.
她对攻击她的人只有恨。
»a profound hatred of war
对战争的深恶痛绝
»racial hatred (= between people from different races)
种族仇恨
»The debate simply revived old hatreds.
这一辩论只不过再次挑起了夙仇。
--› note at hate
in∙tel∙lec∙tual / ˌintəˈlektʃuəl /
◙ adj.
1. [usually before noun] connected with or using a person's ability to think in a logical way and understand things
【SYN】 mental
• 智力的；脑力的；理智的:
»intellectual curiosity
求知欲
»an intellectual novel
推理小说
2. (of a person 人) well educated and enjoying activities in which you have to think seriously about things
• 有才智的；智力发达的:
»She's very intellectual.
她很聪慧。
♦ in∙tel∙lec∙tual∙ism / ˌintəˈlektʃuəlizəm / noun [U] (usually disapproving)
♦ in∙tel∙lec∙tu∙al∙ly adv.:
»intellectually challenging
考验智慧的
◙ noun
• a person who is well educated and enjoys activities in which they have to think seriously about things
• 知识分子；脑力劳动者
prop∙erty / ˈprɔpəti; NAme ˈprɑ:pərti /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [U] a thing or things that are owned by sb; a possession or possessions
• 所有物；财产；财物:
»This building is government property.
这座大楼是政府的财产。
»Be careful not to damage other people's property.
小心别损及别人的财物。
--› see also intellectual property , lost property , public property
2. [U] land and buildings
• 不动产；房地产:
»The price of property has risen enormously.
房地产的价格大幅上升了。
»property prices
房地产价格
»a property developer
房地产开发商
--› note at building
3. [C] a building or buildings and the surrounding land
• 房屋及院落；庄园；房地产:
»There are a lot of empty properties in the area.
这个地区有大量的闲置房地产。
--› note at building
4. [C, usually pl.] (formal) a quality or characteristic that sth has
• 性质；特性:
»Compare the physical properties of the two substances.
比较一下这两种物质的物理特性。
»a plant with medicinal properties
药用植物
ˌintelˌlectual 'property
◙ noun [U]
• (law 律) an idea, a design, etc. that sb has created and that the law prevents other people from copying
• 知识财产:
»intellectual property rights
知识产权
as∙sess / əˈses /
◙ verb
1. ~ sb / sth (as sth) to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb / sth
• 评价,评定(性质、质量):
▪ [VN]
»It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes.
这些改变的效果难以评价。
»to assess a patient's needs
判定病人的需要
»The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers.
这些年轻人被评定为谨慎驾驶员和不谨慎驾驶员两类。
»I'd assess your chances as low.
我估计你的机会不大。
▪ [V wh-]
»The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving.
该委员会评定一栋建筑物是否值得保存。
»We are trying to assess how well the system works.
我们正设法评估这个系统运行得是否顺畅。
2. [VN] ~ sth (at sth) to calculate the amount or value of sth
• 估算,估定,核定(数量、价值)
【SYN】 estimate :
»They have assessed the amount of compensation to be paid.
他们已经核定赔偿额。
»Damage to the building was assessed at £40 000.
该建筑物的损失估定为 4 万英镑。
cheque (BrE) (US check) / tʃek /
◙ noun
• a printed form that you can write on and sign as a way of paying for sth instead of using money
• 支票:
»a cheque for £50
一张 50 英镑的支票
»to write a cheque
开支票
»to make a cheque out to sb
给某人开出一张支票
»to pay by cheque
用支票支付
»to cash a cheque (= to get or give money for a cheque)
兑现支票
--› see also blank cheque , 's cheque">traveller's cheque
'bank account
◙ noun
• an arrangement that you have with a bank that allows you to keep your money there, to pay in or take out money, etc.
• 银行账户:
»to open / close a bank account
开立/结清银行账户
ripe / raip /
◙ adj. (riper, rip∙est)
1. (of fruit or crops 水果或庄稼) fully grown and ready to be eaten
• 成熟的
【OPP】 unripe
2. (of cheese or wine 干酪或果酒) having a flavour that has fully developed
• 口味浓郁的；成熟的；醇美可口的
【SYN】 mature
3. (of a smell 气味) strong and unpleasant
• 强烈的；难闻的
4. ~ (for sth) ready or suitable for sth to happen
• 时机成熟的；适宜的:
»This land is ripe for development.
这片土地适宜开发。
»The conditions were ripe for social change.
社会变革的时机已经成熟。
»Reforms were promised when the time was ripe.
曾经作出承诺,时机一成熟就进行改革。
♦ ripe∙ness noun [U] 【IDIOMS】
◘ a / the ripe old age (of...)
• an age that is considered to be very old
• (…的)高龄:
»He lived to the ripe old age of 91.
他活到了 91 岁的高龄。
firm / fə:m; NAmE fə:rm /
◙ noun
• a business or company
• 商行；商号；公司:
»an engineering firm
工程公司
»a firm of accountants
会计事务所
◙ adj. (firm∙er, firm∙est)
1. fairly hard; not easy to press into a different shape
• 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的:
»a firm bed / mattress
结实的牀/牀垫
»These peaches are still firm.
这些桃子还很硬。
»Bake the cakes until they are firm to the touch.
把糕饼烤到摸来有硬感为止。
2. not likely to change
• 坚定的；确定的；坚决的:
»a firm believer in socialism
坚定信仰社会主义的人
»a firm agreement / date / decision / offer / promise
巩固的协议；确定的日期；不能更改的决定；实盘；坚决的保证
»firm beliefs / conclusions / convictions / principles
坚定不移的信仰；定论；坚定的信念/原则
»She is a firm favourite with the children.
孩子们着实喜欢她。
»We have no firm evidence to support the case.
我们没有确凿的证据支持这个论点。
»They remained firm friends.
他们依然友情甚笃。
3. strongly fixed in place
• 牢固的；稳固的
【SYN】 secure :
»Stand the fish tank on a firm base.
把鱼缸放在牢固的基座上。
»No building can stand without firm foundations, and neither can a marriage.
没有稳固的基础,建筑就不牢靠,婚姻也是如此。
4. (of sb's voice or hand movements 声音或手势) strong and steady
• 强有力的；坚决的:
»'No,' she repeated, her voice firmer this time.
"不。"她重复说,这次语气较前坚决。
»With a firm grip on my hand, he pulled me away.
他紧握我的手把我拉开。
»Her handshake was cool and firm.
她握手镇定而有力。
5. (of sb's behaviour, position or understanding of sth 行为、处境或理解) strong and in control
• 牢牢控制的；严格的；掌握的:
»to exercise firm control / discipline / leadership
实施严格的控制/纪律/领导
»Parents must be firm with their children.
父母必须对子女严格。
»The company now has a firm footing in the marketplace.
现在这家公司在市场上已稳稳站住脚跟。
»This book will give your students a firm grasp of English grammar.
这本书将使学生牢固地掌握英语语法。
»We need to keep a firm grip on the situation.
我们需要牢牢地掌握局面。
6. [usually before noun] ~ (against sth) (of a country's money, etc. 货币等) not lower than another
• 坚挺的:
»The euro remained firm against the dollar, but fell against the yen.
欧元对美元依然坚挺,但对日元的汇率则下跌。
--› see also firmly
♦ firm∙ness noun [U] 【IDIOMS】
◘ be on firm 'ground
• to be in a strong position in an argument, etc. because you know the facts
• (在辩论等中)立场坚定,对事实确信无疑:
»Everyone agreed with me, so I knew I was on firm ground.
每个人都同意我的意见,所以我知道自己立场稳固了。
◘ a firm 'hand
• strong control or discipline
• 牢固控制；严格纪律；铁腕:
»Those children need a firm hand to make them behave.
那些孩子得严加管教。
◘ take a firm 'line / 'stand (on / against sth)
• to make your beliefs known and to try to make others follow them
• (对…)采取坚定的立场(或态度):
»We need to take a firm line on tobacco advertising.
我们需要对烟草广告采取强硬的态度。
»They took a firm stand against drugs in the school.
他们坚决反对校园吸毒现象。
◙ adv.
◘ hold 'firm (to sth)
(formal) to believe sth strongly and not change your mind
• 坚信；坚持:
»She held firm to her principles.
她坚持自己的原则。
◘ stand 'fast / 'firm
• to refuse to move back; to refuse to change your opinions
• 坚定不移；不让步；坚持自己的观点
◙ verb
1. [VN] to make sth become stronger or harder
• 使强壮；使坚固；使坚实:
»Firm the soil around the plant.
把植物周围的土弄紧实。
»This product claims to firm your body in one weeks.
这个产品据称能在六周内使身体强壮。
2. [V] ~ (to / at...) (finance 财) (of shares, prices, etc. 股票、物价等) to become steady or rise steadily
• 坚挺；稳步上涨:
»Rank's shares firmed 3p to 696p.
兰克公司的股票涨了 3 便士,升至 696 便士。 【PHR V】
◘ ˌfirm 'up
• to become harder or more solid
• 变坚固；变坚实:
»Put the mixture somewhere cool to firm up.
把混合物放在一个地方冷却变硬。
◘ ˌfirm 'up sth
1. to make arrangements more final and fixed
• 最后落实；敲定:
»The company has not yet firmed up its plans for expansion.
公司的扩大计划尚未最后落实。
»The precise details still have to be firmed up.
准确的细节仍需最后敲定。
2. to make sth harder or more solid
• 使坚固；使坚硬；使坚实:
»A few weeks of aerobics will firm up that flabby stomach.
几个星期的有氧健身运动将使松弛的腹部结实。
data∙base / ˈdeitəbeis; NAmE also ˈdætə- /
◙ noun
• an organized set of data that is stored in a computer and can be looked at and used in various ways
• (贮存在计算机中的)数据库,资料库
leak / li:k /
◙ verb
1. to allow liquid or gas to get in or out through a small hole or crack
• 漏；渗漏；泄漏:
▪ [V]
»a leaking pipe
渗漏的管道
»The roof was leaking.
屋顶在漏雨。
▪ [VN]
»The tank had leaked a small amount of water.
水箱渗漏出少量的水。
2. [V] (of a liquid or gas 液体或气体) to get in or out through a small hole or crack in sth
• 渗入；漏出:
»Water had started to leak into the cellar.
水已开始渗入地下室。
3. [VN] ~ sth (to sb) to give secret information to the public, for example by telling a newspaper
• 泄露,透露(秘密信息)；走漏
【SYN】 disclose :
»The contents of the report were leaked to the press.
报告的内容泄露到新闻界了。
»a leaked document
已泄密的文件 【PHR V】
◘ ˌleak 'out (of secret information 秘密信息)
• to become known to the public
• 泄露；走漏；透露:
»Details of the plan soon leaked out.
计划的细节很快就泄露出去了。
◙ noun
1. a small hole or crack that lets liquid or gas flow in or out of sth by accident
• 漏洞；裂缝；缝隙:
»a leak in the roof
屋顶的漏洞
»a leak in the gas pipe
天然气管道的裂缝
2. liquid or gas that escapes through a hole in sth
• 泄漏出的液体(或气体):
»a gas leak
煤气泄漏
»oil leaks / leaks of oil
漏油
3. a deliberate act of giving secret information to the newspapers, etc.
• (秘密信息的)透露:
»a leak to the press about the government plans on tax
有关政府税收计划的消息于新闻界的泄露
4. (slang) an act of passing urine from the body
• 撒尿:
»to have / take a leak
撒尿 【IDIOMS】
--› see spring v.
con∙fi∙den∙tial / ˌkɔnfiˈdenʃl; NAmE ˌkɑ:n- /
◙ adj.
1. meant to be kept secret and not told to or shared with other people
• 机密的；保密的；秘密的:
»confidential information / documents
机密情报/文件
»Your medical records are strictly confidential (= completely secret).
你的病历是绝对保密的。
2. (of a way of speaking 说话的方式) showing that what you are saying is private or secret
• 隐密的；秘密的:
»He spoke in a confidential tone, his voice low.
他低声用隐密的语气说话。
3. [only before noun] trusted with private or secret information
• 受信任的；委以机密的:
»a confidential secretary
机要秘书
♦ con∙fi∙den∙tial∙ly / -ʃəli / adv.:
»She told me confidentially that she is going to retire early.
她私下告诉我她要提早退休。
sus∙pect
◙ verb / səˈspekt / (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)
1. to have an idea that sth is probably true or likely to happen, especially sth bad, but without having definite proof
• 疑有,觉得(尤指坏事可能属实或发生):
▪ [VN]
»If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.
假如你怀疑有煤气泄漏,不要划火柴,甚至连电灯都不要开。
»Suspecting nothing, he walked right into the trap.
他毫无觉察,迳直走入陷阱。
▪ [V (that)]
»I began to suspect (that) they were trying to get rid of me.
我开始觉察出,他们试图摆脱掉我。
▪ [V]
»As I had suspected all along, he was not a real policeman.
他并不是真的警察,我一直就觉得不像。
▪ [also VN to inf VN that]
2. [VN] to be suspicious about sth; to not trust sth
• 怀疑；感觉有问题；不信任:
»I suspected her motives in offering to help.
她主动要帮忙,我怀疑她的动机。
3. [VN] ~ sb (of sth / of doing sth) to have an idea that sb is guilty of sth, without having definite proof
• 怀疑(某人有罪):
»He resigned after being suspected of theft.
他被怀疑有偷窃行为,随后就辞职了。
»The drug is suspected of causing over 200 deaths.
人们怀疑这种药物造成 200 多人死亡。
»Whom do the police suspect?
警方怀疑谁？
--› see also suspicion (1), suspicious
♦ sus∙pected adj.:
»a suspected broken arm
被怀疑骨折的胳膊
»suspected tax evasion
逃税嫌疑
»suspected terrorists
被怀疑从事恐怖主义活动的人
◙ noun
• / ˈsʌspekt / a person who is suspected of a crime or of having done sth wrong
• 嫌疑犯；嫌疑分子；可疑对象:
»a murder suspect
杀人嫌疑犯
»He is the prime suspect in the case.
他是这个案子的首要嫌疑人。
◙ adj. / ˈsʌspekt /
1. that may be false and that cannot be relied on
• 不可信的；靠不住的
【SYN】 questionable :
»Some of the evidence they produced was highly suspect.
他们出示的证据中有些相当成问题。
2. that you suspect to be dangerous or illegal
• 可疑的；可能有危险的；有违法嫌疑的
【SYN】 suspicious :
»a suspect package (= one that may contain drugs, a bomb, etc.)
可疑包裹
visa / ˈvi:zə /
◙ noun
• a stamp or mark put in your passport by officials of a foreign country that gives you permission to enter, pass through or leave their country
• (护照的)签证:
»to apply for a visa
申请签证
»an entry / tourist / transit / exit visa
入境/旅游/过境/出境签证
co∙oper∙ation (BrE also co-operation) / kəuˌɔpəˈreiʃn; NAmE kouˌɑ:p- /
◙ noun [U]
1. ~ (with sb) (in doing sth) | ~ (between A and B) the fact of doing sth together or of working together towards a shared aim
• 合作；协作:
»a report produced by the government in cooperation with the chemical industry
政府与化工行业合作提出的一份报告
»We would like to see closer cooperation between parents and schools.
我们希望学生家长和学校有更加紧密的合作。
2. willingness to be helpful and do as you are asked
• 协助；配合:
»We would be grateful for your cooperation in clearing the hall as quickly as possible.
你们若大力协助尽快把大厅腾空,我们将不胜感激。
draft / drɑ:ft; NAmE dræft /
◙ noun
1. [C] a rough written version of sth that is not yet in its final form
• 草稿；草案；草图:
»I've made a rough draft of the letter.
我已经写好这封信的草稿。
»This is only the first draft of my speech.
这只是我演讲的初稿。
»the final draft (= the final version)
定稿
»The legislation is still in draft form.
这条法规还只是项草案。
»a draft constitution / treaty / agreement
宪法/条约/协议草案
2. [C] (finance 财) a written order to a bank to pay money to sb
• 汇票:
»Payment must be made by bank draft drawn on a UK bank.
付款必须用英国银行承兑的汇票。
3. the draft [sing.] (especially US) = conscription
4. [sing.] (NAmE) a system in which professional teams in some sports choose players each year from among college students
• 运动员选拔制(某些职业运动队每年在大学生中选拔新队员)
5. [C] (NAmE) = draught (1) :
»Can you shut the door? There's a draft in here.
你关上门好吗？这里有穿堂风。
◙ adj.
(NAmE) = draught
◙ verb
(also draught especially in BrE)
▪ [VN]
1. to write the first rough version of sth such as a letter, speech or book
• 起草；草拟:
»to draft a constitution / contract / bill
起草宪法/合同/法案
»I'll draft a letter for you.
我来为你草拟一封信。
2. [+adv. / prep.] to choose people and send them somewhere for a special task
• 选派；抽调:
»Extra police are being drafted in to control the crowds.
现正在另外抽调警察去控制人群。
3. [usually passive] (NAmE) = conscript :
»They were drafted into the army.
他们应征入伍。
ne∙go∙ti∙ate / niˈɡəuʃieit; NAme -ˈɡou- /
◙ verb
1. [V] ~ (with sb) (for / about sth) to try to reach an agreement by formal discussion
• 谈判；磋商；协商:
»The government will not negotiate with terrorists.
政府不会和恐怖分子谈判。
»We have been negotiating for more pay.
我们一直在为增加工资进行协商。
»a strong negotiating position
强硬的谈判立场
»negotiating skills
谈判技巧
2. [VN] to arrange or agree sth by formal discussion
• 商定；达成协议:
»to negotiate a deal / contract / treaty / settlement
达成交易；确立合同；商定条约内容/解决措施
»We successfully negotiated the release of the hostages.
我们成功地达成了释放人质的协议。
3. [VN] to successfully get over or past a difficult part on a path or route
• 通过,越过(险要路段):
»The climbers had to negotiate a steep rock face.
攀登者必须攀越陡峭的岩壁。
ap∙pli∙cant / ˈæplikənt /
◙ noun
• ~ (for sth) a person who makes a formal request for sth (= applies for it), especially for a job, a place at a college or university, etc.
• 申请人(尤指求职、进高等学校等):
»There were over 500 applicants for the job.
有 500 多人申请这份工作。
pen∙friend / ˈpenfrend / (BrE) (also 'pen pal NAmE, BrE)
◙ noun
• a person that you make friends with by writing letters, often sb you have never met
• 笔友
re∙quest / riˈkwest /
◙ noun ~ (for sth) | ~ (that...)
1. the action of asking for sth formally and politely
• (正式或礼貌的)要求,请求:
»They made a request for further aid.
他们要求再给一些帮助。
»He was there at the request of his manager / at his manager's request (= because his manager had asked him to go).
他按照经理的请求到了那里。
»The writer's name was withheld by request (= because the writer asked for this to be done).
按照作者的要求,姓名不予公布。
»Catalogues are available on request.
目录可以索取。
2. a thing that you formally ask for
• 要求的事:
»My request was granted.
我的要求得到了满足。
»a radio request programme (= a programme of music, songs, etc. that people have asked for)
电台点播节目
◙ verb
• ~ sth (from sb) (formal) to ask for sth or ask sb to do sth in a polite or formal way
• (正式或礼貌地)请求,要求:
▪ [VN]
»She requested permission to film at the White House.
她申请准予在白宫拍摄。
»You can request a free copy of the leaflet.
你可以索要一份免费的宣传单。
▪ [VN to inf]
»We were requested to assemble in the lobby.
要求我们在大厅集合。
»You are requested not to smoke in the restaurant.
请不要在餐馆里吸烟。
▪ [V that]
»She requested that no six be told of her decision until the next meeting.
她要求下次开会前不要向任何人透露她的决定。 (BrE also)
»She requested that no six should be told of her decision.
她要求不要向任何人谈起她的决定。
▪ [also V speech]
con∙sid∙er∙ate / kənˈsidərət /
◙ adj.
• always thinking of other people's wishes and feelings; careful not to hurt or upset others
• 考虑周到的；为(他人)着想的；体谅的；体贴的 SYN thoughtful :
»She is always polite and considerate towards her employees.
她对待雇员总是客客气气,关心体谅。
»It was very considerate of him to wait.
他一直在等候着,真是体贴人。
【OPP】 inconsiderate
♦ con∙sid∙er∙ate∙ly adv.
cafe∙teria / ˌkæfəˈtiəriə; NAmE -ˈtir- /
◙ noun
• a restaurant where you choose and pay for your meal at a counter and carry it to a table. Cafeterias are often found in factories, colleges, hospitals, etc.
• 自助餐厅；自助食堂
con∙science / ˈkɔnʃəns; NAmE ˈkɑ:n- /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] the part of your mind that tells you whether your actions are right or wrong
• 良心；良知:
»to have a clear / guilty conscience (= to feel that you have done right / wrong)
问心无愧/有愧
»This is a matter of individual conscience (= everyone must make their own judgement about it).
这是关系个人的良知。
»He won't let it trouble his conscience.
他不会让这件事搞得自己良心不安的。
--› see also social conscience
2. [U, C] a guilty feeling about sth you have done or failed to do
• 内疚；愧疚:
»She was seized by a sudden pang of conscience.
她突然感到一阵内疚。
»I have a terrible conscience about it.
我对此事深感愧疚。
3. [U] the fact of behaving in a way that you feel is right even though this may cause problems
• 凭良心:
»freedom of conscience (= the freedom to do what you believe to be right)
凭良心行事的自由
»Emilia is the voice of conscience in the play.
伊米莉亚在这出戏中是良知的代言人。
--› see also prisoner of conscience 【IDIOMS】
◘ in (all / good) conscience
•(formal) believing your actions to be fair
• (认为行为)公正地,公平地,凭良心
【SYN】 honestly :
»We cannot in all conscience refuse to help.
凭良心我们不能拒绝去帮助别人。
◘ on your 'conscience
• making you feel guilty for doing or failing to do sth
• 使人内疚；良心不安:
»I'll write and apologize. I've had it on my conscience for weeks.
我要写信赔礼道歉。几个星期以来我都为此而良心不安。
--› more at prick v.
lid / lid /
◙ noun
1. a cover over a container that can be removed or opened by turning it or lifting it
• (容器的)盖,盖子:
»a dustbin lid
垃圾箱盖
»I can't get the lid off this jar.
我打不开这广口瓶的盖子。
2. = eyelid 【IDIOMS】
◘ keep a / the 'lid on sth
1. to keep sth secret or hidden
• 保守秘密；守口如瓶；遮掩；隐瞒
2. to keep sth under control
• 把…控制住；抑制住:
»The government is keeping the lid on inflation.
政府正在控制通货膨胀。
◘ lift the 'lid on sth | ◘ take / blow the 'lid off sth
• to tell people unpleasant or shocking facts about sth
• 揭露…的真相:
»Her article lifts the lid on child prostitution.
她的文章揭露了儿童卖淫的丑闻。
◘ put the (tin) 'lid on sth / things
(BrE, informal)
• to be the final act or event that spoils your plans or hopes
• 对…是最后的一击；最后使计划(或希望)落空
--› more at flip v.
lame / leim /
◙ adj.
1. (of people or animals 人或动物) unable to walk well because of an injury to the leg or foot
• 瘸的；跛的
2. (of an excuse, explanation, etc. 藉口、解释等) weak and difficult to believe
• 站不住脚的；无说服力的
【SYN】 feeble , unconvincing
♦ lame∙ness noun [U] :
»The disease has left her with permanent lameness.
那场病使她永远不能直立走路了。
◙ lamé / ˈlɑ:mei; NAme lɑ:ˈmei /
◙ noun [U]
• a type of cloth into which gold or silver thread has been twisted
• 金银锦缎
sus∙pen∙sion / səˈspenʃn /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] the act of officially removing sb from their job, school, team, etc. for a period of time, usually as a punishment
• 暂令停职(或停学、停赛等):
»suspension from school
暂被停学
»The ten players are appealing against their suspensions.
这两名运动员请求取消对他们的停赛处罚。
2. [U, sing.] the act of delaying sth for a period of time, until a decision has been taken
• 暂缓；推迟；延期:
»These events have led to the suspension of talks.
这些事件导致谈判延期。
3. [U, C] the system by which a vehicle is supported on its wheels and which makes it more comfortable to ride in when the road surface is not even
• (车辆减震用的)悬架
4. [C, U] (technical 术语) a liquid with very small pieces of solid matter floating in it; the state of such a liquid
• 悬浮液；悬浮
--› see also suspend
or∙gan∙iza∙tion (BrE also -isa∙tion) / ˌɔ:ɡənaiˈzeiʃn; NAme ˌɔ:rɡənəˈz- /
◙ noun
1. [C] a group of people who form a business, club, etc. together in order to achieve a particular aim
• 组织；团体；机构:
»to work for a business / political / voluntary organization
为一个商业/政治/志愿机构工作
»the World Health Organization
世界衞生组织
»He's the president of a large international organization.
他是一个大型国际组织的主席。
2. [U] the act of making arrangements or preparations for sth
• 组织工作；筹备工作
【SYN】 planning :
»I leave most of the organization of these conferences to my assistant.
我把这些会议的大部份筹备工作留给我的助手。
3. [U] the way in which the different parts of sth are arranged
• 安排；配置；分配
【SYN】 structure :
»The report studies the organization of labour within the company.
这个报告研究了公司内部的人力分配问题。
4. [U] the quality of being arranged in a neat, careful and logical way
• 条理；系统性:
»She is highly intelligent but her work lacks organization.
她聪慧绝顶,工作却缺乏条理。
♦ or∙gan∙iza∙tion∙al, -isa∙tion∙al / -ʃənl / adj.:
»organizational skills
组织技巧
»organizational change
组织上的变化
♦ or∙gan∙iza∙tion∙al∙ly, -isa∙tion∙al∙ly adv.
pir∙ate / ˈpairət /
◙ noun
1. (especially in the past) a person on a ship who attacks other ships at sea in order to steal from them
• (尤指旧时的)海盗:
»a pirate ship
海盗船
2. (often used as an adjective 常用作形容词) a person who makes illegal copies of video tapes, computer programs, books, etc., in order to sell them
• 盗版者；盗印者:
»a pirate edition
盗版
»software pirates
软件盗版者
3. (often used as an adjective 常用作形容词) a person or an organization that broadcasts illegally
• 非法播音的人(或组织):
»a pirate radio station
非法电台
--› see also piracy
♦ pir∙at∙ical / ˌpaiˈrætikl / adj.
◙ verb [VN]
• to copy and use or sell sb's work or a product without permission and without having the right to do so
• 盗印；窃用:
»pirated computer games
盗版电脑游戏
purse / pə:s; NAme pə:rs /
◙ noun
1. [C] (especially BrE) a small bag made of leather, plastic, etc. for carrying coins and often also paper money, cards, etc., used especially by women
• 钱包,皮夹子(尤指女用的):
»I took a coin out of my purse and gave it to the child.
我从钱包取出一枚硬币给那个小孩。
--› compare change purse , wallet
2. [C] (NAmE) = handbag
3. [sing.] the amount of money that is available to a person, an organization or a government to spend
• 资金；财源；备用款:
»We have holidays to suit every purse.
我们有适合不同消费计划的度假安排。
»Should spending on the arts be met out of the public purse (= from government money) ?
花在艺术活动的开支应该由政府支付吗？
4. [C] (sport 体) a sum of money given as a prize in a boxing match
• (拳击赛的)奖金【IDIOMS】
--› see silk
◙ verb [VN]
• ~ your lips to form your lips into a small tight round shape, for example to show disapproval
• 噘嘴,撮起嘴唇(以表示反对等)
smooth / smu:ð /
◙ adj. (smooth∙er, smooth∙est)
›› FLAT / EVEN 平整；平滑
1. completely flat and even, without any lumps, holes or rough areas
• 平整的；平坦的；平滑的；光滑的:
»a lotion to make your skin feel soft and smooth
能使皮肤柔软光滑的护肤液
»The water was as smooth as glass.
水平如镜。
»a paint that gives a smooth, silky finish
使表面如丝般光滑的油漆
»Over the years, the stone steps had worn smooth.
日久天长,石阶已经磨得光溜溜的。
【OPP】 rough
›› WITHOUT LUMPS 无结块
2. (of a liquid mixture 液体混合物) without any lumps
• 无结块的；混合均匀的:
»Mix the flour with the milk to form a smooth paste.
把麪粉和牛奶和成均匀的麪糊。
›› WITHOUT PROBLEMS 顺利
3. happening or continuing without any problems
• 顺利的；平稳的:
»They are introducing new measures to ensure the smooth running of the business.
他们正采取新措施,以确保公司平稳运转。
»They could not ensure a smooth transfer of political power.
他们无法保证政权的顺利交接。
›› MOVEMENT 运动
4. even and regular, without sudden stops and starts
• 平稳的；连续而流畅的:
»The car's improved suspension gives you a smoother ride.
汽车悬架经过改进,乘坐起来更平稳。
»The plane made a smooth landing.
飞机平稳降落。
»She swung herself over the gate in six smooth movement.
她从门上一跃而过。
›› MAN 人
5. (often disapproving) (of people, especially men, and their behaviour 人(尤指男人)及行为) very polite and pleasant, but in a way that is often not very sincere
• 圆通的；八面玲珑的
【SYN】 smarmy :
»I don't like him. He's far too smooth for me.
我不喜欢他。他太圆滑。
»He's something of a smooth operator.
可以说,他是一个八面玲珑的滑头。
›› DRINK / TASTE 饮料；味道
6. pleasant and not bitter
• 醇和的；香醇的:
»This coffee has a smooth, rich taste.
这种咖啡味道醇厚。
›› VOICE / MUSIC 嗓音；音乐
7. nice to hear, and without any rough or unpleasant sounds
• 悦耳的；圆润的
♦ smooth∙ness noun [U] :
»the smoothness of her skin
她的皮肤细腻光滑
»They admired the smoothness and efficiency with which the business was run.
他们钦佩这家公司协调高效的管理方式。 【IDIOMS】
—more at rough n.
◙ verb
1. ~ sth (back / down / out) to make sth smooth
• 使平整；使平坦；使平滑；使光滑:
▪ [VN]
»He smoothed his hair back.
他朝后捋了捋头发。
»She was smoothing out the creases in her skirt.
她正设法弄平裙子上的皱褶。
▪ [VN-ADJ]
»He took the letter and smoothed it flat on the table.
他接过信,在桌上展平。
2. ~ sth on / into / over sth to put a layer of a soft substance over a surface
• (将软物质)均匀涂抹于:
»Smooth the icing over the top of the cake.
在蛋糕顶上均匀地铺一层糖霜。
◘ smooth the 'path / 'way
• to make it easier for sb / sth to develop or make progress
• 铺平道路:
»These negotiations are intended to smooth the path to a peace treaty.
这些谈判目的在于为签订和平条约铺平道路。
◘ smooth (sb's) ruffled 'feathers
• to make sb feel less angry or offended
• 使息怒；劝解【PHR V】
◘ ˌsmooth sth∽a'way / 'out
• to make problems or difficulties disappear
• 消除(问题)；克服(困难)
◘ ˌsmooth sth∽'over
• to make problems or difficulties seem less important or serious, especially by talking to people
• 缓和；调解；斡旋:
»She spoke to both sides in the dispute in an attempt to smooth things over.
她和争执双方谈话,试图进行调解。
lug∙gage / ˈlʌɡidʒ / (especially BrE) (also bag∙gage especially in NAmE)
◙ noun [U]
• bags, cases, etc. that contain sb's clothes and things when they are travelling
• 行李:
»There's room for six more piece of luggage.
还有地方再放一件行李。
»You stay there with the luggage while I find a cab.
你看着行李,我去找出租车。
--› see also hand luggage , left-luggage office
--› note at baggage
in∙spect / inˈspekt /
◙ verb [VN]
1. ~ sth / sb (for sth) to look closely at sth / sb, especially to check that everything is as it should be
• 检查；查看；审视
【SYN】 examine :
»The teacher walked around inspecting their work.
老师走来走去检查他们的作业。
»The plants are regularly inspected for disease.
这些植物定期检查是否有病害。
»Make sure you inspect the goods before signing for them.
要确保在签收货物之前进行检验。
--› note at check
2. to officially visit a school, factory, etc. in order to check that rules are being obeyed and that standards are acceptable
• 视察:
»Public health officials were called in to inspect the premises.
公共衞生官员奉召来视察了建筑物。
--› note at check
im∙port
◙ noun / ˈimpɔ:t; NAme ˈimpɔ:rt /
1. əɔ, usually pl.] a product or service that is brought into one country from another
• 进口；输入的产品(或劳务):
»food imports from abroad
从外地进口的食物
【OPP】 export
2. [U, pl.] the act of bringing a product or service into one country from another
• (产品、劳务的)进口,输入,引进:
»The report calls for a ban on the import of hazardous waste.
这篇报道呼吁禁止危险废弃物的进口。
»import controls
进口管制
»an import licence
进口许可证
»imports of oil
石油的进口
【OPP】 export
3. [U] (formal) importance
• 重要性:
»matters of great import
非常重要的事情
4. the ~ (of sth) [sing.] (formal) the meaning of sth, especially when it is not immediately clear
• 意思；含意:
»It is difficult to understand the full import of this statement.
很难理解这份声明中的全部含意。
◙ verb
/ imˈpɔ:t; NAme imˈpɔ:rt /
▪ əʒŋ] ~ sth (from...) | ~ sth (into...)
1. to bring a product, a service, an idea, etc. into one country from another
• 进口；输入；引进:
»The country has to import most of its raw materials.
这个国家大多数原料均依赖进口。
»goods imported from Japan into the US
从日本输入到美国的货品
»customs imported from the West
从西方传入的风俗习惯
2. (computing 计) to get data from another program, changing its form so that the program you are using can read it
• 导入；输入；移入
【OPP】 export
♦ im∙port∙ation / ˌimpɔ:ˈteiʃn; NAme -pɔ:rˈt- / noun [U, C]
【SYN】 import :
»a ban on the importation of ivory
禁止象牙进口的法令
au∙then∙tic / ɔ:ˈθentik /
◙ adj.
1. known to be real and genuine and not a copy
• 真正的；真品的；真迹的
【OPP】 inauthentic :
»I don't know if the painting is authentic.
我不知道这幅画是不是真迹。
2. true and accurate
• 真实的；真正的
【OPP】 inauthentic :
»an authentic account of life in the desert
对沙漠生活的真实描述
»the authentic voice of young black Americans
年轻美国黑人的真实呼声
3. made to be exactly the same as the original
• 逼真的:
»an authentic model of the ancient town
古城的仿真模型
♦ au∙then∙tic∙al∙ly / -kli / adv.:
»authentically flavoured Mexican dishes
地道的墨西哥风味菜肴
cer∙tifi∙cate
◙ noun / səˈtifikət; NAmE sərˈt- / (abbr. cert.)
1. an official document that may be used to prove that the facts it states are true
• 证明；证明书:
»a birth / marriage / death certificate
出生/结婚/死亡证明
2. an official document proving that you have completed a course of study or passed an exam; a qualification obtained after a course of study or an exam
• 文凭；结业证书；合格证书:
»a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (= a British qualification for teachers)
教育学研究生证书(英国教师资格证书)
◙ verb / səˈtifikeit; NAmE sərˈt- /
• əʒŋ ʒŋ to inf] (BrE) to give sb an official document proving that they have successfully completed a training course, especially for a particular profession
• 发给结业证书；(尤指)发给职业培训证书
com∙pen∙sate / ˈkɔmpenseit; NAmE ˈkɑ:m- /
◙ verb
1. [V] ~ (for sth) to provide sth good to balance or reduce the bad effects of damage, loss, etc.
• 补偿；弥补
【SYN】 make up for :
»Nothing can compensate for the loss of a loved one.
失去心爱的人是无法补偿的。
2. [VN] ~ sb (for sth) to pay sb money because they have suffered some damage, loss, injury, etc.
• 给(某人)赔偿(或赔款):
»Her lawyers say she should be compensated for the suffering she had been caused.
她的律师说她应该为所遭受的痛苦得到赔偿。
♦ com∙pen∙sa∙tory / ˌkɔmpenˈseitəri; NAmE kəmˈpensətɔ:ri / adj.:
»He received a compensatory payment of $20 000.
他获得了 2 万元的赔偿金。