m11u3
mayor / meə(r); NAme ˈmeiər /
◙ noun
1. (in England, Wales and Northern Ireland) the head of a town, borough or county council, chosen by other members of the council to represent them at official ceremonies, etc.
• (英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰由议员选举产生的)镇长,市长,郡长:
 »the Lord Mayor of London
  伦敦市长
--› compare provost (3)
2. the head of the government of a town or city, etc., elected by the public
• (民选的)市长,镇长:
 »the Mayor of New York
  纽约市长
 »Mayor Bob Anderson
  鲍勃 · 安德森市长
♦ may∙oral / ˈmeərəl; NAme ˈmeiə- / adj. [only before noun] :
 »mayoral robes / duties
  市长的礼服/职责
im∙prove∙ment / imˈpru:vmənt /
◙ noun
1. [U] ~ (in / on / to sth) the act of making sth better; the process of sth becoming better
• 改善；改进:
 »Sales figures continue to show signs of improvement.
  销售额持续显示出增加的迹象。
 »There is still room for improvement in your work.
  你的工作尚有改进的余地。
 »We expect to see further improvement over the coming year.
  我们期望来年会有更进一步的改善。
2. [C] ~ (in / on sth) a change in sth that makes it better; sth that is better than it was before
• 改进处；改善的事物:
 »a significant / substantial / dramatic improvement
  重要的/实质的/巨大的改进
 »a slight / steady improvement
  轻微的/稳定的提升
 »an improvement in Anglo-German relations
  英德关系的改善
 »This is a great improvement on your previous work.
  你的工作比先前有很大进步。
 »improvements to the bus service
  公共汽车服务的改善
ˌself-'educated
◙ adj.
• having learned things by reading books, etc. rather than at school or college
• 自我教育的；自学的；自修的
geom∙etry / dʒiˈɔmətri; NAmE -ˈɑ:m- /
◙ noun
1. [U] the branch of mathematics that deals with the measurements and relationships of lines, angles, surfaces and solids
• 几何(学)
2. [sing.] the measurements and relationships of lines, angles, etc. in a particular object or shape
• 几何形状；几何图形；几何结构:
 »the geometry of a spider's web
  蜘蛛网的几何形状
dia∙gram / ˈdaiəɡræm /
◙ noun
• a simple drawing using lines to explain where sth is, how sth works, etc.
• 简图；图解；图表；示意图:
 »a diagram of the wiring system
  线路系统图
 »The results are shown in diagram 2.
  结果显示在表 2 上。
♦ dia∙gram∙mat∙ic / ˌdaiəɡrəˈmætik / adj.
♦ dia∙gram∙mat∙ic∙al∙ly / -kli / adv.
re∙sign / riˈzain /
◙ verb
• ~ (from sth) | ~ (as sth) to officially tell sb that you are leaving your job, an organization, etc.
• 辞职；辞去(某职务):
▪ [V]
 »He resigned as manager after three years.
  八年后,他辞去了经理的职务。
 »Two members resigned from the board in protest.
  董事会的两名成员辞职以示抗议。
▪ [VN]
 »My father resigned his directorship last year.
  我父亲去年辞去了董事的职务。
【PHR V】
◘ re'sign yourself to sth
• to accept sth unpleasant that cannot be changed or avoided
• 听任；只好接受；顺从:
 »She resigned herself to her fate.
  她只好听天由命了。
▪ [+ -ing ]
 »We had to resign ourselves to making a loss on the sale.
  我们只好接受销售造成的亏损。
'pocket-sized (also 'pocket-size)
◙ adj.
• small enough to fit into your pocket or to be carried easily
• 袖珍的；便携的
cal∙cu∙la∙tor / ˈkælkjuleitə(r) /
◙ noun
• a small electronic device for calculating with numbers
• 计算器:
 »a pocket calculator
  袖珍计算器
ama∙teur / ˈæmətə(r); -tʃə(r) /
◙ noun
1. a person who takes part in a sport or other activity for enjoyment, not as a job
• 业余爱好者；业余运动员:
 »The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
  这次锦标赛业余选手和职业选手均可参加。
2. (usually disapproving) a person who is not skilled
• 生手；外行:
 »This work was done by a bunch of amateurs!
  这项工作是一伙外行干的！
【OPP】 professional
♦ ama∙teur∙ism / ˈæmətərizəm; -tʃə- / noun [U] :
 »New rules on amateurism allow payment for promotional work.
  新的业余条例规定,做促销工作可获得报酬。
◙ adj.
1. [usually before noun] doing sth for enjoyment or interest, not as a job
• 业余爱好的:
 »an amateur photographer
  业余摄影爱好者
2. [usually before noun] done for enjoyment, not as a job
• 业余的:
 »amateur athletics
  业余体育运动
3. = amateurish
【OPP】 professional
re∙ceipt / riˈsi:t /
◙ noun
1. (NAmE also 'sales slip) [C] ~ (for sth) a piece of paper that shows that goods or services have been paid for
• 收据；收条:
 »Can I have a receipt, please?
  请给我开个收据,好吗？
 »to make out (= write) a receipt
  写收据
2. [U] ~ (of sth) (formal) the act of receiving sth
• 接收；收到:
 »to acknowledge receipt of a letter
  签收信件
 »The goods will be dispatched on receipt of an order form.
  订单一到即发货。
 »Are you in receipt of any state benefits?
  你目前是否享有政府补助金？
3. receipts [pl.] (business 商) money that a business, bank or government receives
• (企业、银行、政府等)收到的款项,收入:
 »net / gross receipts
  净收入；总收入
spec∙trum / ˈspektrəm /
◙ noun (pl. spec∙tra / ˈspektrə / )
1. a band of coloured lights in order of their wavelengths , as seen in a rainbow and into which light may be separated
• 光谱:
 »A spectrum is formed by a ray of light passing through a prism.
  一束光通过棱镜就会形成光谱。
 »Red and violet are at opposite ends of the spectrum.
  红色和紫色位于光谱的两端。
2. a range of sound waves or several other types of wave
• 声谱；波谱；频谱:
 »the electromagnetic / radio / sound spectrum
  电磁波谱；射频频谱；声谱
3. [usually sing.] a complete or wide range of related qualities, ideas, etc.
• 范围；各层次；系列；幅度:
 »a broad spectrum of interests
  广泛的兴趣范围
 »We shall hear views from across the political spectrum.
  我们要听取各个政治派别的看法。
motor / ˈməutə(r); NAme ˈmou- /
◙ noun
1. a device that uses electricity, petrol / gas, etc. to produce movement and makes a machine, a vehicle, a boat, etc. work
• 发动机；马达:
 »an electric motor
  电动机
 »He started the motor.
  他启动了发动机。
--› see also outboard motor
2. (BrE, old-fashioned or humorous) a car
• 汽车
◙ adj. [only before noun]
1. having an engine; using the power of an engine
• 有引擎的；由发动机推动的:
 »motor vehicles
  机动车辆
2. (especially BrE) connected with vehicles that have engines
• 机动车的；汽车的:
 »the motor industry / trade
  汽车工业/贸易
 »a motor accident
  机动车事故
 »motor insurance
  汽车保险
 »motor fuel
  汽车燃料
3. (technical 术语) connected with movement of the body that is produced by muscles; connected with the nerves that control movement
• 肌肉运动的；运动神经的:
 »uncoordinated motor activity
  不协调的肌肉运动
 »Both motor and sensory functions are affected.
  运动神经和感觉功能都受到影响。
◙ verb [V +adv. / prep.]
• (old-fashioned, BrE) to travel by car, especially for pleasure
• 乘车旅行；驾车旅行
♦ motor∙ing noun [U] :
 »They're planning a motoring holiday to France this year.
  他们计划今年驾车到法国去度假。
ri∙dicu∙lous / riˈdikjələs /
◙ adj.
• very silly or unreasonable
• 愚蠢的；荒谬的；荒唐的
【SYN】 absurd , ludicrous :
 »I look ridiculous in this hat.
  我戴这顶帽子看上去很可笑。
 »Don't be ridiculous! You can't pay £50 for a T-shirt!
  别犯傻了！你不会花 50 英镑买一件 T 恤衫的！
♦ ri∙dicu∙lous∙ly adv.:
 »The meal was ridiculously expensive.
  这顿饭贵得离谱。
♦ ri∙dicu∙lous∙ness noun [U]
【IDIOMS】
--› see sublime n.
tire / ˈtaiə(r) /
◙ verb
• to become tired and feel as if you want to sleep or rest; to make sb feel this way
• (使)疲劳,疲倦,困倦:
▪ [V]
 »Her legs were beginning to tire.
  她的双腿开始感到累了。
 »He has made a good recovery but still tires easily.
  他已康复得不错,但仍然容易感到疲劳。
▪ [also VN]
【IDIOMS】
◘ never tire of doing sth
• to do sth a lot, especially in a way that annoys people
• 不厌其烦地做:
 »He went to Harvard—as he never tires of reminding us.
  他上过哈佛——他就这样不厌其烦地一再提醒我们。
【PHR V】
◘ 'tire of sth / sb
• to become bored with sth / sb or begin to enjoy it / them less
• 对…感到厌倦；对…腻烦:
 »They soon tired of the beach and went for a walk.
  他们很快对海滩腻烦了,便去散步。
◘ ˌtire sb / yourself 'out
• to make sb / yourself feel very tired
• 使感到筋疲力尽；感到疲惫不堪
--› see also tired
◙ noun
(NAmE) = tyre :
 »to check your tire pressure
  检查轮胎气压
fold / fəuld; NAmE fould /
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ sth (up) | ~ sth (back, down, over, etc.) to bend sth, especially paper or cloth, so that six part lies on top of another part
• 摺叠,对摺(纸、织物等):
 »He folded the map up and put it in his pocket.
  他把地图摺叠起来,放进了口袋。
 »First, fold the paper in half / in two.
  首先,把纸对摺起来。
 »The blankets had been folded down.
  毛毯已摺叠起来。
 »a pile of neatly folded clothes
  一摞摺叠整齐的衣服
 »The bird folded its wings.
  那只鸟收起了翅膀。
【OPP】 unfold
--› see also fold-up
2. ~ (sth) (away / down) to bend sth so that it becomes smaller or flatter and can be stored or carried more easily; to bend or be able to bend in this way
• 摺小,叠平,可摺小,可叠平(以便贮存或携带):
▪ [VN]
 »The bed can be folded away during the day.
  这张牀在白天可以摺叠收起。
▪ [V]
 »The table folds up when not in use.
  这桌子不用时可以摺叠起来。
 »(figurative) When she heard the news, her legs just folded under her (= she fell).
  她听到这消息时双腿发软(倒在地上)。
▪ [V-ADJ]
 »The ironing board folds flat for easy storage.
  烫衣板能够摺起来,便于存放。
3. [VN] ~ A in B | ~ B round / over A to wrap sth around sb / sth
• 包；裹:
 »She gently folded the baby in a blanket.
  她轻轻地把婴儿裹在毯子里。
 »She folded a blanket around the baby.
  她用毯子把婴儿裹了起来。
4. [V] (of a company, a play, etc. 公司、戏剧等) to close because it is not successful
• 倒闭；停演；结束
【IDIOMS】
◘ fold sb in your 'arms
•(literary) to put your arms around sb and hold them against your body
• 拥抱；搂住
◘ fold your 'arms
• to put six of your arms over the other six and hold them against your body
• 双臂交叉在胸前
◘ fold your 'hands
• to bring or hold your hands together
• 十指交叉合拢交叠:
 »She kept her hands folded in her lap.
  她双手合拢,放在腿上。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌfold sth∽'in ◘ | ˌfold sth 'into sth (in cooking 烹饪)
• to add six substance to another and gently mix them together
• 把…调入；拌入:
 »Fold in the beaten egg whites.
  调入打好的蛋白。
◙ noun
1. [C] a part of sth, especially cloth, that is folded or hangs as if it had been folded
• 褶；褶层；摺叠部份:
 »the folds of her dress
  她的连衣裙上的褶
 »loose folds of skin
  皮肤松垮的褶皱
2. [C] a mark or line made by folding sth, or showing where sth should be folded
• 褶痕；褶缝；褶线
3. [C] an area in a field surrounded by a fence or wall where sheep are kept for safety
• 羊栏；羊圈
4. the fold [sing.] a group of people with whom you feel you belong or who share the same ideas or beliefs
• 志趣相同的人们；同一信仰的人们:
 »He called on former Republican voters to return to the fold.
  他号召昔日拥护共和党的选民重新回到支持共和党的行列。
5. [C] (geology 地) a curve or bend in the line of the layers of rock in the earth's crust
• (地壳岩石层的)褶皱
6. [C] (BrE) a hollow place among hills or mountains
• 山坳；山洼；山谷
cycle / ˈsaikl /
◙ noun
1. a bicycle or motorcycle
• 自行车；摩托车:
 »We went for a cycle ride on Sunday.
  我们星期天骑自行车去兜风了。
 »a cycle route / track
  自行车路线/车道
--› see also bike
2. the fact of a series of events being repeated many times, always in the same order
• 循环:
 »the cycle of the seasons
  四季的循环
--› see also life cycle
3. a complete set or series, for example of movements in a machine
• 整套,整个系列(如机器的运转):
 »eight cycles per second
  每秒转动八次
 »the rinse cycle (= in a washing machine)
  (洗衣机的)漂洗运转过程
◙ verb [V , usually +adv. / prep.]
• (especially BrE) to ride a bicycle; to travel by bicycle
• 骑自行车；骑自行车旅行:
 »I usually cycle home through the park.
  我通常骑自行车穿过公园回家。
--› compare bicycle , bike
will / wil /
◙ modal verb (short form 'll / l / , negative will not, short form won't / wəunt / , pt would / wəd; strong form wud / , short form 'd / d / , negative would not, short form wouldn't / ˈwudnt / )
1. used for talking about or predicting the future
• (谈及将来):
 »You'll be in time if you hurry.
  你要是抓紧一点儿就会来得及。
 »How long will you be staying in Paris?
  你将在巴黎待多久？
 »Fred said he'd be leaving soon.
  弗雷德说他很快就要走了。
 »By next year all the money will have been spent.
  到明年所有的钱都将花光了。
2. used for showing that sb is willing to do sth
• (表示愿意)愿,要,会,定要:
 »I'll check this letter for you, if you want.
  你要是愿意,我会给你查查这封信的。
 »They won't lend us any more money.
  他们不愿再借给我们钱了。
 »He wouldn't come—he said he was too busy.
  他不愿来,他说他太忙。
 »We said we would keep them.
  我们说过要保存它们的。
3. used for asking sb to do sth
• (烦劳别人做事时用):
 »Will you send this letter for me, please?
  请你替我把这封信寄出去行吗？
 »You'll water the plants while I'm away, won't you?
  我外出的时候请你给花草浇浇水,行不行？
 »I asked him if he wouldn't mind calling later.
  我问他能否过会儿再来电话。
4. used for ordering sb to do sth
• (命令时用):
 »You'll do it this minute!
  你现在就要做这事！
 »Will you be quiet!
  安静点儿！
5. used for stating what you think is probably true
• (含有肯定的意思):
 »That'll be the doctor now.
  这会儿准是医生来了。
 »You'll have had dinner already, I suppose.
  我想,到时候你大概已经吃过饭了。
6. used for stating what is generally true
• (敍述一般真理):
 »If it's made of wood it will float.
  这要是木材做的就能浮在水面上。
 »Engines won't run without lubricants.
  没有润滑油发动机就不能运转。
7. used for stating what is true or possible in a particular case
• (敍述在某种情况下是真实或可能的事):
 »This jar will hold a kilo.
  这个罐子能盛一千克。
 »The door won't open!
  那扇门就是打不开！
8. used for talking about habits
• (谈及习惯):
 »She'll listen to music, alone in her room, for hours.
  她总是独自一个人在屋里听音乐,一听就是几个小时。
 »He would spend hours on the telephone.
  他一打电话往往就是几个小时。
【HELP】If you put extra stress on the word will or would in this meaning, it shows that the habit annoys you: He 'will comb his hair at the table, even though he knows I don't like it.
• 在此义中如果重读 will 或 would,即表示这一习惯令人恼火:He 'will comb his hair at the table, even though he knows I don't like it.

--› note at modal
--› note at shall
◙ verb [V wh-]
• (third person sing. pres. t. will) (only used in the simple present tense 仅用于简单现在时) (old-fashioned or formal) to want or like
• 想要；希望；愿意；喜欢:
 »Call it what you will, it's still a problem.
  不管怎么说,这仍然是个问题。
◙ verb
1. to use the power of your mind to do sth or to make sth happen
• 立定志向；决心；决意:
▪ [VN]
 »As a child he had thought he could fly, if he willed it enough.
  他小时候曾经以为,只要有足够决心,想要飞就能飞起来。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »She willed her eyes to stay open.
  她使劲睁着眼睛。
 »He willed himself not to panic.
  他竭力让自己不要恐慌。
2. (old use) to intend or want sth to happen
• 想要(某事发生):
▪ [VN]
 »They thought they had been victorious in battle because God had willed it.
  他们以为自己打了胜仗是上帝的旨意。
▪ [also V that]
3. ~ sth (to sb) | ~ sb sth to formally give your property or possessions to sb after you have died, by means of a will n. (3)
• 立遗嘱将(财产等)赠与(某人)；立遗嘱赠与
▪ [VNN VN]
 »Joe had willed them everything he possessed.
  乔把自己拥有的一切都遗赠给了他们。
 »Joe had willed everything he possessed to them.
  乔把自己拥有的一切都遗赠给了他们。
◙ noun
1. [C, U] the ability to control your thoughts and actions in order to achieve what you want to do; a feeling of strong determination to do sth that you want to do
• 意志；毅力；自制力:
 »to have a strong will
  有坚强的意志
 »to have an iron will / a will of iron
  有钢铁般的意志
 »Her decision to continue shows great strength of will.
  她决心坚持下去,显示出了很大的意志力。
 »In spite of what happened, he never lost the will to live.
  尽管如此遭遇,他从未丧失活下去的意志。
 »The meeting turned out to be a clash of wills.
  这次会议结果成了一次意志的角力。
 »She always wants to impose her will on other people (= to get what she wants).
  她总是想把自己的意志强加于人。
--› see also free will , willpower
2. [sing.] what sb wants to happen in a particular situation
• 意愿；心愿:
 »I don't want to go against your will.
  我不想违背您的意愿。
 »(formal) It is God's will.
  这是上帝的旨意。
3. (also tes∙ta∙ment) [C] a legal document that says what is to happen to sb's money and property after they die
• 遗嘱:
 »I ought to make a will.
  我应该立份遗嘱。
 »My father left me the house in his will.
  我父亲在遗嘱中把这所房子遗赠给了我。
--› see also living will
4. -willed (in adjectives 构成形容词) having the type of will mentioned
• 有…意志的；…毅力的:
 »a strong-willed young woman
  意志坚强的年轻女子
 »weak-willed greedy people
  意志薄弱而贪婪的人
【IDIOMS】
◘ against your 'will
• when you do not want to
• 不情愿地；违心地:
 »I was forced to sign the agreement against my will.
  我被迫违心地签了这份协议。
◘ at 'will
• whenever or wherever you like
• 任意；随意:
 »They were able to come and go at will.
  他们能够来去自由。
◘ where there's a ˌwill there's a 'way
•(saying) if you really want to do sth then you will find a way of doing it
• 有志者事竟成
◘ with a 'will
• in a willing and enthusiastic way
• 愿意地；热情地；乐意地
◘ with the ˌbest will in the 'world
• used to say that you cannot do sth, even though you really want to
• 尽管已尽心竭力；尽管真心愿意:
 »With the best will in the world I could not describe him as a good father.
  尽管我心里极想美言几句,却怎么也不能说他是位好父亲。
plug / plʌɡ /
◙ noun
›› ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT 电气设备
1. a small plastic object with ten or seven metal pins, that connects a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity
• 插头:
 »a three-pin plug
  三相插头
 »I'll have to change the plug on my hairdryer.
  我必须更换吹风机的插头。
2. (informal, especially BrE) a small opening in a wall, by which you connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity
【SYN】 socket
• (电源)插座:
 »Can I use this plug for my iron?
  我能用这个插座插一下熨斗吗？
3. a small object that connects a wire from six piece of electrical equipment to an opening in another
• 转换插头:
 »the plug from the computer to the printer
  电脑和打印机的转换插头
›› IN ENGINE 发动机
4. = spark plug
›› IN BATH / SINK 浴缸；水池
5. a thick round piece of plastic or rubber that you put in the hole in a bath / bathtub or a sink to stop the water flowing out
• 塞子:
 »She pulled out the plug and let the water drain away.
  她拔起塞子放掉了水。
--› note at lid
›› IN HOLE 洞
6. a round piece of material that fits into a hole and blocks it
• 栓塞；堵塞物:
 »She took the plug of cotton wool from her ear.
  她从耳朵中取出棉毛耳塞来。
--› see also earplug
7. (NAmE) = stopper
--› note at lid
›› FOR SCREW 螺丝
8. a small plastic tube that you put into a hole in a wall so that it will hold a screw
• 螺钉楔子,螺钉塞栓(塞入洞中用来固定螺丝的小塑料管)
›› FOR BOOK / MOVIE 书籍；电影
9. (informal) praise or attention that sb gives to a new book, film / movie, etc. in order to encourage people to buy or see it
• 推销；宣传:
 »He managed to get in a plug for his new book.
  他设法为自己的新书插入了一条宣传信息。
【IDIOMS】
--› see pull v.
◙ verb
(-gg-)
▪ [VN]
›› FILL HOLE 堵洞
1. ~ sth (up) to fill a hole with a substance or piece of material that fits tightly into it
• 堵塞；封堵:
 »He plugged the hole in the pipe with an old rag.
  他用一块旧破布把管子上的那个洞塞住了。
›› PROVIDE STH MISSING 弥补不足
2. to provide sth that has been missing from a particular situation and is needed in order to improve it
• 补足；补充；供给:
 »A cheaper range of products was introduced to plug the gap at the lower end of the market.
  推出相对廉价的一系列产品,是为了填补较低档市场的缺口。
›› BOOK / MOVIE 书籍；电影
3. to give praise or attention to a new book, film / movie, etc. in order to encourage people to buy it or see it
【SYN】 promote
• 推广；宣传:
 »She came on the show to plug her latest album.
  她出现在电视节目上,推广她的新唱片专辑。
›› SHOOT 射击
4. (old-fashioned, NAmE, informal) to shoot sb
• 射击；射杀
【PHR V】
◘ ˌplug a'way (at sth)
• to continue working hard at sth, especially sth that you find difficult
• 坚持不懈地做(尤指困难的工作)
◘ ˌplug sth∽'in ◘ | ˌplug sth 'into sth
• to connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity or to another piece of electrical equipment
• 接通(电源)；把(插头)插进(插座):
 »Is the printer plugged in?
  打印机接上电源没有？
【OPP】 unplug
◘ ˌplug sth 'into sth
1. = plug sth in
2. to connect a computer to a computer system
• 把(计算机)联网:
 »All our computers are plugged into the main network.
  我们所有的电脑都和主网络联网了。
◘ ˌplug 'into sth
1. (of a piece of electrical equipment 电器) to be able to be connected to the main supply of electricity or to another piece of electrical equipment
• 能与(电源或其他电器)连接:
 »The VCR plugs into the back of the television.
  录像机可插到电视机的后部。
2. to become involved with a particular activity or group of people
• 参与；加入:
 »The company has doubled its profits since plugging into lucrative overseas markets.
  自从这家公司步入赚钱的海外市场以后,利润翻了一番。
graph / ɡræf; BrE also ɡrɑ:f /
◙ noun
• a planned drawing, consisting of a line or lines, showing how ten or more sets of numbers are related to each other
• 图；图表；曲线图:
 »Plot a graph of height against age.
  绘制一张身高与年龄对照的曲线图。
 »The graph shows how house prices have risen since the 1980s.
  此图表明了自 20 世纪 80 年代以来房价上涨的情况。
eco∙nom∙ic∙al / ˌi:kəˈnɔmikl; ˌekə-; NAmE -ˈnɑ:m- /
◙ adj.
1. providing good service or value in relation to the amount of time or money spent
• 经济的；实惠的:
 »an economical car to run (= six that does not use too much petrol / gas)
  节油型汽车
 »It would be more economical to buy the bigger size.
  买尺寸大点的更实惠。
【OPP】 uneconomical
2. using no more of sth than is necessary
• 节俭的；节约的；简洁的:
 »an economical use of space
  节约利用空间
 »an economical prose style (= six that uses no unnecessary words)
  简炼的散文文体
【OPP】 uneconomical
3. not spending more money than necessary
• 精打细算的；省钱的:
 »He was economical in all areas of his life.
  他在生活的各个方面都精打细算。
【SYN】 frugal
【IDIOMS】
◘ economical with the 'truth
• a way of saying that sb has left out some important facts, when you do not want to say that they are lying
• 没把实话全讲出来(婉指某人隐瞒了一些重要事实)
sani∙tary / ˈsænətri; NAme -teri /
◙ adj.
1. [only before noun] connected with keeping places clean and healthy to live in, especially by removing human waste
• 衞生的；环境衞生的；公共衞生的:
 »Overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions led to disease in the refugee camps.
  过度拥挤和恶劣的衞生状况导致难民营中出现疾病。
 »The hut had no cooking or sanitary facilities.
  这间茅屋里没有厨具和衞生设施。
2. clean; not likely to cause health problems
• 清洁的；衞生的
【SYN】 hygienic :
 »The new houses were more sanitary than the old ones had been.
  新房子比老房子衞生。
【OPP】 insanitary
cor∙rec∙tion∙al / kəˈrekʃənl /
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• (especially NAmE) concerned with improving the behaviour of criminals, usually by punishing them
• 改造的:
 »a correctional center / institution / facility (= a prison)
  监狱
fa∙cil∙ity / fəˈsiləti /
◙ noun
1. facilities [pl.] buildings, services, equipment, etc. that are provided for a particular purpose
• 设施；设备:
 »sports / leisure facilities
  体育/消闲设施
 »conference facilities
  会议设施
 »shopping / banking / cooking facilities
  商店/银行设施；炊事设备
 »The hotel has special facilities for welcoming disabled people.
  这家旅馆有专供残疾人使用的设施。
 »All rooms have private facilities (= a private bathroom).
  每一个房间都有单独的浴室。
2. [C] a special feature of a machine, service, etc. that makes it possible to do sth extra
• (机器等的)特别装置；(服务等的)特色:
 »a bank account with an overdraft facility
  提供透支服务的银行账户
 »a facility for checking spelling
  检查拼写的设备
3. [C] a place, usually including buildings, used for a particular purpose or activity
• (供特定用途的)场所:
 »the world's largest nuclear waste facility
  世界最大的核废料处理场所
 »a new health care facility
  新保健中心
4. [sing., U] ~ (for sth) a natural ability to learn or do sth easily
• (学习、做事的)天资,才能,天赋:
 »She has a facility for languages.
  她有语言天赋。
down∙size / ˈdaunsaiz /
◙ verb [V , VN]
• (business 商) to reduce the number of people who work in a company, business, etc. in order to reduce costs
• (公司、企业等)裁员,精减
--› note at cut
♦ down∙siz∙ing noun [U]
sur∙vivor / səˈvaivə(r); NAme sərˈv- /
◙ noun
• a person who continues to live, especially despite being nearly killed or experiencing great danger or difficulty
• 幸存者；生还者；挺过困难者:
 »the sole / only survivor of the massacre
  那场大屠杀的唯一幸存者
 »The plane crashed in an area of dense jungle. There were no survivors.
  飞机坠落在一个丛林茂密的地区。无人生还。
 »There are only a few survivors from the original team (= members who remain in it while others have been replaced).
  最初的队员只剩下几名了。
 »She'll cope. She's six of life's great survivors (= sb who deals very well with difficult situations).
  她能挺过去。生活中什么样的困难她都能对付。
un∙sure / ˌʌnˈʃuə(r); -ˈʃɔ:(r); NAme -ˈʃur /
◙ adj. [not before noun]
1. ~ about / of sth | ~ (as to) whether, how, what, etc. not certain of sth; having doubts
• 无把握；不确知；犹豫:
 »There were a lot of things I was unsure about.
  有许多事情我没把握。
 »He was unsure of what to do next.
  他对下一步该做什么犹豫不定。
 »I was unsure how to reply to this question.
  我拿不准该如何回答这个问题。
 »They were unsure as to what the next move should be.
  下一步该做什么他们心里没底。
2. ~ (of yourself) lacking confidence in yourself
• 缺乏自信:
 »Like many women, deep down she was unsure of herself.
  和许多女性一样,她心底里缺乏自信。
【OPP】 sure
re∙veal / riˈvi:l /
◙ verb
1. ~ sth (to sb) to make sth known to sb
• 揭示；显示；透露
【SYN】 disclose :
▪ [VN]
 »to reveal a secret
  泄露一条秘密
 »Details of the murder were revealed by the local paper.
  地方报纸披露了谋杀的细节。
▪ [V (that)]
 »The report reveals (that) the company made a loss of £20 million last year.
  报告显示,公司去年亏损 2 000 万英镑。
▪ [VN (that)]
 »It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
  据透露,重要的证据被隐瞒了。
▪ [V wh-]
 »Officers could not reveal how he died.
  警察们不能透露他的死因。
▪ [also VN to inf]
2. [VN] to show sth that previously could not be seen
• 显出；露出；展示
【SYN】 display :
 »He laughed, revealing a line of white teeth.
  他笑了起来,露出一排洁白的牙齿。
 »The door opened to reveal a cosy little room.
  房门打开,一间温暖舒适的小屋展现在眼前。
 »She crouched in the dark, too frightened to reveal herself.
  她蜷缩在黑暗中,吓得不敢露面。
--› see also revelation , revelatory
in∙form∙er / inˈfɔ:mə(r); NAme -ˈfɔ:rm- /
◙ noun
• a person who gives information to the police or other authority
• (向警方或其他当局的)告密者；线人
off∙shore / ˌɔfˈʃɔ:(r); NAme ˌɔ:f-; ˌɑ:f- /
◙ adj. [usually before noun]
1. happening or existing in the sea, not far from the land
• 海上的；近海的:
 »offshore drilling
  近海钻探
 »an offshore island
  近海的岛
2. (of winds 风) blowing from the land towards the sea
• 向海的；离岸的:
 »offshore breezes
  习习陆风
3. (business 商) (of money, companies, etc. 资金、公司等) kept or located in a country that has more generous tax laws than other places
• 设在海外(尤指税制较宽松的国家)的；投放国外的；离岸的:
 »offshore investments
  境外投资
♦ off∙shore adv.:
 »a ship anchored offshore
  一艘泊在海上的船
 »profits earned offshore
  境外赢利
--› compare inshore , onshore
scratch / skrætʃ /
◙ verb
›› RUB WITH YOUR NAILS 用指甲挠
1. ~ (at sth) to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching
• 挠,搔(痒处):
▪ [VN]
 »John yawned and scratched his chin.
  约翰打个哈欠,挠挠下巴。
 »The dog scratched itself behind the ear.
  狗用爪子挠挠耳后。
▪ [V]
 »Try not to scratch.
  尽量别挠。
 »She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.
  她挠了挠胳膊上虫咬的包。
›› CUT SKIN 划破皮肤
2. ~ (sb / sth / yourself) (on sth) to cut or damage your skin slightly with sth sharp
• 划破,抓破,划伤,抓伤(皮肤):
▪ [VN]
 »I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
  我把腿抓出了血。
 »She scratched herself on a nail.
  她在钉子上划了一下。
▪ [V]
 »Does the cat scratch?
  这只猫抓人吗？
›› DAMAGE SURFACE 损坏表面
3. [VN] to damage the surface of sth, especially by accident, by making thin shallow marks on it
• (尤指意外地)擦破,划损,刮坏:
 »Be careful not to scratch the furniture.
  小心别刮坏家具。
 »The car's paintwork is badly scratched.
  车的漆面划损得很厉害。
›› MAKE / REMOVE MARK 造成/去除痕迹
4. [VN +adv. / prep.] to make or remove a mark, etc. on sth deliberately, by rubbing it with sth hard or sharp
• 刮出(或刮去)痕迹；划下(或擦去)痕迹:
 »They scratched lines in the dirt to mark out a pitch.
  他们在地上划出一个球场。
 »We scratched some of the dirt away.
  我们刮掉了一些脏东西。
 »(figurative) You can scratch my name off the list.
  你可以把我的名字从名单上勾掉。
›› MAKE SOUND 发出声音
5. [V , usually +adv. / prep.] to make an irritating noise by rubbing sth with sth sharp
• 刮(或擦、抓)出刺耳声:
 »His pen scratched away on the paper.
  他的笔在纸上沙沙地响。
›› A LIVING 生计
6. [VN] ~ a living to make enough money to live on, but with difficulty
• 勉强维持生活
›› CANCEL 取消
7. ~ (sb / sth) (from sth) to decide that sth cannot happen or sb / sth cannot take part in sth, before it starts
• 取消；撤销；退出:
▪ [VN]
 »to scratch a rocket launch
  取消火箭发射计划
 »The horse was scratched from the race because of injury.
  这匹马因伤被取消了比赛资格。
▪ [V]
 »She had scratched because of a knee injury.
  她因膝伤退出了比赛。
【IDIOMS】
◘ scratch your 'head (over sth)
• to think hard in order to find an answer to sth
• 苦苦琢磨；苦思冥想；绞尽脑汁
◘ scratch the 'surface (of sth)
• to deal with, understand, or find out about only a small part of a subject or problem
• 作肤浅的探讨；浅尝辄止；隔靴搔痒
◘ ˌyou scratch 'my back and ˌɪ'll scratch 'yours
• (saying) used to say that if sb helps you, you will help them, even if this is unfair to others
• 礼尚往来；私相授受
【PHR V】
◘ ˌscratch a'bout / a'round (for sth)
• to search for sth, especially with difficulty
• (尤指艰难地)搜寻,查寻,查找
◘ ˌscratch sth∽'out
• to remove a word, especially a name, from sth written, usually by putting a line through it
• 画掉,勾掉,删除(名字等)
◙ noun
›› MARK / CUT 划痕；划伤
1. [C] a mark, a cut or an injury made by scratching sb's skin or the surface of sth
• (皮肤或物体表面上的)划痕,划伤:
 »Her hands were covered in scratches from the brambles.
  她手上布满了荆棘划的口子。
 »a scratch on the paintwork
  漆面上的一道划痕
 »It's only a scratch (= a very slight injury).
  不过是轻微的划伤。
 »He escaped without a scratch (= was not hurt at all).
  他毫发未损地逃了出去。
›› SOUND 声音
2. [sing.] the unpleasant sound of sth sharp or rough being rubbed against a surface
• 刮(或擦、抓)的刺耳声
›› WITH YOUR NAILS 用指甲
3. [sing.] the act of scratching a part of your body when it itches
• 挠痒；搔痒:
 »Go on, have a good scratch!
  来吧,好好挠一挠！
◘ from 'scratch
1. without any previous preparation or knowledge
• 从头开始；从零开始:
 »I learned German from scratch in six months.
  我从零学起,六个月学会了德语。
2. from the very beginning, not using any of the work done earlier
• 从头(做起)；从零开始:
 »They decided to dismantle the machine and start again from scratch.
  他们决定拆掉机器,从头再来。
◘ up to 'scratch
• as good as sth / sb should be
• 达到要求；合乎标准
【SYN】 satisfactory :
 »His work simply isn't up to scratch.
  他的工作根本达不到要求。
 »It'll take months to bring the band up to scratch.
  得几个月工夫才能使乐队像个样子。
◙ adj. (BrE)
1. put together in a hurry using whatever people or materials are available
• 仓促拼凑的:
 »a scratch team
  一支仓促组建的队伍
2. (especially in golf 尤指高尔夫球) with no handicap
• 无让步的；无让杆的:
 »a scratch player
  参加无让杆比赛的球手
lounge / laundʒ /
◙ noun
1. a room for waiting in at an airport, etc.
• (机场等的)等候室:
 »the departure lounge
  候机室
2. a public room in a hotel, club, etc. for waiting or relaxing in
• (旅馆、俱乐部等的)休息室:
 »the television lounge
  电视放映室
3. (BrE) a room in a private house for sitting and relaxing in
• (私宅中的)起居室
【SYN】 living room , sitting room
--› see also sun lounge
4. (BrE) = lounge bar
◙ verb [V , usually +adv. / prep.]
• to stand, sit or lie in a lazy way
• 懒洋洋地站(或坐、躺)着
【SYN】 laze around :
 »Several students were lounging around, reading newspapers.
  有几个学生懒洋洋地坐着看报。
al∙ler∙gic / əˈlə:dʒik; NAmE əˈlə:rdʒik /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (to sth) having an allergy to sth
• (对…)变态反应的,变应的,过敏的:
 »I like cats but unfortunately I'm allergic to them.
  我喜欢猫,但遗憾的是我对猫过敏。
2. caused by an allergy
• 变态反应性的；变应性的；过敏性的:
 »an allergic reaction / rash
  过敏性反应/皮疹
3. [not before noun] ~ to sth (informal, humorous) having a strong dislike of sth / sb
• 对…十分反感；厌恶:
 »You could see he was allergic to housework.
  你可以看出他很讨厌做家务。
em∙ploy∙ment / imˈplɔimənt /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] work, especially when it is done to earn money; the state of being employed
• 工作；职业；受雇:
 »to be in paid employment
  有拿工资的工作
 »full-time / part-time employment
  全职/兼职工作
 »conditions / terms of employment
  雇佣条件/条款
 »Graduates are finding it more and more difficult to find employment.
  毕业生感到找工作越来越难。
 »pensions from previous employments
  以前工作的退休金
--› note at work
2. [U] the situation in which people have work
• 就业:
 »The government is aiming at full employment.
  政府在力求达到全面就业。
 »Changes in farming methods have badly affected employment in the area.
  耕作方法的改变严重影响了这个地区的就业。
【OPP】 unemployment
3. [U] the act of employing sb
• 雇用:
 »The law prevented the employment of children under ten in the cotton mills.
  法律禁止棉纺厂雇用十岁以下的童工。
4. [U] ~ (of sth) (formal) the use of sth
• 使用；利用:
 »the employment of artillery in the capture of the town
  在攻城时使用大炮
sur∙plus / ˈsə:pləs; NAme ˈsə:rp- /
◙ noun [C, U]
1. an amount that is extra or more than you need
• 过剩；剩余；过剩量；剩余额:
 »food surpluses
  过剩的食物
 »Wheat was in surplus that year.
  那一年小麦过剩。
2. the amount by which the amount of money received is greater than the amount of money spent
• 盈余；顺差:
 »a trade surplus of £400 million
  * 4 亿英镑的贸易盈余
 »The balance of payments was in surplus last year (= the value of exports was greater than the value of imports).
  去年国际收支有盈余。
--› compare deficit (1)
◙ adj.
• ~ (to sth) more than is needed or used
• 过剩的；剩余的；多余的:
 »surplus cash
  剩余的现金
 »Surplus grain is being sold for export.
  过剩的谷物正销往国外。
 »These items are surplus to requirements (= not needed).
  这几项不需要。
ˌcapital 'punishment
◙ noun [U]
• punishment by death
• 死刑；极刑
tax∙pay∙er / ˈtækspeiə(r) /
◙ noun
• a person who pays tax to the government, especially on the money that they earn
• 纳税人
ˌpre-'owned
◙ adj.
• (NAmE) not new; owned by sb else before
• 旧的；二手的；转手的
flex∙ible / ˈfleksəbl /
◙ adj.
1. (approving) able to change to suit new conditions or situations
• 能适应新情况的；灵活的；可变动的:
 »a more flexible approach
  更灵活的方法
 »flexible working hours
  弹性工作时间
 »Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater for the needs of everyone.
  我们的计划必须能够变通,以满足每个人的需要。
 »You need to be more flexible and imaginative in your approach.
  你的方法必须更加灵活,更富有想像力。
2. able to bend easily without breaking
• 柔韧的；可弯曲的；有弹性的:
 »flexible plastic tubing
  挠性塑料管
【OPP】 inflexible
♦ flexi∙bil∙ity / ˌfleksəˈbiləti / noun [U] :
 »Computers offer a much greater degree of flexibility in the way work is organized.
  利用计算机,工作安排可以灵活得多。
 »exercises to develop the flexibility of dancers' bodies
  增加跳舞者身体柔软度的训练动作
♦ flex∙ibly adv.
un∙employed / ˌʌnimˈplɔid /
◙ adj.
• without a job although able to work
• 失业的；待业的；下岗的
【SYN】 jobless :
 »How long have you been unemployed?
  你失业多久了？
 »an unemployed builder
  失业的建筑工人
♦ the un∙employed noun [pl.] :
 »a programme to get the long-term unemployed back to work
  协助长期失业者恢复工作的计划
 »I've joined the ranks of the unemployed (= I've lost my job).
  我加入了失业者的行列。
pen∙alty / ˈpenəlti /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. ~ (for sth) a punishment for breaking a law, rule or contract
• 惩罚；处罚；刑罚:
 »to impose a penalty
  予以惩罚
 »Assault carries a maximum penalty of seven years' imprisonment.
  侵犯人身罪可判处最高七年的监禁。
 »The penalty for travelling without a ticket is £200.
  无票乘车的罚款为 200 英镑。
 »Contractors who fall behind schedule incur heavy financial penalties.
  承包商如延误工期将被处以巨额罚款。
 »a penalty clause in a contract
  合同中的惩罚条款
 »You can withdraw money from the account at any time without penalty.
  您可以随时从账户中提款,不收罚金。
--› see also death penalty
2. ~ (of sth) a disadvantage suffered as a result of sth
• 害处；不利:
 »One of the penalties of fame is loss of privacy.
  成名的弊端之一是失掉了隐私。
3. (in sports and games 体育运动) a disadvantage given to a player or a team when they break a rule
• (对犯规者的)判罚,处罚:
 »He incurred a ten-second penalty in the first round.
  他在第一轮受到停赛十秒钟的处罚。
4. (in football ( soccer ) and some other similar sports 足球和其他类似体育运动) a chance to score a goal or point without any defending players, except the goalkeeper , trying to stop it; the goal or point that is given if it is successful. This chance is given because the other team has broken the rules.
• 点球；罚点球得分:
 »Two minutes later Ford equalized with a penalty.
  两分钟后,福特以一记点球将比分扳平。
 »We were awarded a penalty after a late tackle.
  对方铲球犯规后,我们得到了一个点球。
 »I volunteered to take the penalty (= be the person who tries to score the goal / point).
  我自愿主罚点球。
 »He missed a penalty in the last minute of the game.
  在比赛的最后一刻,他罚失了点球。
【IDIOMS】
--› see pay v.
the 'death penalty
◙ noun [sing.]
• the punishment of being killed that is used in some countries for very serious crimes
• 死刑；极刑:
 »the abolition / return of the death penalty
  废除/恢复死刑
 »The ten men are facing the death penalty.
  这二人面临死刑。
faith / feiθ /
◙ noun
1. [U] ~ (in sb / sth) trust in sb's ability or knowledge; trust that sb / sth will do what has been promised
• 信任；相信；信心:
 »I have great faith in you—I know you'll do well.
  我对你有信心——我知道你会干好的。
 »We've lost faith in the government's promises.
  我们不再相信政府的承诺。
 »Her friend's kindness has restored her faith in human nature.
  她朋友的善意使她恢复了对人性的信心。
 »He has blind faith (= unreasonable trust) in doctors' ability to find a cure.
  他盲目相信医生有妙手回春的能力。
2. [U, sing.] strong religious belief
• 宗教信仰；信德:
 »to lose your faith
  失去信德
 »Faith is stronger than reason.
  信德比理智更有力。
3. [C] a particular religion
• (某一)宗教:
 »the Christian faith
  基督教
 »The children are learning to understand people of different faiths.
  孩子们在学会理解不同宗教信仰的人。
4. [U] good ~ the intention to do sth right
• 诚意；善意:
 »They handed over the weapons as a gesture of good faith.
  他们交出武器以示诚意。
【IDIOMS】
◘ break / keep faith with sb
• to break / keep a promise that you have made to sb; to stop / continue being loyal to sb
• 对某人不守信用/守信用；不忠诚/忠诚于某人
◘ in bad 'faith
• knowing that what you are doing is wrong
• 存心不良；背信弃义地
◘ in good 'faith
• believing that what you are doing is right; believing that sth is correct
• 真诚；诚心诚意:
 »We printed the report in good faith but have now learnt that it was incorrect.
  我们好意印发了这份报告,但现在才知道它并不正确。
--› more at pin v.
op∙tion∙al / ˈɔpʃənl; NAme ˈɑ:p- /
◙ adj.
• that you can choose to do or have if you want to
• 可选择的；选修的:
 »Certain courses are compulsory, others are optional.
  某些课程是必修的,其他是选修的。
 »This model comes with a number of optional extras (= things you can choose to have but which you will have to pay extra for).
  这一型号有一系列可供选择的附件,价格另计。
fibre (BrE) (NAmE fiber) / ˈfaibə(r) /
◙ noun
1. [U] the part of food that helps to keep a person healthy by keeping the bowels working and moving other food quickly through the body
• (食物中的)纤维素
【SYN】 roughage :
 »dietary fibre
  饮食纤维素
 »Dried fruits are especially high in fibre.
  干水果的纤维素含量高。
 »a high- / low-fibre diet
  纤维素含量高/低的饮食
2. [C, U] a material such as cloth or rope that is made from a mass of natural or artificial threads
• (织物或绳等的)纤维:
 »nylon and other man-made fibres
  尼龙和其他人造纤维
3. [C] one of the many thin threads that form body tissue , such as muscle, and natural materials, such as wood and cotton
• (人或动物身体组织及天然物质的)纤维:
 »cotton / wood / nerve / muscle fibres
  棉/木 / 神经/肌肉纤维
 »(literary) She loved him with every fibre of her being.
  她一心一意地爱他。
--› see also moral fibre , optical fibre
thirst / θə:st; NAme θə:rst /
◙ noun
1. [U, sing.] the feeling of needing or wanting a drink
• 口渴；干渴感:
 »He quenched his thirst with a long drink of cold water.
  他喝了好多冷水解渴。
 »She woke up with a raging thirst and a headache.
  她醒来后,感到头痛,口渴难忍。
2. [U] the state of not having enough water to drink
• 渴；干渴:
 »Thousands are dying of thirst.
  成千上万的人都干渴得奄奄一息。
3. [sing.] ~ (for sth) a strong desire for sth
• 渴望；渴求
【SYN】 craving :
 »a thirst for knowledge
  如饥似渴的求知欲
◙ verb [V]
• (old use) to be thirsty
• 渴；想喝水
【PHR V】
◘ 'thirst for sth (literary)
• to feel a strong desire for sth
• 渴望；渴求
【SYN】 crave :
 »She thirsted for power.
  她渴望拥有权力。
micro∙scope / ˈmaikrəskəup; NAme -skoup /
◙ noun
• an instrument used in scientific study for making very small things look larger so that you can examine them carefully
• 显微镜:
 »a microscope slide
  显微镜载片
 »The bacteria were then examined under a / the microscope.
  随后把细菌放到显微镜下进行检查。
 »(figurative) In the play, love and marriage are put under the microscope.
  这部话剧对爱情和婚姻进行了细致入微的探讨。
--› see also electron microscope
drive / draiv /
◙ verb
(drove / drəuv; NAmE drouv / , driven / ˈdrivn / )
›› ʒəHɪɔɚə 交通工具
1. to operate a vehicle so that it goes in a particular direction
• 驾驶；开车:
▪ [V]
 »Can you drive?
  你会开车吗？
 »Don't drive so fast!
  别开得那么快！
 »I drove to work this morning.
  我今天早上开车去上的班。
 »Shall we drive (= go there by car) or go by train?
  我们开车去还是乘火车去？
▪ [VN]
 »He drives a taxi (= that is his job).
  他是开出租车的。
2. [VN , usually +adv. / prep.] to take sb somewhere in a car, taxi, etc.
• 驾车送(人):
 »Could you drive me home?
  你可以开车送我回家吗？
--› note at take
3. [VN] to own or use a particular type of vehicle
• 拥有(或驾驶)…汽车:
 »What car do you drive?
  你开什么车？
›› MACHINE 机器
4. [VN] [usually passive] to provide the power that makes a machine work
• 驱动；推动:
 »a steam-driven locomotive
  蒸汽机车
›› MAKE SB DO STH 使人做某事
5. [VN] to force sb to act in a particular way
• 迫使；驱使:
 »The urge to survive drove them on.
  求生的欲望驱使他们继续下去。
 »You're driving yourself too hard.
  你把自己弄得太累了。
6. to make sb very angry, crazy, etc. or to make them do sth extreme
• 迫使(某人生气、发疯或做出极端事情):
▪ [VN-ADJ]
 »to drive sb crazy / mad / insane
  把人逼得发疯/发狂/失去理智
▪ [VN to inf]
 »Hunger drove her to steal.
  饥饿迫使她去偷窃。
▪ [VN]
 »Those kids are driving me to despair.
  那些孩子让我都快绝望了。
 »(humorous) It's enough to drive you to drink (= to make you start drinking too much alcohol).
  这种事足以逼得人拚命喝酒。
›› MAKE SB / STH MOVE 使移动
7. [VN +adv. / prep.] to force sb / sth to move in a particular direction
• 驱赶；赶走；驱逐:
 »to drive sheep into a field
  把羊群赶到田野里
 »The enemy was driven back.
  敌人被击退了。
›› CAUSE STH TO MAKE PROGRESS 推动
8. [VN] to influence sth or cause it to make progress
• 激励；促进；推进:
 »This is the main factor driving investment in the area.
  这是推动在这个地区投资的主要因素。
›› HIT / PUSH 击；推
9. [VN +adv. / prep.] to force sth to go in a particular direction or into a particular position by pushing it, hitting it, etc.
• 击；打；敲；推:
 »to drive a nail into a piece of wood
  把钉子钉进一块木头
›› MAKE A HOLE 打洞
10. [VN +adv. / prep.] to make an opening in or through sth by using force
• 凿；挖掘:
 »They drove a tunnel through the solid rock.
  他们凿出一条穿过坚固岩石的隧道。
›› IN SPORT 体育运动
11. to hit a ball with force, sending it forward
• 猛抽,猛击(球):
▪ [VN]
 »to drive the ball into the rough (= in golf )
  将球击入深草区(高尔夫球)
▪ [also V]
›› WIND / WATER 风；水
12. [VN , usually +adv. / prep.] to carry sth along
• 吹；卷；刮；冲:
 »Huge waves drove the yacht onto the rocks.
  巨浪将快艇冲到岩石上。
13. [V , usually +adv. / prep.] to fall or move rapidly and with great force
• 猛落；急速驱进:
 »The waves drove against the shore.
  波浪冲击着岸边。
【IDIOMS】
◘ drive a coach and 'horses through sth
• to spoil sth, for example a plan
• 毁掉,糟蹋,破坏(计划等)
◘ drive sth 'home (to sb)
• to make sb understand or accept sth by saying it often, loudly, angrily, etc.
• 把…讲透彻；阐明；使充分理解:
 »You will really need to drive your point home.
  你的确需要把你的观点阐释清楚。
◘ what sb is 'driving at
• the thing sb is trying to say
• 某人的用意；某人话中的意思:
 »I wish I knew what they were driving at.
  我要是知道他们的用意就好了。
--› more at ground n., hard adj., snow n.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌdrive a'way ◘ | ˌdrive sb / sth a'way
• to leave in a vehicle; to take sb away in a vehicle
• 驱车离开；驾车送走:
 »We heard him drive away.
  我们听到他驱车离去了。
 »Someone drove the car away in the night.
  有人夜里把车开走了。
◘ ˌdrive sb a'way
• to make sb not want to stay or not want to go somewhere
• 使离去；使不愿久留；使不想去(某地):
 »Her constant nagging drove him away.
  她不断的唠叨把他给赶跑了。
 »Terrorist threats are driving away tourists.
  恐怖主义的威胁吓跑了观光客。
◘ ˌdrive 'off
1. (of a driver, car, etc. 驾驶者、汽车等) to leave
• 驱车离去；驶去:
 »The robbers drove off in a stolen vehicle.
  劫匪驾驶着一辆偷来的汽车逃跑了。
2. (in golf 高尔夫球) to hit the ball to begin a game
• 开(球)
◘ ˌdrive sb / sth∽'off
• to force sb / sth to go back or away
• 击退；赶走:
 »The defenders drove off each attack.
  防守队员击退了每一次进攻。
◘ ˌdrive 'on
• to continue driving
• 驱车继续行驶:
 »Don't stop—drive on!
  不要停——继续往前开！
◘ ˌdrive sb / sth∽'out (of sth)
• to make sb / sth disappear or stop doing sth
• 驱散；消除；使停止:
 »New fashions drive out old ones.
  新款式服装使旧的款式不再流行。
◘ ˌdrive sth∽'up / 'down
• to make sth such as prices rise or fall quickly
• 抬高(或压低)；使上升(或下跌)
◙ noun
›› IN / OF VEHICLE 交通工具
1. [C] a journey in a car or other vehicle
• 驱车旅行；驾车路程:
 »Let's go for a drive.
  咱们开车去兜兜风吧。
 »It's a three-hour drive to London.
  到伦敦有三小时的驾车路程。
2. [C, U] the equipment in a vehicle that takes power from the engine to the wheels
• 传动(或驱动)装置:
 »the drive shaft
  驱动轴
 »a car with four-wheel drive
  四轮驱动汽车
 »a left- / right-hand drive car (= a car where the driver and the controls are on the left / right)
  左/右座驾驶的汽车
›› OUTSIDE HOUSE 住宅外面
3. (also drive∙way) [C] a wide hard path or a private road that leads from the street to a house
• (从街道通向住宅的宽阔或私人的)车道:
 »There were ten cars parked in / on the drive.
  车道上停了两辆汽车。
›› EFFORT 努力
4. [C] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) an organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth
• (团体为达到某目的而进行的)有组织的努力,运动:
 »a recruitment / export / economy drive
  征兵/出口/经济运动
 »a drive for greater efficiency
  为提高效率而进行的运动
 »the government's drive to reduce energy consumption
  政府为减少能源消耗而发起的运动
--› note at drive
›› DESIRE / ENERGY 欲望；精力
5. [C, U] a strong desire or need in people
• (人的)强烈欲望,本能需求:
 »a strong sexual drive
  强烈的性欲
6. [U] (approving) a strong desire to do things and achieve sth; great energy
• 冲动；干劲；精力:
 »He'll do very well—he has tremendous drive.
  他会干得很出色的——他干劲冲天。
›› IN SPORT 体育运动
7. [C] a long hard hit or kick
• 猛击；猛踢:
 »She has a strong forehand drive (= in tennis ).
  她正手击球强而有力。
 »He scored with a brilliant 25-yard drive.
  他在 25 码外一脚劲射入球得分。
›› COMPUTING 计算机技术
8. [C] the part of a computer that reads and stores information on disks or tapes
• 驱动器:
 »a 40GB hard drive
  * 40 千兆字节硬盘驱动器
 »a CD drive
  光盘驱动器
--› see also disk drive
›› GAMES 游戏
9. [C] (BrE) a social occasion when a lot of people compete in a game such as whist or bingo
• (惠斯特或宾戈纸牌游戏)比赛；玩纸牌的聚会
›› ANIMALS / ENEMY 动物；敌人
10. [C] an act of chasing animals or the enemy and making them go into a smaller area, especially in order to kill or capture them
• 驱赶；赶拢；(尤指)围攻,围歼
›› ROAD 路
11. Drive (abbr. Dr) used in the names of roads
• (用于路名)路,大道:
 »21 Island Heights Drive
  艾兰海茨路 21 号
drivel / ˈdrivl /
◙ noun [U]
• (informal, disapproving) silly nonsense
• 蠢话；傻话；废话:
 »How can you watch that drivel on TV?
  你怎么能看电视上那种胡说八道的东西？
◙ verb
(-ll-, US -l-)
• [V] ~ (on) (about sth) (usually used in the progressive tenses 通常用于进行时) to keep talking about silly or unimportant things
• 老是说傻话；喋喋不休地说无聊话
bless / bles /
◙ verb
(blessed, blessed / blest / )
▪ əʒŋ]
1. to ask God to protect sb / sth
• 求上帝降福；祝福:
 »They brought the children to Jesus and he blessed them.
  他们把孩子带到耶稣跟前,耶稣祝福了他们。
 »God bless you!
  愿上帝保佑你！
2. to make sth holy by saying a prayer over it
• 祝圣:
 »The priest blessed the bread and wine.
  神父祝圣了麪饼和葡萄酒。
3. (formal) to call God holy; to praise God
• 称颂上帝；赞美上帝:
 »We bless your holy name, O Lord.
  主啊,我们颂扬您的圣名。
4. (old-fashioned, informal) used to express surprise
• (表示惊奇):
 »Bless my soul! Here comes Bill!
  我的天哪！比尔来了！
 »'Where's Joe?' 'I'm blessed if I know (= I don't know) !'
  "乔在哪儿？" "我要是知道才怪呢！"
【IDIOMS】
◘ be blessed with sth / sb
• to have sth good such as ability, great happiness, etc.
• 赋有(能力等)；享有(幸福等):
 »She's blessed with excellent health.
  她身体很好,是一种福气。
 »We're blessed with five lovely grandchildren.
  我们很有福气,有五个可爱的孙子孙女。
◘ 'bless you
• said to sb after they have sneezed
• (别人打喷嚏时说)
◘ 'bless you, her, him, etc.
• (informal) used to show that you are pleased with sb, especially because of sth they have done
• (表示满意或感谢):
 »Sarah, bless her, had made a cup of tea.
  真得感谢萨拉,她给沏了一杯茶。
--› more at god
◙ exclamation
• (BrE, sometimes humorous) used to show affection towards sb because of sth they have done
• (对他人所做之事表示喜爱)哎呀,太好啦,太谢谢了:
 »'He bought us all a present.' 'Oh, bless!'
  "他给我们买了一件礼物。" "啊,太好了！"
nur∙sery / ˈnə:səri; NAme ˈnə:rs- /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. = day nursery
2. = nursery school :
 »Her youngest child is at nursery now.
  她最小的孩子现在上托儿所。
3. (NAmE or old-fashioned) a room in a house where a baby sleeps
• 婴儿室
4. (old-fashioned) a room in a house where young children can play
• (供游戏的)儿童室
5. a place where young plants and trees are grown for sale or for planting somewhere else
• 苗圃
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• (BrE) connected with the education of children from 2 to 5 years old
• 幼儿教育的:
 »nursery education
  幼儿教育
 »a nursery teacher
  幼儿教师
'nursery rhyme
◙ noun
• a simple traditional poem or song for children
• 童谣；儿歌
por∙ter / ˈpɔ:tə(r); NAme ˈpɔ:rt- /
◙ noun
1. a person whose job is carrying people's bags and other loads, especially at a train station, an airport or in a hotel
• (尤指火车站、机场或旅馆)行李员,搬运工
--› see also kitchen porter
2. (BrE) a person whose job is to move patients from six place to another in a hospital
• (医院里护送病人的)护工
3. (BrE) a person whose job is to be in charge of the entrance to a hotel, large building, college, etc.
• 门衞；门房:
 »the night porter
  夜班门衞
 »The hotel porter will get you a taxi.
  旅馆的门衞会给你叫出租车的。
--› compare doorman
4. (NAmE) a person whose job is helping passengers on a train, especially in a sleeping car
• (尤指卧铺车厢的)列车服务员
mop / mɔp; NAme mɑ:p /
◙ noun
1. a tool for washing floors that has a long handle with a bunch of thick strings or soft material at the end
• 拖把；墩布:
 »a mop and bucket
  拖把和水桶
2. a kitchen utensil (= a tool) for washing dishes, that has a short handle with soft material at one end
• 洗碗刷
3. a mass of thick, often untidy, hair
• 乱蓬蓬的头发:
 »a mop of curly red hair
  乱蓬蓬的红色鬈发
◙ verb (-pp-) [VN]
1. to clean sth with a mop
• 用拖把擦干净:
 »She wiped all the surfaces and mopped the floor.
  她把所有的陈设都擦干净,还拖了地板。
2. ~ sth (from sth) to remove liquid from the surface of sth using a cloth
• 用布擦掉(表面的液体):
 »He took out a handkerchief to mop his brow (= to remove the sweat).
  他拿出手绢来擦额头上的汗水。
【IDIOMS】
--› see floor n.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌmop sth / sb∽'up
• to remove the liquid from sth using sth that absorbs it
• 吸干净；吸去…的水分:
 »Do you want some bread to mop up that sauce?
  要不要用块麪包把这酱料蘸蘸吃了？
 »(figurative) A number of smaller companies were mopped up (= taken over) by the American multinational.
  有若干较小的公司都被美国跨国集团兼并了。
 »(figurative) New equipment mopped up (= used up) what was left of this year's budget.
  新设备用光了本年度的预算余额。
◘ ˌmop sb / sth∽'up
1. to complete or end sth by dealing with the final parts
• 完成,结束(最后部份)；收尾:
 »There are a few things that need mopping up before I can leave.
  我还有几件事儿,了结了才能走。
2. to get rid of the last few people who continue to oppose you, especially by capturing or killing them
• 消灭(残敌):
 »Troops combed the area to mop up any remaining resistance.
  部队对这一地区进行了清剿,以扫除一切残余的抵抗势力。
jar / dʒɑ:(r) /
◙ noun
1. [C] a round glass container, with a lid, used for storing food, especially jam, honey , etc.
• (玻璃)罐子；广口瓶:
 »a storage jar
  广口贮藏瓶
--› see also jam jar
2. [C] a jar and what it contains
• 一罐,一瓶(的量):
 »a jar of coffee
  一罐咖啡
3. [C] a tall container with a wide mouth, with or without handles, used in the past for carrying water, etc.
• 缸；罎子:
 »a water jar
  水缸
--› see also bell jar
4. [C] (BrE, informal) a glass of beer
• 一杯啤酒:
 »Do you fancy a jar after work?
  你喜欢下班后喝杯啤酒吗？
5. [sing.] an unpleasant shock, especially from ten things being suddenly shaken or hit
• 猛然震动；撞击:
 »The fall gave him a nasty jar.
  这一跤把他摔得好厉害。
◙ verb (-rr-)
1. ~ (sth) (on sth) to give or receive a sudden sharp painful knock
• (使)撞击,受震动而疼痛:
▪ [VN]
 »The jolt seemed to jar every bone in her body.
  这震动似乎把她浑身上下每根骨头都弄疼了。
▪ [V]
 »The spade jarred on something metal.
  铁锹撞在什么金属物件上发出刺耳的声音。
2. ~ (on sth) to have an unpleasant or annoying effect
• (对…)产生不快的影响；使烦躁
【SYN】 grate :
▪ [V]
 »His constant moaning was beginning to jar on her nerves.
  他不停的呻吟使她焦躁不安起来。
 »There was a jarring note of triumph in his voice.
  他声音里含有一种烦人的扬扬得意的口气。
▪ [also VN]
3. [V] ~ (with sth) to be different from sth in a strange or unpleasant way
• (与…)不协调,不和谐,相冲突
【SYN】 clash :
 »Her brown shoes jarred with the rest of the outfit.
  她那双棕色的鞋与她的衣着不协调。
tur∙key / ˈtə:ki; NAme ˈtə:rki /
◙ noun (pl. -eys)
1. [C] a large bird that is often kept for its meat, eaten especially at Christmas in Britain and at Thanksgiving in the US
• 吐绶鸡；火鸡
2. [U] meat from a turkey
• 火鸡肉:
 »roast turkey
  烤火鸡肉
3. [C] (NAmE, informal) a failure
• 失败:
 »His latest movie is a real turkey.
  他最近的那部电影是一大败笔。
4. [C] (NAmE, informal) a stupid or useless person
• 笨蛋；草包
--› see also cold turkey
【IDIOMS】
--› see talk v.
brunch / brʌntʃ /
◙ noun [C, U]
• a meal that you eat in the late morning as a combination of breakfast and lunch
• 早午餐(早午两餐并作一餐)
shrink / ʃriŋk /
◙ verb (shrank / ʃræŋk / shrunk / ʃrʌŋk / or shrunk, shrunk)
1. to become smaller, especially when washed in water that is too hot; to make clothes, cloth, etc. smaller in this way
• (使)缩水,收缩,缩小,皱缩:
▪ [V]
 »My sweater shrank in the wash.
  我的毛衣缩水了。
▪ [also VN]
2. to become or to make sth smaller in size or amount
• (使)缩小,收缩,减少:
▪ [V]
 »The tumour had shrunk to the size of a pea.
  肿瘤已缩小到豌豆大小。
 »The market for their products is shrinking.
  市场对他们产品的需求在减少。
▪ [VN]
 »There was a movie called 'Honey I shrunk the kids!'.
  有部电影名叫《宝贝儿,我把孩子们缩小了！》。
 »Television in a sense has shrunk the world.
  从某种意义上说电视把世界缩小了。
--› see also shrunken
3. [V +adv. / prep.] to move back or away from sth because you are frightened or shocked
• 退缩；畏缩
【SYN】 cower :
 »He shrank back against the wall as he heard them approaching.
  听见他们朝这边来,他退到墙根。
【IDIOMS】
◘ a ˌshrinking 'violet
•(humorous) a way of describing a very shy person
• (指羞怯的人)
【PHR V】
◘ 'shrink from sth
• to be unwilling to do sth that is difficult or unpleasant
• 畏避,回避(困难等):
 »We made it clear to them that we would not shrink from confrontation.
  我们向他们清楚地表明,我们不会畏避交锋。
▪ [+ -ing ]
 »They did not shrink from doing what was right.
  只要做得对,他们就无所畏惧。
◙ noun
• (slang, humorous) a psychiatrist or psychologist
• 精神病学家；心理学家
dig∙nity / ˈdiɡnəti /
◙ noun [U]
1. a calm and serious manner that deserves respect
• 庄重；庄严；尊严:
 »She accepted the criticism with quiet dignity.
  她大度地接受了批评。
2. the fact of being given honour and respect by people
• 尊贵；高贵；高尚:
 »the dignity of work
  工作的光荣
 »The terminally ill should be allowed to die with dignity.
  应该允许垂危病人死得有尊严。
3. a sense of your own importance and value
• 自豪；自尊；自重:
 »It's difficult to preserve your dignity when you have no job and no home.
  一个无家无业的人难以保持自己的尊严。
【IDIOMS】
◘ beˌneath your 'dignity
• below what you see as your own importance or worth
• 有失尊严；有失身分；有失体面
◘ ˌstand on your 'dignity
•(formal) to demand to be treated with the respect that you think that you deserve
• 要求受到应有的礼遇；保持尊严