m1u1
en∙joy∙able / inˈdʒɔiəbl /
◙ adj.
• giving pleasure
• 有乐趣的；使人快乐的；令人愉快的:
 »an enjoyable weekend / experience
  令人愉快的周末/经历
 »highly / really / thoroughly / very enjoyable
  非常令人愉快
♦ en∙joy∙ably / -əbli / adv.:
 »The evening passed enjoyably.
  这个晚上过得很愉快。
ex∙peri∙ence / ikˈspiəriəns; NAmE -ˈspir- /
◙ noun
1. [U] the knowledge and skill that you have gained through doing sth for a period of time; the process of gaining this
• (由实践得来的)经验；实践:
 »to have over ten years' teaching experience
  有十多年教学经验
 »Do you have any previous experience of this type of work?
  你以前干过这种工作吗？
 »a doctor with experience in dealing with patients suffering from stress
  在治疗受到压力的病人方面很有经验的医生
 »My lack of practical experience was a disadvantage.
  我缺少实际经验是个不利条件。
 »She didn't get paid much but it was all good experience.
  她得到的报酬虽然不高,但有极好的体验。
 »He gained valuable experience whilst working on the project.
  从事这项工程使他获得了宝贵的经验。
 »We all learn by experience.
  我们都从经验中学习。
--› see also work experience
2. [U] the things that have happened to you that influence the way you think and behave
• 经历；阅历:
 »Experience has taught me that life can be very unfair.
  经过的事使我懂得生活可能是很不公平的。
 »It is important to try and learn from experience.
  努力从经验中学习是重要的。
 »In my experience, very few people really understand the problem.
  据我的经验看,真正理解这个问题的人很少。
 »She knew from past experience that Ann would not give up easily.
  她凭以往的经验知道安是不会轻易放弃的。
 »The book is based on personal experience.
  本书是以个人经历为基础的。
 »direct / first-hand experience of poverty
  对贫穷的直接/亲身感受
3. [C] ~ (of sth) an event or activity that affects you in some way
• (一次)经历,体验:
 »an enjoyable / exciting / unusual / unforgettable, etc. experience
  愉快、激动人心、异乎寻常、难以忘记等的经历
 »It was her first experience of living alone.
  那是她第一次单独生活。
 »Living in Africa was very different from home and quite an experience (= unusual for us).
  生活在非洲完全不同于在家里,那真是一次不同寻常的经历。
 »I had a bad experience with fireworks once.
  我放烟火有过一次不愉快的遭遇。
 »He seems to have had some sort of religious experience.
  他似乎有某种宗教体验。
4. the... experience [sing.] events or knowledge shared by all the members of a particular group in society, that influences the way they think and behave
• 传统:
 »musical forms like jazz that emerged out of the Black American experience
  诸如爵士乐这类起源于美国黑人传统的音乐形式
【IDIOMS】
◘ put sth down to ex'perience
• (also chalk sth up to ex'perience) used to say that sb should think of a failure as being sth that they can learn from
• 从…中吸取教训:
 »We lost a lot of money, but we just put it down to experience.
  我们损失了很多钱,只当是吃一堑长一智了。
◙ verb [VN]
1. to have a particular situation affect you or happen to you
• 经历；经受；遭受:
 »The country experienced a foreign currency shortage for several months.
  这个国家经历了几个月的外汇短缺。
 »Everyone experiences these problems at some time in their lives.
  每个人在人生的某个阶段都会经历这些问题。
2. to have and be aware of a particular emotion or physical feeling
• 感受；体会；体验:
 »to experience pain / pleasure / unhappiness
  感受痛苦/愉快/不幸
 »I experienced a moment of panic as I boarded the plane.
  我上飞机时曾一度感到恐慌。
as∙sem∙bly / əˈsembli /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. (also As∙sem∙bly) [C] a group of people who have been elected to meet together regularly and make decisions or laws for a particular region or country
• 立法机构；会议；议会:
 »State / legislative / federal / local assemblies
  州众议院；立法会议；联邦/地方议会
 »Power has been handed over to provincial and regional assemblies.
  权力已移交给省和地区议会。
 »The national assembly has voted to adopt the budget.
  国民议会已表决通过预算。
 »the California Assembly
  美国加利福尼亚州众议院
 »the UN General Assembly
  联合国大会
2. [U, C] the meeting together of a group of people for a particular purpose; a group of people who meet together for a particular purpose
• 集会；(统称)集会者:
 »They were fighting for freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.
  他们为言论自由和集会自由而斗争。
 »He was to address a public assembly on the issue.
  他要对公众集会发表演说谈论这个问题。
 »an assembly point (= a place where people have been asked to meet)
  集会地点
3. [C, U] a meeting of the teachers and students in a school, usually at the start of the day, to give information, discuss school events or say prayers together
• (全校师生的)晨会,朝会
4. [U] the process of putting together the parts of sth such as a vehicle or piece of furniture
• 装配；组装；总成:
 »Putting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job.
  组装书橱应该是个简单的装配活。
 »a car assembly plant
  汽车装配厂
head∙mas∙ter / ˌhedˈmɑ:stə(r); NAme -ˈmæs- / , head∙mis∙tress / ˌhedˈmistrəs /
◙ noun
• (becoming old-fashioned) (NAmE usually prin∙ci∙pal) a teacher who is in charge of a school, especially a private school
• (尤指私立学校的)校长
--› see also head teacher
earn / ə:n; NAmE ə:rn /
◙ verb
1. to get money for work that you do
• 挣得；赚得；挣钱:
▪ [VN]
 »He earns about $40 000 a year.
  他一年大约挣 4 万元。
 »She earned a living as a part-time secretary.
  她靠做兼职秘书为生。
 »She must earn a fortune (= earn a lot of money).
  她准是挣了一大笔钱。
▪ [VNN]
 »His victory in the tournament earned him $50 000.
  他在这次锦标赛中获胜,挣得了 5 万元。
▪ [V]
 »All the children are earning now.
  所有子女都在挣钱了。
2. [VN] to get money as profit or interest on money you lend, have in a bank, etc.
• 生(利)；获(利):
 »Your money would earn more in a high-interest account.
  你的钱放在高利息账户里可获利更多。
3. to get sth that you deserve, usually because of sth good you have done or because of the good qualities you have
• 应得；博得；赢得:
▪ [VN]
 »He earned a reputation as an expert on tax law.
  他赢得了税法专家的美名。
 »As a teacher, she had earned the respect of her students.
  作为教师,她赢得了学生的尊敬。
 »I need a rest. I think I've earned it, don't you?
  我需要休息一下。我觉得应该让我歇一歇,你说是不是？
 »She's having a well-earned rest this week.
  她本周休假,这完全是应当的。
▪ [VNN]
 »His outstanding ability earned him a place on the team.
  他非凡的能耐为他在队中赢得了一席之地。
【IDIOMS】
◘ ˌearn a / your 'crust
(BrE, informal)
• to earn enough money to live on
• 挣钱餬口；谋生
◘ ˌearn your 'keep
1. to do useful or helpful things in return for being allowed to live or stay somewhere
• 挣口饭吃；为有栖身之处而工作
2. to be worth the amount of time or money that is being spent
• 值得所花的时间(或金钱):
 »He felt he no longer deserved such a high salary. He just wasn't earning his keep.
  他认为他不应再得到那么高的薪金了。他根本不配拿那么多钱。
--› more at spur n.
re∙spect / riˈspekt /
◙ noun
1. [U, sing.] ~ (for sb / sth) a feeling of admiration for sb / sth because of their good qualities or achievements
• 尊敬；敬意；尊重:
 »I have the greatest respect for your brother.
  我非常尊敬你的哥哥。
 »A two-minute silence was held as a mark of respect.
  人们静默两分钟以示尊敬。
 »A deep mutual respect and understanding developed between them.
  他们之间产生了深切的相互尊重和理解。
--› see also self-respect
【OPP】 disrespect
2. [U, sing.] ~ (for sb / sth) polite behaviour towards or care for sb / sth that you think is important
• 重视；尊重；维护:
 »to show a lack of respect for authority
  蔑视权威
 »He has no respect for her feelings.
  他根本不尊重她的感情。
 »Everyone has a right to be treated with respect.
  人人有权受到尊重。
【OPP】 disrespect
3. [C] a particular aspect or detail of sth
• (事物的)方面,细节:
 »In this respect we are very fortunate.
  在这方面,我们是很幸运的。
 »There was one respect, however, in which they differed.
  然而,他们在一点上有分歧。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in respect of sth
(formal or business 商)
1. concerning
• 关于；就…而言:
 »A writ was served on the firm in respect of their unpaid bill.
  公司由于欠账而收到了传票。
2. in payment for sth
• 作为…的报酬:
 »money received in respect of overtime worked
  得到的加班费
◘ with re'spect | ◘ with all due re'spect
• (formal) used when you are going to disagree, usually quite strongly, with sb
• (通常在表示强烈不同意之前说)恕我直言:
 »With all due respect, the figures simply do not support you on this.
  恕我直言,这些数字根本不能支持你的观点。
◘ with respect to sth
•(formal or business 商) concerning
• 关于；就…而言:
 »The two groups were similar with respect to income and status.
  这两组在收入和地位方面是相似的。
--› more at due adj., pay v.
◙ verb [VN]
1. (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) ~ sb / sth (for sth) to have a very good opinion of sb / sth; to admire sb / sth
• 尊敬；尊重；仰慕:
 »I respect Jack's opinion on most subjects.
  在大多数事情上,我尊重杰克的意见。
 »She had always been honest with me, and I respect her for that.
  她一直对我很诚实。我非常敬重她这一点。
 »a much loved and highly respected teacher
  倍受爱戴和尊敬的老师
2. to be careful about sth; to make sure you do not do sth that sb would consider to be wrong
• 慎重对待；谨慎从事；尊重:
 »to respect other people's property
  不侵犯别人的财产
 »She promised to respect our wishes.
  她保证尊重我们的愿望。
 »He doesn't respect other people's right to privacy.
  他不尊重别人的隐私权。
3. to agree not to break a law, principle, etc.
• 遵守；不损害；不违背:
 »The new leader has promised to respect the constitution.
  新的领导人承诺遵守宪法。
de∙vote / diˈvəut; NAmE diˈvout /
◙ verb
【PHR V】
◘ de'vote yourself to sb / sth
• to give most of your time, energy, attention, etc. to sb / sth
• 献身；致力；专心:
 »She devoted herself to her career.
  她全力倾注于自己的事业。
◘ de'vote sth to sth
• to give an amount of time, attention, etc. to sth
• 把…用于:
 »I could only devote two hours a day to the work.
  我一天只能在这个工作上花两个小时。
lit∙era∙ture / ˈlitrətʃə(r); NAmE also -tʃur /
◙ noun [U]
1. pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems (in contrast to technical books and newspapers, magazines, etc.)
• 文学；文学作品:
 »French literature
  法国文学
 »great works of literature
  文学巨着
2. ~ (on sth) pieces of writing or printed information on a particular subject
• (某学科的)文献,着作,资料:
 »I've read all the available literature on keeping rabbits.
  我阅读了我能找到的养兔的全部资料。
 »sales literature
  推销商品的宣传资料
aver∙age / ˈævəridʒ /
◙ adj.
1. [only before noun] calculated by adding several amounts together, finding a total, and dividing the total by the number of amounts
• 平均的:
 »an average rate / cost / price
  平均费率/成本/价格
 »Average earnings are around £20 000 per annum.
  年平均收入约为 2 万英镑。
 »at an average speed of 100 miles per hour
  以平均每小时 100 英里的速度
2. typical or normal
• 典型的；正常的:
 »40 hours is a fairly average working week for most people.
  对大多数人来说,一周工作 40 小时是相当正常的。
 »children of above / below average intelligence
  高于/低于一般智力的儿童
 »£20 for dinner is about average.
  花 20 英镑吃正餐算是价格一般。
3. ordinary; not special
• 普通的；平常的；一般的:
 »I was just an average sort of student.
  我只是一个普通的学生。
♦ aver∙age∙ly adv.:
 »He was attractive and averagely intelligent.
  他讨人喜欢,智力一般。
◙ noun [C, U]
1. the result of adding several amounts together, finding a total, and dividing the total by the number of amounts
• 平均数:
 »The average of 4, 5 and 9 is 6.
  * 4、5、9 三个数的平均数是 6。
 »Parents spend an average of $220 a year on toys.
  父母为孩子买玩具的花费每年平均为 220 元。
 »If I get an A on this essay, that will bring my average (= average mark / grade) up to a B+.
  如果我的这篇论文得 A,我的平均成绩就会提高到 B+。
--› see also grade point average
2. a level which is usual
• 平均水平；一般水准:
 »Temperatures are above / below average for the time of year.
  温度高于/低于此时的年平均温度。
 »400 people a year die of this disease on average.
  平均每年有 400 人死于这种疾病。
 »Class sizes in the school are below the national average.
  这所学校班上的人数少于全国平均数。
【IDIOMS】
--› see law
◙ verb
1. [VN] [no passive] to be equal to a particular amount as an average
• 平均为:
 »Economic growth is expected to average 2% next year.
  明年经济增长预计平均可达 2%。
 »Drivers in London can expect to average about 12 miles per hour (= to have that as their average speed).
  估计伦敦的驾车者平均时速为 12 英里。
2. to calculate the average of sth
• 计算出…的平均数:
▪ [VN]
 »Earnings are averaged over the whole period.
  所计算的是整个时期的平均收入。
▪ [also V]
【PHR V】
◘ ˌaverage 'out (at sth)
• to result in an average amount over a period of time or when several things are considered
• 平均数为:
 »The cost should average out at about £6 per person.
  费用应该是平均每人约 6 英镑。
 »Sometimes I pay, sometimes he pays—it seems to average out (= result in us paying the same amount).
  有时我付钱,有时他付钱——看来两相持平。
◘ ˌaverage sth∽'out (at sth)
• to calculate the average of sth
• 计算出…的平均数
strug∙gle / ˈstrʌɡl /
◙ verb
1. ~ (for sth) to try very hard to do sth when it is difficult or when there are a lot of problems
• 奋斗；努力；争取:
▪ [V]
 »a country struggling for independence
  为独立而奋斗的国家
 »Shona struggled for breath.
  肖娜艰难地喘着气。
 »life as a struggling artist (= six who is very poor)
  一个生活难以温饱的艺术家
▪ [V to inf]
 »They struggled just to pay their bills.
  他们辛苦所得仅敷日用。
2. [V +adv. / prep.] to move somewhere or do sth with difficulty
• 艰难地行进；吃力地进行:
 »I struggled up the hill with the heavy bags.
  我背着几个沉重的包吃力地爬上山去。
 »Paul struggled out of his wheelchair.
  保罗挣扎着下了轮椅。
3. [V] ~ (against / with sb / sth) to fight against sb / sth in order to prevent a bad situation or result
• 斗争；抗争:
 »He struggled against cancer for ten years.
  他同癌症抗争了两年。
 »Lisa struggled with her conscience before talking to the police.
  莉萨经过一番良心上的斗争,终于对警方说了。
4. [V] ~ (with sb) to fight sb or try to get away from them
• 搏斗；扭打；挣扎脱身:
 »Ben and Jack struggled together on the grass.
  本和杰克在草地上扭打起来。
 »I struggled and screamed for help.
  我挣扎着,高声呼救。
 »James was hit in the mouth as he struggled with the raiders.
  詹姆斯在同几个劫匪搏斗时嘴上捱了打。
 »How did she manage to struggle free ?
  她是如何设法逃脱的？
5. [V] ~ (with sb) (for sth) to compete or argue with sb, especially in order to get sth
• 争夺；辩论:
 »rival leaders struggling for power
  互相对立的领导人争夺权力
【PHR V】
◘ ˌstruggle a'long / 'on
• to continue despite problems
• 在困难中坚持；勉力维持
◙ noun
1. [C] ~ (with sb) (for / against sth) | ~ (with sb) (to do sth) | ~ (between A and B) a hard fight in which people try to obtain or achieve sth, especially sth that sb else does not want them to have
• 斗争；奋斗；努力:
 »a power / leadership struggle
  争夺权力；领导权的斗争
 »a struggle for independence
  为独立的斗争
 »the struggle between good and evil
  善恶之争
 »He is engaged in a bitter struggle with his rival to get control of the company.
  为取得对公司的控制权,他正同对手进行一场激烈的斗争。
 »She will not give up her children without a struggle.
  她不会轻易放弃自己的孩子。
--› note at campaign
2. [C] a physical fight between ten people or groups of people, especially when six of them is trying to escape, or to get sth from the other
• 搏斗；扭打；(尤指)抢夺,挣扎脱身:
 »There were no signs of a struggle at the murder scene.
  在凶杀现场没有搏斗痕迹。
--› note at fight
3. [sing.] ~ (to do sth) something that is difficult for you to do or achieve
• 难事
【SYN】 effort :
 »It was a real struggle to be ready on time.
  要按时做好准备确非易事。
chal∙len∙ging / ˈtʃælindʒiŋ /
◙ adj.
1. difficult in an interesting way that tests your ability
• 挑战性的；考验能力的:
 »challenging work / questions / problems
  具有挑战性的工作/提问/问题
 »a challenging and rewarding career as a teacher
  富有挑战性且有意义的教师职业
--› note at difficult
2. done in a way that invites people to disagree or argue with you, or shows that you disagree with them
• 挑起争论的；不赞同的:
 »She gave him a challenging look. 'Are you really sure?' she demanded.
  她用不赞同的眼光看了他一眼。 "你敢肯定吗？"她问道。
en∙cour∙age∙ment / inˈkʌridʒmənt; NAmE -ˈkə:r- /
◙ noun [U, C, usually sing.]
• ~ (to sb) (to do sth) the act of encouraging sb to do sth; something that encourages sb
• 鼓舞；鼓励；起激励作用的事物:
 »a few words of encouragement
  几句鼓励的话
 »He needs all the support and encouragement he can get.
  他需要所能得到的一切支持和鼓励。
 »With a little encouragement from his parents he should do well.
  只要父母给点鼓励,他应该会干得很好。
 »She was given every encouragement to try something new.
  她得到充分的鼓励去尝试新事物。
 »Her words were a great encouragement to them.
  她的话对他们是极大的鼓舞。
【OPP】 discouragement
cook∙ing / ˈkukiŋ /
◙ noun [U]
1. the process of preparing food
• 烹饪；烹调:
 »My husband does all the cooking.
  我丈夫把做饭全包了下来。
 »a book on Indian cooking
  一本关于印度烹饪的书
2. food that has been prepared in a particular way
• (用某种方法烹制的)食物,饭菜:
 »The restaurant offers traditional home cooking (= food similar to that cooked at home).
  这家餐馆供应传统的家常菜。
 »They serve good French cooking.
  他们供应美味的法国菜。
◙ adj.
• suitable for cooking rather than eating raw or drinking
• 适于烹饪的(不宜于生吃或直接饮用的):
 »cooking sherry
  烹饪用的雪利酒
extra / ˈekstrə /
◙ adj.
• more than is usual, expected, or than exists already
• 额外的；分外的；外加的；附加的
【SYN】 additional :
 »Breakfast is provided at no extra charge.
  供应早餐,不另收费。
 »The conference is going to be a lot of extra work.
  这次会议将有很多额外工作。
 »an extra pint of milk
  外加的一品脱牛奶
 »The government has promised an extra £1 billion for health care.
  政府承诺为医疗保健再拨款 10 亿英镑。
 »Take extra care on the roads this evening.
  今晚在路上要格外小心。
--› see also extra time
◙ noun
1. a thing that is added to sth that is not usual, standard or necessary and that costs more
• 额外的事物；另外收费的事物:
 »The monthly fee is fixed and there are no hidden extras (= unexpected costs).
  月费是固定的,没有未言明的额外开支。
 »(BrE) Metallic paint is an optional extra (= a thing you can choose to have or not, but must pay more for if you have it).
  喷金属漆是自由选择的,要额外收费。
2. a person who is employed to play a very small part in a film / movie, usually as a member of a crowd
• (电影里的)临时演员,群众演员
◙ adv.
1. in addition; more than is usual, expected or exists already
• 额外；另外；外加:
 »to charge / pay / cost extra
  另外收费；另付；额外花费
 »I need to earn a bit extra this month.
  我这个月需要挣点外快。
 »The rate for a room is £30, but breakfast is extra.
  一个房间收费 30 英镑,但早餐另付。
2. (with an adjective or adverb 与形容词或副词连用) more than usually
• 特别；格外；分外:
 »You need to be extra careful not to make any mistakes.
  你要格外小心,别犯错误。
 »an extra large T-shirt
  一件特大号的 T 恤衫
 »She tried extra hard.
  她特别努力。
fond / fɔnd; NAmE fɑ:nd /
◙ adj. (fond∙er, fond∙est)
1. ~ of sb feeling affection for sb, especially sb you have known for a long time
• 喜爱(尤指认识已久的人):
 »Over the years, I have grown quite fond of her.
  经过这么多年,我已相当喜欢她了。
--› note at love
2. ~ of (doing) sth finding sth pleasant or enjoyable, especially sth you have liked or enjoyed for a long time
• 喜爱(尤指长期喜爱的事物):
 »fond of music / cooking
  喜好音乐/烹饪
 »We had grown fond of the house and didn't want to leave.
  我们已经喜欢上了这座房子,不想搬家。
--› note at like
3. ~ of (doing) sth liking to do sth which other people find annoying or unpleasant, and doing it often
• 喜欢(做令人不快的事):
 »Sheila's very fond of telling other people what to do.
  希拉好对别人指手画脚。
 »He's rather too fond of the sound of his own voice (= he talks too much).
  他太爱讲话了。
4. [only before noun] kind and loving
• 深情的；温情的；慈爱的
【SYN】 affectionate :
 »a fond look / embrace / farewell
  慈爱的目光；温情的拥抱；深情的告别
 »I have very fond memories of my time in Spain (= I remember it with affection and pleasure).
  我十分怀念从前在西班牙的时光。
5. [only before noun] ~ hope a hope about sth that is not likely to happen
• (指希望)难以实现的；痴想的:
 »I waited all day in the fond hope that she would change her mind.
  我整天等待,痴迷地希望她会回心转意。
♦ fond∙ness noun [U, sing.] ~ (for sb / sth) :
 »He will be remembered by the staff with great fondness.
  全体人员将深挚地怀念他。
 »a fondness for animals
  喜爱动物
【IDIOMS】
--› see absence
◙ noun [U]
• the language of Spain and of most countries in Central and S America
• 西班牙语(通用于西班牙以及中、南美洲多数国家)
sculp∙ture / ˈskʌlptʃə(r) /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] a work of art that is a solid figure or object made by carving or shaping wood, stone, clay , metal, etc.
• 雕像；雕塑品；雕刻品:
 »a marble sculpture of Venus
  维纳斯的大理石雕像
 »He collects modern sculpture.
  他收藏现代雕塑。
2. [U] the art of making sculptures
• 雕刻术；雕塑术:
 »the techniques of sculpture in stone
  石雕技艺
♦ sculp∙tural / ˈskʌlptʃərəl / adj.:
 »sculptural decoration
  雕饰
des∙sert / diˈzə:t; NAmE diˈzə:rt /
◙ noun [U, C]
• sweet food eaten at the end of a meal
• (饭后)甜点,甜食:
 »What's for dessert ?
  餐后甜点吃什么？
 »a rich chocolate dessert
  腻人的巧克力甜点
 »a dessert wine
  餐末甜酒
 »(BrE) the dessert trolley (= a table on wheels from which you choose your dessert in a restaurant)
  (餐厅内)送甜点的手推车
--› compare afters , pudding (1), sweet n. (2)
sat∙is∙fac∙tion / ˌsætisˈfækʃn /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] the good feeling that you have when you have achieved sth or when sth that you wanted to happen does happen; sth that gives you this feeling
• 满足；满意；欣慰；令人满意(或欣慰)的事:
 »to gain / get / derive satisfaction from sth
  从某事中得到满足感
 »a look / smile of satisfaction
  心满意足的表情/笑容
 »She looked back on her career with great satisfaction.
  回顾自己的事业,她深感欣慰。
 »He had the satisfaction of seeing his book become a best-seller.
  看到自己的作品成了畅销书,他志得意满。
 »She didn't want to give him the satisfaction of seeing her cry.
  她不愿当着他的面哭,让他幸灾乐祸。
 »The company is trying to improve customer satisfaction.
  公司力图改进,让顾客更加满意。
 »He was enjoying all the satisfactions of being a parent.
  他享受着做父亲所能得到的一切乐趣。
--› see also dissatisfaction
2. [U] the act of fulfilling a need or desire
• (需要或欲望的)满足,达到:
 »the satisfaction of sexual desires
  性欲的满足
 »the satisfaction of your ambitions
  实现抱负
3. [U] (formal) an acceptable way of dealing with a complaint, a debt, an injury, etc.
• (抗议、投诉等的)妥善处理；(债务的)清偿；(伤害的)赔偿:
 »I complained to the manager but I didn't get any satisfaction.
  我向经理投诉,但问题丝毫没有得到解决。
【IDIOMS】
◘ to sb's satis'faction
1. if you do sth to sb's satisfaction, they are pleased with it
• 使某人满意:
 »The affair was settled to the complete satisfaction of the client.
  问题解决了,顾客十分满意。
2. if you prove sth to sb's satisfaction, they believe or accept it
• 使某人确信(或信服):
 »Can you demonstrate to our satisfaction that your story is true?
  你能不能证实一下,让我们确信你说的是事实？
surf / sə:f; NAme sə:rf /
◙ noun [U]
• large waves in the sea or ocean, and the white foam that they produce as they fall on the beach, on rocks, etc.
• 激浪；拍岸浪花:
 »the sound of surf breaking on the beach
  激浪拍岸的声音
 »Sydney, surf capital of the world (= where the sport of surfing is very popular)
  世界冲浪之都悉尼
◙ verb
1. [V VN] (often go surfing) to take part in the sport of riding on waves on a surfboard
• 进行冲浪运动；冲浪
2. [VN] ~ the Net / Internet to use the Internet
• (互联网上)冲浪,漫游,浏览:
 »I was surfing the Net looking for information on Indian music.
  我正上网查找关于印度音乐的资料。
aca∙dem∙ic / ˌækəˈdemik /
◙ adj.
1. [usually before noun] connected with education, especially studying in schools and universities
• 学业的,教学的,学术的(尤指与学校教育有关):
 »The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
  学生于十月返校,开始新学年的学习。
 »high / low academic standards
  高/低学术水平
 »an academic career
  学术生涯
2. [usually before noun] involving a lot of reading and studying rather than practical or technical skills
• 学术的(与实践性、技术性相对):
 »academic subjects / qualifications
  学科；学历
3. good at subjects involving a lot of reading and studying
• 学习良好的:
 »She wasn't very academic and hated school.
  她学习不怎么样,而且讨厌上学。
4. not connected to a real or practical situation and therefore not important
• 纯理论的；空谈的；学究式的:
 »It is a purely academic question.
  这是一个纯理论问题。
 »The whole thing's academic now—we can't win anyway.
  现在这一切都是纸上谈兵——我们根本就不可能赢。
♦ aca∙dem∙ic∙al∙ly / -kli / adv.:
 »You have to do well academically to get into medical school.
  你得学习成绩优良才能进入医学院。
◙ noun
• a person who teaches and / or does research at a university or college
• 高等院校教师；高校科研人员
ex∙change / iksˈtʃeindʒ /
◙ noun
›› GIVING AND RECEIVING 交换
1. [C, U] an act of giving sth to sb or doing sth for sb and receiving sth in return
• 交换；互换；交流；掉换:
 »The exchange of prisoners took place this morning.
  今天早上交换了俘虏。
 »We need to promote an open exchange of ideas and information.
  我们需要促进思想和信息的公开交流。
 »an exchange of glances / insults
  互换眼色；相互侮辱
 »an exchange of fire (= between enemy soldiers)
  交火
 »I buy you lunch and you fix my computer. Is that a fair exchange ?
  我请你吃午饭,你给我修计算机,这算是公平交易吧？
 »Would you like my old TV in exchange for this camera?
  用我的旧电视机换这架照相机,你愿意吗？
 »I'll type your report if you'll babysit in exchange.
  如果你愿意代我照看孩子,我就把这个报告给你打出来。
--› see also part exchange
›› CONVERSATION / ARGUMENT 交谈；争论
2. [C] a conversation or an argument
• 交谈；对话；争论:
 »There was only time for a brief exchange.
  只有简短的交谈时间。
 »The Prime Minister was involved in a heated exchange with opposition MPs.
  首相参与了和下院反对党议员的激烈争论。
›› OF MONEY 金钱
3. [U] the process of changing an amount of one currency (= the money used in one country) for an equal value of another
• 兑换；汇兑:
 »currency exchange facilities
  货币兑换服务
 »Where can I find the best exchange rate / rate of exchange ?
  在什么地方才能获得最好的兑换价？
--› see also foreign exchange
›› BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES 两国之间
4. [C] an arrangement when two people or groups from different countries visit each other's homes or do each other's jobs for a short time
• (不同国家人或团体之间的)交流,互访:
 »Our school does an exchange with a school in France.
  我们学校与法国的一所学校进行交流。
 »Nick went on the French exchange.
  尼克到法国去作互访了。
 »trade and cultural exchanges with China
  与中国的贸易和文化交流
›› BUILDING 建筑物
5. (often Exchange) [C] (in compounds 构成复合词) a building where business people met in the past to buy and sell a particular type of goods
• 交易所:
 »the old Corn Exchange
  古老的谷物交易所
--› see also stock exchange
›› TELEPHONE 电话
6. [C] = telephone exchange
◙ verb [VN]
›› GIVE AND RECEIVE 交换
1. ~ sth (with sb) to give sth to sb and at the same time receive the same type of thing from them
• 交换；交流；掉换:
 »to exchange ideas / news / information
  交流思想；互通消息；交流信息
 »Juliet and David exchanged glances (= they looked at each other).
  朱丽叶和戴维相互看了看对方。
 »I shook hands and exchanged a few words with the manager.
  我与经理握手,相互交谈了几句。
 »The two men exchanged blows (= hit each other).
  两个男人相互殴打起来。
 »Everyone in the group exchanged email addresses.
  所有的组员都相互交换了电子邮件地址。
›› MONEY / GOODS 金钱；商品
2. ~ A for B to give or return sth that you have and get sth different or better instead
• 兑换；交易；更换
【SYN】 change :
 »You can exchange your currency for dollars in the hotel.
  你可在旅馆把你的钱兑换成美元。
 »If it doesn't fit, take it back and the store will exchange it.
  如果不合适就把它拿回来,商店将给你掉换。
›› CONTRACTS 契约
3. ~ contracts (especially BrE) to sign a contract with the person that you are buying sth from, especially a house or land
• 交换(尤指房屋或土地买卖的契约)
【IDIOMS】
--› see word n.
for∙mer / ˈfɔ:mə(r); NAmE ˈfɔ:rm- /
◙ adj. [only before noun]
1. that used to exist in earlier times
• 以前的:
 »in former times
  从前
 »the countries of the former Soviet Union
  前苏联国家
 »This beautiful old building has been restored to its former glory.
  这座美丽的老建筑物已恢复了昔日的壮观。
2. that used to have a particular position or status in the past
• 昔日的；前:
 »the former world champion
  前世界冠军
 »my former boss / colleague / wife
  过去的老板/同事；前妻
3. the former... used to refer to the first of ten things or people mentioned
• (两者中)前者的:
 »The former option would be much more sensible.
  前一种选择要明智得多。
--› compare latter
4. the former pron. the first of ten things or people mentioned
• (两者中的)前者:
 »He had to choose between giving up his job and giving up his principles. He chose the former.
  他得在放弃工作和放弃原则二者中择其一。他选择了前者。
--› compare latter
【IDIOMS】
◘ be a shadow / ghost of your former 'self
• to not have the strength, influence, etc. that you used to have
• 失去昔日的力量(或影响等)；威风不再；不如当年
gradu∙ate
◙ noun / ˈɡrædʒuət / (also informal grad especially in NAmE)
1. ~ (in sth) a person who has a university degree
• 大学毕业生；学士学位获得者:
 »a graduate in history
  历史学学士
 »a science graduate
  理学士
 »a graduate of Yale / a Yale graduate
  耶鲁大学毕业生
 »a graduate student / course
  研究生；研究生课程
2. (NAmE) a person who has completed their school studies
• 毕业生:
 »a high school graduate
  中学毕业生
--› note at student
◙ verb / ˈɡrædʒueit /
1. əʒ] ~ (in sth) | ~ (from...) to get a degree, especially your first degree, from a university or college
• 获得学位(尤指学士)；大学毕业:
 »Only thirty students graduated in Chinese last year.
  去年只有三十名学生获得汉语学士学位。
 »She graduated from Harvard this year.
  她今年毕业于哈佛大学。
 »He graduated from York with a degree in Psychology.
  他毕业于约克大学,获心理学学士学位。
2. [V] ~ (from...) (NAmE) to complete a course in education, especially at high school
• 毕业(尤指中学):
 »Martha graduated from high school ten years ago.
  马莎两年前高中毕业。
3. [VN] ~ sb (from sth) (NAmE) to give a degree, diploma , etc. to sb
• 授予(某人)学位(或毕业文凭等):
 »The college graduated 50 students last year.
  去年这所学院有 50 名毕业生。
4. [V] ~ (from sth) to sth to start doing sth more difficult or important than what you were doing before
• 逐渐发展(或变化、进展、上升):
 »She recently graduated from being a dancer to having a small role in a movie.
  她最近从一个舞蹈演员逐步过渡到在电影里扮演小角色。
flu∙ent / ˈflu:ənt /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (in sth) able to speak, read or write a language, especially a foreign language, easily and well
• (尤指外语)流利,文字流畅:
 »She's fluent in Polish.
  她的波兰语很流利。
 »a fluent speaker / reader
  说话流利的人；阅读熟练的人
2. (of a language, especially a foreign language 语言,尤指外语) expressed easily and well
• 流利的；通畅的:
 »He speaks fluent Italian.
  他说一口流利的意大利语。
3. (of an action 动作) done in a smooth and skilful way
• 流畅熟练的:
 »fluent handwriting
  优美熟练的笔迹
 »fluent movements
  优美流畅的动作
♦ flu∙ent∙ly adv.
paint∙ing / ˈpeintiŋ /
◙ noun
1. [C] a picture that has been painted
• 绘画；油画:
 »a collection of paintings by American artists
  美国艺术家绘画作品集
 »cave paintings
  洞窟里的壁画
--› see also oil painting (1)
--› note at picture
2. [U] the act or art of using paint to produce pictures
• 作画；绘画:
 »Her hobbies include music and painting.
  她的爱好包括音乐和绘画。
3. [U] the act of putting paint onto the surface of objects, walls, etc.
• 涂漆；刷油漆:
 »painting and decorating
  油漆和装潢
do∙nate / dəuˈneit; NAmE ˈdouneit /
◙ verb [VN] ~ sth (to sb / sth)
1. to give money, food, clothes, etc. to sb / sth, especially a charity
• (尤指向慈善机构)捐赠,赠送:
 »He donated thousands of pounds to charity.
  他向慈善事业捐款数千英镑。
2. to allow doctors to remove blood or a body organ in order to help sb who needs it
• 献(血)； 捐(血) ；捐献(器官):
 »All donated blood is tested for HIV and other infections.
  所有献的血都要接受艾滋病病毒和其他传染病检查。
kind∙ness / ˈkaindnəs /
◙ noun
1. [U] the quality of being kind
• 仁慈；善良；体贴；宽容:
 »to treat sb with kindness and consideration
  待人体贴周到
2. [C] a kind act
• 友好(或仁慈、体贴)的举动:
 »I can never repay your many kindnesses to me.
  我无法报答你对我无微不至的关怀。
【IDIOMS】
--› see kill v., milk n.
splen∙did / ˈsplendid /
◙ adj. (especially BrE)
1. (old-fashioned) excellent; very good
• 极佳的；非常好的
【SYN】 great :
 »What a splendid idea!
  这主意妙极了！
 »We've all had a splendid time.
  我们大家都玩得很开心。
2. very impressive; very beautiful
• 壮丽的；雄伟的；豪华的；华丽的:
 »splendid scenery
  壮丽的风景
 »The hotel stands in splendid isolation, surrounded by moorland.
  那旅馆岿然独立,周围是一片荒原。
♦ splen∙did∙ly adv.:
 »You all played splendidly.
  你们都表现得很出色。
◙ exclamation
(old-fashioned, especially BrE)
• used to show that you approve of sth, or are pleased
• (表示赞许或满意)好极了,痛快:
 »You're both coming? Splendid!
  你们俩都要来？太好了！
in∙de∙pend∙ent / ˌindiˈpendənt /
◙ adj.
›› COUNTRY 国家
1. ~ (from / of sth) (of countries 国家) having their own government
• 独立的；自主的；自治的
【SYN】 self-governing :
 »Mozambique became independent in 1975.
  莫桑比克于 1975 年获得独立。
›› SEPARATE 分开
2. done or given by sb who is not involved in a situation and so is able to judge it fairly
• 不相干的人所做的(或提供的)；公正的；无偏见的:
 »an independent inquiry / witness
  独立的调查；无偏见的证人
 »She went to a lawyer for some independent advice.
  她去找了一位律师寻求独立意见。
3. ~ (of sb / sth) not connected with or influenced by sth; not connected with each other
• 不相关的；不受影响的；无关联的:
 »The police force should be independent of direct government control.
  警方应该不受政府的直接控制。
 »Two independent research bodies reached the same conclusions.
  两个彼此不相关的研究部门得出了同样的结论。
›› ORGANIZATION 机构
4. supported by private money rather than government money
• 私营的；独立:
 »independent television / schools
  私营电视台；私立学校
 »the independent sector
  私营部门
›› PERSON 人
5. ~ (of sb / sth) confident and free to do things without needing help from other people
• 自主的；有主见的:
 »Going away to college has made me much more independent.
  离家上大学使我变得独立自主得多。
 »She's a very independent-minded young woman.
  她是个很有主见的年轻女子。
 »Students should aim to become more independent of their teachers.
  学生应该努力逐渐减少对老师的依赖。
【OPP】 dependent
6. ~ (of sb / sth) having or earning enough money so that you do not have to rely on sb else for help
• 自立的；自食其力的:
 »It was important to me to be financially independent of my parents.
  在经济上不依赖父母,这对我很重要。
 »a man of independent means (= with an income that he does not earn by working)
  无需工作便可衣食无忧的人
【OPP】 dependent
›› POLITICIAN 从政者
7. not representing or belonging to a particular political party
• 无党派的；独立的:
 »an independent candidate
  独立候选人
♦ in∙de∙pend∙ent∙ly adv. ~ (of sb / sth)
 »The two departments work independently of each other.
  这两个部门独立运作。
 »It was the first time that she had lived independently.
  那是她第一次独立生活。
◙ noun
• (abbr. Ind.) a member of parliament, candidate, etc. who does not belong to a particular political party
• 无党派议员(或候选人等)
title / ˈtaitl /
◙ noun
1. [C] the name of a book, poem, painting, piece of music, etc.
• (书籍、诗歌、图画、乐曲等的)名称,标题,题目:
 »His poems were published under the title of 'Love and Reason'.
  他的诗是以《爱情与理智》为题发表的。
 »the title track from their latest CD (= the song with the same title as the disc)
  他们最新光盘中的标题歌曲
 »She has sung the title role in 'Carmen' (= the role of Carmen in that opera ).
  她在《卡门》中演唱卡门的角色。
2. [C] a particular book or magazine
• (书刊的)一种,一本:
 »The company publishes twenty new titles a year.
  这家公司一年出版二十种新书。
3. [C] a word in front of a person's name to show their rank or profession, whether or not they are married, etc.
• (人名前表示地位、职业、婚否等的)称号,头衔,职称,称谓:
 »The present duke inherited the title from his father.
  现在的公爵承袭的是他父亲的爵位。
 »Give your name and title (= Mr, Miss, Ms, Dr, etc.).
  报出你的姓名和称谓。
--› note at name
4. [C] a name that describes a job
• 职位名称；职称:
 »The official title of the job is 'Administrative Assistant'.
  这个职位的正式名称为"行政助理"。
5. [C] the position of being the winner of a competition, especially a sports competition
• (竞赛、体育比赛的)冠军:
 »the world heavyweight title
  重量级世界拳击冠军
 »She has seven world titles.
  她已获得三项世界冠军。
6. [U, C] ~ (to sth / to do sth) (law 律) the legal right to own sth, especially land or property; the document that shows you have this right
• (尤指土地或财产的)所有权,所有权凭证,房地契
◙ verb [VN-N]
• [usually passive] to give a book, piece of music, etc. a particular name
• (给书籍、乐曲等)加标题,定题目:
 »Their first album was titled 'Ocean Drive'.
  他们的第一张专辑定名为《海洋行》。
dyn∙asty / ˈdinəsti; NAmE ˈdai- /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. a series of rulers of a country who all belong to the same family
• 王朝；朝代:
 »the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty
  尼赫鲁 — 甘地王朝
2. a period of years during which members of a particular family rule a country
• 朝；代
♦ dyn∙as∙tic / diˈnæstik; NAmE dai- / adj. [usually before noun] :
 »dynastic history
  王朝统治史
some∙how / ˈsʌmhau /
◙ adv.
1. (also NAmE informal some∙way,some∙ways) in a way that is not known or certain
• 以某种方式(或方法):
 »We must stop him from seeing her somehow.
  不管怎么着,我们都不能让他见到她。
 »Somehow or other I must get a new job.
  我必须想方设法找份新工作。
2. for a reason that you do not know or understand
• 由于某种未知的原因；不知为什么；不知怎么地:
 »Somehow, I don't feel I can trust him.
  不知为什么,我觉得不能信任他。
 »She looked different somehow.
  不知怎么地,她看上去变了。
re∙cent / ˈri:snt /
◙ adj. [usually before noun]
• that happened or began only a short time ago
• 近来的；新近的:
 »a recent development / discovery / event
  近来的发展/发现/事件
 »his most recent visit to Poland
  他最近到波兰的访问
 »There have been many changes in recent years.
  近几年发生了许多变化。
pro∙fes∙sor / prəˈfesə(r) / (also informal prof)
◙ noun (abbr. Prof.)
1. (especially BrE) (NAmE 'full professor) a university teacher of the highest rank
• 教授:
 »Professor (Ann) Williams
  (安)威廉斯教授
 »a chemistry professor
  化学教授
 »to be appointed Professor of French at Cambridge
  被任命为剑桥大学的法文教授
 »He was made (a) professor at the age of 40.
  他 40 岁时就成为教授。
【HELP】Full professor is used to describe a rank of university teacher, and not as a title.
• * full professor 是大学教师的级别,不用作称呼。
2. (NAmE) a teacher at a university or college
• (大学的)讲师,教员
--› compare assistant professor , associate professor
in∙form / inˈfɔ:m; NAme inˈfɔ:rm /
◙ verb
1. ~ sb (of / about sth) to tell sb about sth, especially in an official way
• 知会；通知；通告:
▪ [VN]
 »Please inform us of any changes of address.
  地址若有变动请随时通知我们。
▪ [VN that]
 »I have been reliably informed (= somebody I trust has told me) that the couple will marry next year.
  我得到可靠消息说他们俩明年结婚。
▪ [VN speech]
 »'He's already left,' she informed us.
  "他已经走了。"她告诉我们说。
▪ [also VN wh-]
2. [VN] ~ yourself (of / about sth) to find out information about sth
• 了解；熟悉:
 »We need time to inform ourselves thoroughly of the problem.
  我们需要时间对这个问题有个透彻的了解。
3. [VN] (formal) to have an influence on sth
• 对…有影响:
 »Religion informs every aspect of their lives.
  宗教影响着他们生活的各个方面。
【PHR V】
◘ in'form on sb
• to give information to the police or sb in authority about the illegal activities of sb
• 告发；检举:
 »He informed on his own brother.
  他告发了他的亲弟弟。
'opening hours
◙ noun [pl.]
• the time during which a shop / store, bank, etc. is open for business
• (商店、银行等的)营业时间
run / rʌn /
◙ verb
(running, ran / ræn / run)
›› MOʒə ʃæSð Oŋ ʃOOð 奔跑
1. əʒ] to move using your legs, going faster than when you walk
• 跑；奔跑:
 »Can you run as fast as Mike?
  你能和迈克跑得一样快吗？
 »They turned and ran when they saw us coming.
  他们看见我们过来,转身就跑。
 »She came running to meet us.
  她跑着来迎接我们。
 »The dogs ran off as soon as we appeared.
  我们一露面狗就跑了。
【HELP】In spoken English run can be used with and plus another verb, instead of with to and the infinitive, especially to tell somebody to hurry and do something: Run and get your swimsuits, kids. I ran and knocked on the nearest door.
• 在英语口语中,run 可以和 and 加另一个动词连用,而不和 to 加动词不定式连用,尤用于叫某人赶快去做某事:Run and get your swimsuits, kids. / I ran and knocked on the nearest door.
2. [VN] to travel a particular distance by running
• 跑(某段距离):
 »Who was the first person to run a mile in under five minutes?
  是谁第一个用了不到四分钟跑完一英里？
--› see also mile (4)
3. [V] (sometimes go running) to run as a sport
• 跑步；做跑步运动:
 »She used to run when she was at college.
  她上大学的时候经常跑步。
 »I often go running before work.
  我常常在上班前跑步。
›› RACE 赛跑比赛
4. ~ (in sth) to take part in a race
• 参加赛跑:
▪ [V]
 »He will be running in the 100 metres tonight.
  今晚他将参加 100 米赛跑。
 »There are only nine horses running in the first race.
  只有五匹马参加第一场比赛。
▪ [VN]
 »to run the marathon
  参加马拉松比赛
 »Holmes ran a fine race to take the gold medal.
  霍姆斯赛跑表现不错,获得了金牌。
--› see also runner (1)
5. [VN] [often passive] to make a race take place
• 开始(比赛)；使(比赛)开始:
 »The Derby will be run in spite of the bad weather.
  尽管天气恶劣,德比马赛仍将举行。
›› HURRY 赶紧
6. [V +adv. / prep.] to hurry from six place to another
• 迅速赶往；匆忙跑(到另一处):
 »I've spent the whole day running around after the kids.
  我这一整天都跟在孩子们后面跑来跑去。
--› see also
›› MANAGE 管理
7. [VN] to be in charge of a business, etc.
• 管理；经营:
 »to run a hotel / store / language school
  经营一家旅店/商店/语言学校
 »He has no idea how to run a business.
  他丝毫不懂企业管理。
 »Stop trying to run my life (= organize it) for me.
  别老想操纵我的生活。
 »The shareholders want more say in how the company is run.
  股东们想要在公司的经营管理上拥有更多的发言权。
 »a badly run company
  经营不善的公司
 »state-run industries
  国家经营的行业
--› see also running n. (2)
›› PROVIDE 提供
8. [VN] to make a service, course of study, etc. available to people
• 提供,开设(服务、课程等)
【SYN】 organize :
 »The college runs summer courses for foreign students.
  这所大学为外国学生开设暑期课程。
›› VEHICLE / MACHINE 车辆；机器
9. [VN] to own and use a vehicle or machine
• 拥有,使用(车辆或机器等):
 »I can't afford to run a car on my salary.
  我的工资养不起汽车。
10. ~ (on sth) to operate or function; to make sth do this
• (使)运转,运行；操作:
▪ [V]
 »Stan had the chainsaw running.
  斯坦开动了链锯。
 »Our van runs on (= uses) diesel.
  我们的货车用的是柴油。
 »(figurative) Her life had always run smoothly before.
  她以前的生活一直很稳定。
▪ [VN]
 »Could you run the engine for a moment?
  你来操作一会儿发动机好吗？
›› BUSES / TRAINS 公共汽车；火车
11. [V , usually +adv. / prep.] to travel on a particular route
• (按某路线)行驶:
 »Buses to Oxford run every half-hour.
  到牛津的汽车每半个小时发一趟。
 »All the trains are running late (= are leaving later than planned).
  所有的列车都晚点了。
12. [VN , usually +adv. / prep.] to make buses, trains, etc. travel on a particular route
• 使(按某一路线)行驶；使运行:
 »They run extra trains during the rush hour.
  他们在车流高峰期加开了列车。
›› DRIVE SB 开车送某人
13. [VN +adv. / prep.] (informal) to drive sb to a place in a car
• 开车送:
 »Shall I run you home?
  我开车送你回家好吗？
›› MOVE SOMEWHERE 移往某处
14. [V +adv. / prep.] to move, especially quickly, in a particular direction
• (向某处)快速移动:
 »The car ran off the road into a ditch.
  汽车猛地开出路面,掉进沟里。
 »A shiver ran down my spine.
  我猛然感到脊背发凉。
 »The sledge ran smoothly over the frozen snow.
  雪橇在冰冻的雪面上平稳地滑行。
 »The old tramlines are still there but now no trams run on them.
  昔日的电车轨道还在,却没有电车在上面运行了。
15. [VN +adv. / prep.] to move sth in a particular direction
• 移动(某物):
 »She ran her fingers nervously through her hair.
  她紧张地用手指摩挲着头发。
 »I ran my eyes over the page.
  我匆匆地看了看这一页。
›› LEAD / STRETCH 引导；伸展
16. [+adv. / prep.] to lead or stretch from six place to another; to make sth do this
• (使)导向；引导；(使)伸展,延伸:
▪ [V]
 »He had a scar running down his left cheek.
  他左脸上竖着一道伤疤。
 »The road runs parallel to the river.
  这条路和这条河是平行的。
▪ [VN]
 »We ran a cable from the lights to the stage.
  我们从电灯那里拉了一条电缆通到舞台。
›› CONTINUE FOR TIME 持续
17. [V] ~ (for sth) to continue for a particular period of time without stopping
• 持续；延续:
 »Her last musical ran for one months on Broadway.
  她最后的音乐剧在百老汇连续上演了六个月。
 »This debate will run and run !
  这场辩论会没完没了地继续下去！
18. [V] ~ (for sth) to operate or be valid for a particular period of time
• (在一段时间内)起作用,有效:
 »The permit runs for seven months.
  许可证的有效期为三个月。
 »The lease on my house only has a year left to run.
  我房子的租期只剩下一年了。
›› HAPPEN 发生
19. [V +adv. / prep.] (usually used in the progressive tenses 通常用于进行时) to happen at the time mentioned
• (在某时间)发生:
 »Programmes are running a few minutes behind schedule this evening.
  今晚播出的节目比预定的时间晚了几分钟。
 »The murderer was given seven life sentences, to run concurrently.
  这个杀人犯被判处三项无期徒刑,同时执行。
›› GUNS, DRUGS, ETC. 枪支、毒品等
20. [VN , usually +adv. / prep.] to bring or take sth into a country illegally and secretly
• 走私；非法携运；秘密携带
【SYN】 smuggle
--› see also runner (2)
›› OF STORY / ARGUMENT 报道；论点
21. to have particular words, contents, etc.
• 包含(某种词语、内容等):
▪ [V]
 »Their argument ran something like this...
  他们的论点大致是这样的…
▪ [V speech]
 »'Ten shot dead by gunmen,' ran the newspaper headline.
  报纸的标题为"枪手击毙十人"。
›› LIQUID 液体
22. [V +adv. / prep.] to flow
• 流淌；流动:
 »The tears ran down her cheeks.
  泪水顺着她的脸淌下来。
 »Water was running all over the bathroom floor.
  浴室里水流满地。
23. ~ sth (for sb) | ~ (sb) sth to make liquid flow
• 使(液体)流动:
▪ [VN]
 »She ran hot water into the bucket.
  她把热水注入桶里。
 »to run the hot tap (= to turn it so that water flows from it)
  拧开热水龙头
▪ [VN VNN]
 »I'll run a bath for you.
  我给你放洗澡水去。
 »I'll run you a bath.
  我去给你放洗澡水。
24. [V] to send out a liquid
• 输出,放出(液体):
 »Who left the tap running?
  谁没关水龙头？
 »Your nose is running (= mucus is flowing from it).
  你流鼻涕了。
 »The smoke makes my eyes run.
  烟熏得我直流眼泪。
25. [V] ~ with sth (usually used in the progressive tenses 通常用于进行时) to be covered with a liquid
• 被(液体)覆盖；流满:
 »His face was running with sweat.
  他满脸是汗。
 »The bathroom floor was running with water.
  浴室的地面上全是水。
›› OF COLOUR 颜色
26. [V] if the colour runs in a piece of clothing when it gets wet, it dissolves and may come out of the clothing into other things
• 掉色；褪色
›› MELT 熔化
27. [V] (of a solid substance 固体) to melt
• 熔化:
 »The wax began to run.
  蜡开始熔化了。
--› see also runny (2)
›› BE / BECOME 是；成为
28. [V-ADJ] to become different in a particular way, especially a bad way
• 变成,成为,变得(尤指不利的变化):
 »The river ran dry (= stopped flowing) during the drought.
  这条河在干旱期间断流了。
 »Supplies are running low.
  物资供应渐趋不足。
 »We've run short of milk.
  我们牛奶不够了。
 »You've got your rivals running scared.
  你已经使对手感到恐惧了。
29. [V] ~ at sth to be at or near a particular level
• 达到,接近(某程度):
 »Inflation was running at 26%.
  通货膨胀达到了 26%。
›› OF NEWSPAPER / MAGAZINE 报章杂志
30. [VN] to print and publish an item or a story
• 发表；刊登:
 »On advice from their lawyers they decided not to run the story.
  根据他们的律师的建议,他们决定不刊载这篇报道。
›› A TEST / CHECK 测试；检验
31. [VN] ~ a test / check (on sth) to do a test / check on sth
• (对…)进行(测试或检验):
 »The doctors decided to run some more tests on the blood samples.
  医生决定对血样再进行一些化验。
›› IN ELECTION 选举
32. [V] ~ (for sb / sth) | ~ (in sth) to be a candidate in an election for a political position, especially in the US
• (尤指在美国)参加竞选:
 »Clinton ran a second time in 1996.
  * 1996 年,克林顿第二次竞选。
 »to run for president
  竞选总统
 »to run in the election
  参加竞选
--› compare stand v. (16)
›› OF TIGHTS / STOCKINGS 裤袜；长袜
33. [V] (NAmE) if tights or stockings run, a long thin hole appears in them
• 脱针；脱丝；抽丝
【SYN】 ladder n. (3)
【IDIOMS】
Most idioms containing run are at the entries for the nouns and adjectives in the idioms, for example run riot is at riot.
• 大多数含 run 的习语,都可在该等习语中的名词及形容词相关词条找到,如 run riot 在词条 riot 下。
◘ come 'running
• to be pleased to do what sb wants
• 赶紧做某人喜欢的事；急于应某人的要求:
 »She knew she had only to call and he would come running.
  她知道只要打个电话,他就会高高兴兴地照办。
◘ 'run for it
(often used in orders 常用于命令)
• to run in order to escape from sb / sth
• 逃跑
◘ ˌup and 'running
• working fully and correctly
• 全面而准确地运行:
 »It will be a lot easier when we have the database up and running.
  等我们把数据库弄好以后,就省事多了。
【PHR V】
◘ 'run across sb / sth
• to meet sb or find sth by chance
• 偶然遇见(或看到)
◘ ˌrun 'after sb (informal)
• to try to have a romantic or sexual relationship with sb
• 追求
【SYN】 pursue :
 »He's always running after younger women.
  他就爱追年轻女子。
◘ ˌrun 'after sb / sth
• to run to try to catch sb / sth
• 追逐；追赶
【SYN】 pursue
◘ ˌrun a'long (old-fashioned, informal)
• used in orders to tell sb, especially a child, to go away
• (尤用以命令儿童)走开
◘ ˌrun a'round with sb (NAmE also 'run with sb) (usually disapproving)
• to spend a lot of time with sb
• 与(某人)厮混；互相往来:
 »She's always running around with older men.
  她总爱跟年纪比较大的男人来往。
◘ 'run at sb [no passive]
• to run towards sb to attack or as if to attack them
• 向某人冲去:
 »He ran at me with a knife.
  他拿着刀朝我冲过来。
◘ ˌrun a'way (from sb / ...)
• to leave sb / a place suddenly; to escape from sb / a place
• 突然离开；逃离:
 »He ran away from home at the age of thirteen.
  他十三岁时离家出走。
 »Looking at all the accusing faces, she felt a sudden urge to run away.
  看着一张张脸上那责备的神情,她突然想赶快溜走。
--› related noun runaway
◘ ˌrun a'way from sth
• to try to avoid sth because you are shy, lack confidence, etc.
• 避开；躲避；回避:
 »You can't just run away from the situation.
  这事你没法回避。
◘ ˌrun a'way with you
• if a feeling runs away with you, it gets out of your control
• 失去控制:
 »Her imagination tends to run away with her.
  她动辄想入非非。
◘ ˌrun a'way / 'off with sb ◘ | ˌrun a'way / 'off (together)
• to leave home, your husband, wife, etc. in order to have a relationship with another person
• 与某人私奔:
 »She ran away with her boss.
  她与老板私奔了。
 »She and her boss ran away together.
  她和老板一起私奔了。
◘ ˌrun a'way with sth
1. to win sth clearly or easily
• 轻而易举地赢得
2. to believe sth that is not true
• 相信(不真实的东西)；误以为:
 »I don't want you to run away with the impression that all I do is have meetings all day.
  我不想让你误以为我整天的工作就是开会。
◘ ˌrun back 'over sth
• to discuss or consider sth again
• 再次讨论；重新考虑
【SYN】 review :
 »I'll run back over the procedure once again.
  我将重新考虑这个程序。
◘ ˌrun sth 'by / 'past sb (informal)
• to show sb sth or tell sb about an idea in order to see their reaction to it
• 给某人看,说给某人听(以观察其反应)
◘ ˌrun 'down
1. to lose power or stop working
• 耗尽能量；停止工作:
 »The battery has run down.
  电池没电了。
2. to gradually stop functioning or become smaller in size or number
• 逐渐失去作用；萎缩；衰减:
 »British manufacturing industry has been running down for years.
  英国的制造业多年来一直在萎缩。
--› related noun rundown (1)
◘ ˌrun sth∽'down
1. to make sth lose power or stop working
• 使耗尽能量；使停止工作:
 »If you leave your headlights on you'll soon run down the battery.
  如果你让车头灯一直亮着,很快就会把电池耗尽的。
2. to make sth gradually stop functioning or become smaller in size or number
• 使逐渐失去作用；使萎缩；使衰减:
 »The company is running down its sales force.
  公司正在削减销售人员。
--› related noun rundown (1)
◘ ˌrun sb / sth∽'down
1. (of a vehicle or its driver 车辆或司机) to hit sb / sth and knock them / it to the ground
• 把…撞倒
2. to criticize sb / sth in an unkind way
• 恶意批评；说…的坏话；贬低:
 »He's always running her down in front of other people.
  他总是在别人面前说她的坏话。
3. to find sb / sth after a search
• (经过搜寻后)找到
◘ ˌrun sb∽'in (old-fashioned, informal)
• to arrest sb and take them to a police station
• 把某人扭送警察局
◘ ˌrun sth∽'in (BrE)
• (in the past) to prepare the engine of a new car for normal use by driving slowly and carefully
• (旧时)磨合运转,磨合驾驶: (figurative)
 »Whatever system you choose, it must be run in properly.
  不管你选择什么样的体系,都必须经过适当的磨合。
◘ ˌrun 'into sb
• to meet sb by chance
• 偶然遇见,碰到(某人):
 »Guess who I ran into today!
  猜猜我今天碰见谁了！
◘ 'run into sth
1. to enter an area of bad weather while travelling
• 途中遭遇(恶劣天气):
 »We ran into thick fog on the way home.
  在回家的路上,我们遇上了大雾。
2. to experience difficulties, etc.
• 遇到(困难等):
 »Be careful not to run into debt.
  小心不要背上债务。
 »to run into danger / trouble / difficulties
  遭遇危险/麻烦/困难
3. to reach a particular level or amount
• 达到(某种水平或数量):
 »Her income runs into one figures (= is more than £100 000, $100 000, etc.).
  她的收入达到了六位数。
◘ 'run into sb / sth
• to crash into sb / sth
• 撞上:
 »The bus went out of control and ran into a line of people.
  公共汽车失控,撞了一排人。
◘ 'run sth into sb / sth
• to make a vehicle crash into sb / sth
• 开(车)撞上:
 »He ran his car into a tree.
  他开车撞上了一棵树。
◘ ˌrun 'off (BrE) (of a liquid 液体)
• to flow out of a container
• (从容器中)溢出,流出
◘ ˌrun sth∽'off
1. to copy sth on a machine
• (用机器)复印,复制:
 »Could you run off twenty copies of the agenda?
  你给我复印二十份会议议程好吗？
2. to cause a race to be run
• 举行,进行(赛跑等):
 »The heats of the 200 metres will be run off tomorrow.
  * 200 米预赛将在明天举行。
3. to make a liquid flow out of a container
• 使溢出；使流出
◘ ˌrun 'off with sb ◘ | ˌrun 'off (together) = run away with sb
◘ ˌrun 'off with sth
• to steal sth and take it away
• 偷走:
 »The treasurer had run off with the club's funds.
  财务主管盗走了俱乐部的资金。
◘ ˌrun 'on
• to continue without stopping; to continue longer than is necessary or expected
• 持续；连续不断；拖延:
 »The meeting will finish promptly—I don't want it to run on.
  会议必须马上结束——不要拖延。
◘ 'run on sth [no passive]
• if your thoughts, a discussion, etc. run on a subject, you think or talk a lot about that subject
• 以…为主题(或中心)；围绕
◘ ˌrun 'out
1. if a supply of sth runs out, it is used up or finished
• 用完；耗尽:
 »Time is running out for the trapped miners.
  被困矿工的时间不多了。
2. if an agreement or a document runs out, it becomes no longer valid
• 过期；失效
【SYN】 expire
◘ ˌrun 'out (of sth)
• to use up or finish a supply of sth
• 用完,耗尽(供应品):
 »We ran out of fuel.
  我们把燃料用光了。
 »Could I have a cigarette? I seem to have run out.
  给我支烟抽可以吗？我的烟好像抽完了。
◘ ˌrun 'out on sb (informal)
• to leave sb that you live with, especially when they need your help
• 弃某人而去；抛弃某人
◘ ˌrun sb∽'out əoften passive] (in cricket 板球)
• to make a player stop batting by hitting the wicket with the ball before the player has completed his or her run
• 将(正在跑的击球员)截杀出局
◘ ˌrun 'over
• if a container or its contents run over, the contents come over the edge of the container
• 溢出
【SYN】 overflow
◘ ˌrun sb / sth∽'over (of a vehicle or its driver 车辆或司机)
• to knock a person or an animal down and drive over their body or a part of it
• 撞倒并碾轧:
 »Two children were run over and killed.
  两名儿童被轧死了。
◘ ˌrun 'over sth
• to read through or practise sth quickly
• 快速阅读(或练习):
 »She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.
  讲课之前,她浏览了一下自己的讲稿。
◘ ˌrun sth 'past sb = run sth by / past sb :
 »ɔun that past me again.
  把那件事再说给我听听。
◘ ˌrun sb∽'through (literary)
• to kill sb by sticking a knife, sword , etc. through them
• (用刀、剑等)刺死
◘ ˌrun 'through sth
1. əno passive] to pass quickly through sth
• 快速穿越；迅速传遍:
 »An angry murmur ran through the crowd.
  愤怒的抱怨声在人群中迅速蔓延。
 »Thoughts of revenge kept running through his mind.
  报复的念头不断在他的脑子里闪过。
2. [no passive] to be present in every part of sth
• 遍布:
 »A deep melancholy runs through her poetry.
  她的诗充满了深深的感伤。
3. to discuss, repeat or read sth quickly
• 匆匆讨论；快速阅读；很快地重复:
 »He ran through the names on the list.
  他快速浏览了一下名单。
 »Could we run through your proposals once again?
  我们再来简要讨论一下你的建议,好吗？
4. to perform, act or practise sth
• 表演；扮演；排练:
 »Can we run through Scene 3 again, please?
  请大家再来排练一下第 3 场好吗？
--› related noun run-through
5. to use up or spend money carelessly
• 挥霍:
 »She ran through the entire amount within ten years.
  她不到两年就把所有的钱挥霍光了。
◘ 'run to sth
1. to be of a particular size or amount
• 达到,有(某一规模或数量):
 »The book runs to nearly 800 pages.
  这本书有近 800 页。
2. (especially BrE) if you or your money will not run to sth, you do not have enough money for sth
• 有足够…的钱；足够…之用:
 »Our funds won't run to a trip abroad this year.
  今年我们没有足够的钱去国外旅行。
◘ ˌrun sth∽'up
1. to allow a bill, debt, etc. to reach a large total
• 积欠(账款、债务等)；累积
【SYN】 accumulate :
 »How had he managed to run up so many debts?
  他怎么欠了这么多债？
--› note at collect
2. to make a piece of clothing quickly, especially by sewing
• 赶制(衣服,尤指缝纫):
 »to run up a blouse
  赶制一件女式衬衫
3. to raise sth, especially a flag
• 竖起,升起(旗帜)
◘ ˌrun 'up against sth
• to experience a difficulty
• 遭遇(困难):
 »The government is running up against considerable opposition to its tax reforms.
  政府的税务改革遇到了相当大的阻力。
◘ 'run with sb = run away with sb
◘ 'run with sth
• to accept or start to use a particular idea or method
• 采纳(某种想法、方法等):
 »OK, let's run with Jan's suggestion.
  好,咱们就照简的建议干吧。
◙ noun
›› ON FOOT 徒步
1. [C] an act of running; a period of time spent running or the distance that sb runs
• 跑；跑步；跑步的时间(或距离):
 »I go for a run every morning.
  我每天早晨都去跑步。
 »a five-mile run
  跑上五英里
 »Catching sight of her he broke into a run (= started running).
  他一看见她就跑了起来。
 »I decided to make a run for it (= to escape by running).
  我决定逃跑。
 »She took the stairs at a run.
  她跑着上了楼梯。
--› see also fun run
›› TRIP 旅程
2. [C] a trip by car, plane, boat, etc., especially a short six or six that is made regularly
• (尤指短程或定期,乘交通工具的)旅程,航程:
 »They took the car out for a run.
  他们乘汽车出去旅行。
--› see also milk run , rat run , school run
›› OF SUCCESS / FAILURE 成功；失败
3. [C] a period of sth good or bad happening; a series of successes or failures
• 一段(幸运或倒霉的)时光；一系列(成功或失败)
【SYN】 spell :
 »a run of good / bad luck
  一连串好运/厄运
 »Liverpool lost to Leeds, ending an unbeaten run of 18 games.
  利物浦队输给了利兹队,结束了连续 18 场不败的纪录。
›› OF PLAY / MOVIE 戏剧；电影
4. [C] a series of performances of a play or film / movie
• 连续上演(或放映):
 »The show had a record-breaking run in the London theatre.
  这套节目在伦敦剧院连续上演,打破了演出纪录。
›› OF PRODUCT 产品
5. [C] the amount of a product that a company decides to make at six time
• 额定产量:
 »The first print run of 6 000 copies sold out.
  首印 6 000 册已全部售空。
›› MONEY 钱
6. [C, usually sing.] ~ on the dollar, pound, etc. a situation when many people sell dollars, etc. and the value of the money falls
• 抛售(美元、英镑等)
›› SUDDEN DEMAND 急需
7. [C, usually sing.] ~ on sth a situation when many people suddenly want to buy sth
• 争购；抢购:
 »a run on the band's latest CD
  抢购这支乐队最新的激光唱片
›› MONEY 钱
8. [C, usually sing.] ~ on a bank a situation when many people suddenly want to take their money out of a bank
• (到银行)挤提,挤兑
›› WAY THINGS HAPPEN 态势
9. [sing.] the ~ of sth the way things usually happen; the way things seem to be happening on a particular occasion
• 态势；状况；趋势；动向:
 »In the normal run of things the only exercise he gets is climbing in and out of taxis.
  正常情况下,他的唯一运动就是上下出租车。
 »(BrE) Wise scored in the 15th minute against the run of play (= although the other team had seemed more likely to score).
  怀斯在比赛进行到 15 分钟的时候出人意料地得分。
›› IN SPORTS 体育运动
10. [C] a sloping track used in skiing and some other sports
• (滑雪或其他运动项目中的)坡道,滑道:
 »a ski / toboggan, etc. run
  滑雪道、雪橇滑道等
11. [C] a point scored in the game of cricket or baseball
• (板球或棒球中的)得分:
 »Our team won by five runs.
  我们队赢了四分。
--› see also home run
›› IN ELECTION 选举
12. [sing.] (NAmE) an act of trying to get elected to public office
• 竞选:
 »He made an unsuccessful run for governor in 2005.
  * 2005 年他竞选州长失败。
›› FOR ANIMALS / BIRDS 畜；禽
13. [C] (often in compounds 常构成复合词) a confined area in which animals or birds are kept as pets or on a farm
• 饲养场:
 »a chicken run
  养鸡场
›› IN MUSIC 音乐
14. [C] a series of notes sung or played quickly up or down the scale
• (顺着音阶的)急奏,急唱
›› IN CARD GAMES 纸牌游戏
15. [C] a series of cards held by six player
• 顺子
›› IN TIGHTS / STOCKINGS 裤袜；长袜
16. [C] (NAmE) = ladder n. (3)
›› ILLNESS 疾病
17. the runs [pl.] (informal) = diarrhoea
--› see also dry run , dummy run , trial run
◘ the common, general, ordinary, usual run (of sth)
• the average type of sth
• 普通类型:
 »He was very different from the general run of movie stars.
  他和一般的电影明星迥然不同。
◘ give sb / get / have the 'run of sth
• to give sb / get / have permission to make full use of sth
• 允许某人充分使用；获准充分使用:
 »Her dogs have the run of the house.
  她的狗可以在家里自由出入。
◘ give sb a (good) run for their 'money
• to make sb try very hard, using all their skill and effort, in order to beat you in a game or competition
• 不让…轻易取胜；与…进行激烈竞争
◘ on the 'run
1. trying to avoid being captured
• 躲避:
 »He's on the run from the police.
  他在躲避警方的追捕。
2. (informal) continuously active and moving around
• 忙碌；不停地奔波:
 »I've been on the run all day and I'm exhausted.
  我忙了一整天,累极了。
 »Here are some quick recipes for when you're eating on the run (= in a hurry).
  这是一些供匆忙用餐时用的快餐食谱。
--› more at long adj., short adj.
host / həust; NAme houst /
◙ noun
1. [C] a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has people staying at their house
• 主人:
 »Ian, our host, introduced us to the other guests.
  主人伊恩把我们介绍给了其他客人。
--› see also hostess (1)
2. [C] a country, a city or an organization that holds and arranges a special event
• 东道主；主办国(或城市、机构):
 »The college is playing host to a group of visiting Russian scientists.
  学院正在接待一批来访的俄罗斯科学家。
3. [C] a person who introduces a television or radio show, and talks to guests
• (电视或广播的)节目主持人
【SYN】 compère :
 »a TV game show host
  电视游戏节目主持人
--› see also announcer (1), presenter (1)
4. [C] (technical 术语) an animal or a plant on which another animal or plant lives and feeds
• (寄生动植物的)寄主,宿主
5. [C] ~ of sb / sth a large number of people or things
• 许多；大量:
 »a host of possibilities
  多种可能性
6. [C] the main computer in a network that controls or supplies information to other computers that are connected to it
• (计算机网络的)主机,服务机:
 »transferring files from the host to your local computer
  从主机向你的本地机传送文件
7. the Host [sing.] the bread that is used in the Christian service of Communion , after it has been blessed
• (成圣体的麪饼)祭品,祭饼
◙ verb [VN]
1. to organize an event to which others are invited and make all the arrangements for them
• 主办,主持(活动):
 »Germany hosted the World Cup finals.
  德国主办了世界杯决赛。
2. to introduce a television or radio programme, a show, etc.
• 主持(电视或广播节目等)
【SYN】 compère
3. to organize a party that you have invited guests to
• 作为主人组织(聚会)；做东:
 »to host a dinner
  设宴招待客人
4. to store a website on a computer connected to the Internet, usually in return for payment
• (通常收费在与互联网连接的计算机上)存贮网站:
 »a company that builds and hosts e-commerce sites
  在互联网上建立并存贮电子商务网站的公司
ap∙prove / əˈpru:v /
◙ verb
1. [V] ~ (of sb / sth) to think that sb / sth is good, acceptable or suitable
• 赞成；同意:
 »I told my mother I wanted to leave school but she didn't approve.
  我告诉母亲我不想继续上学,但是母亲不同意。
 »Do you approve of my idea?
  你同意我的想法吗？
 »She doesn't approve of me leaving school this year.
  她不同意我今年离校。
 »(formal) She doesn't approve of my leaving school this year.
  她不同意我今年离校。
【OPP】 disapprove
2. [VN] to officially agree to a plan, request, etc.
• 批准,通过(计划、要求等):
 »The committee unanimously approved the plan.
  委员会一致通过了计划。
--› note at agree
3. [VN] [often passive] to say that sth is good enough to be used, or is correct
• 认可；核准:
 »The course is approved by the Department for Education.
  课程已获教育部核准。
charge / tʃɑ:dʒ; NAmE tʃɑ:rdʒ /
◙ noun
›› MONEY 钱
1. [C, U] ~ (for sth) the amount of money that sb asks for goods and services
• (商品和服务所需的)要价,收费:
 »We have to make a small charge for refreshments.
  我们得收取少量茶点费。
 »admission charges
  入场费
 »Delivery is free of charge.
  免费送货。
--› note at rate
2. [C, U] (NAmE, informal) = charge account , credit account :
 »Would you like to put that on your charge?
  你愿意把这笔费用记在你的账上吗？
 »'Are you paying cash?' 'No, it'll be a charge.'
  "你用现金支付吗？" "不,记账吧。"
›› OF CRIME / STH WRONG 罪行；过失
3. [C, U] an official claim made by the police that sb has committed a crime
• 指控；控告:
 »criminal charges
  刑事指控
 »a murder / an assault charge
  谋杀罪的/侵犯人身罪的指控
 »He will be sent back to England to face a charge of (= to be on trial for) armed robbery.
  他将被遣返回英国面临持械抢劫罪的指控。
 »They decided to drop the charges against the newspaper and settle out of court.
  他们已决定撤销对那家报纸的指控,在庭外和解。
 »After being questioned by the police, she was released without charge.
  她被警察传讯后无罪释放。
4. [C] a statement accusing sb of doing sth wrong or bad
• 指责；谴责
【SYN】 allegation :
 »She rejected the charge that the story was untrue.
  她否认了说她编造事实的指责。
 »Be careful you don't leave yourself open to charges of political bias.
  你要小心别留下把柄,让人家指责你带有政治偏见。
›› RESPONSIBILITY 职责
5. [U] a position of having control over sb / sth; responsibility for sb / sth
• 主管；掌管；照管；职责；责任:
 »She has charge of the day-to-day running of the business.
  她负责掌管日常业务。
 »They left the au pair in charge of the children for a week.
  他们把孩子留给做换工的照料一周。
 »He took charge of the farm after his father's death.
  他在父亲去世后掌管了农场。
 »I'm leaving the school in your charge.
  我这就把学校交给你掌管。
6. [C] (formal or humorous) a person that you have responsibility for and care for
• 被照管的人；受照料者
›› ELECTRICITY 电
7. [C, U] the amount of electricity that is put into a battery or carried by a substance
• (电池或带电物质的)充电量,电荷:
 »a positive / negative charge
  正/负电荷
›› RUSH / ATTACK 猛冲；攻击
8. [C] a sudden rush or violent attack, for example by soldiers, wild animals or players in some sports
• 突然猛冲；猛攻；冲锋:
 »He led the charge down the field.
  他带头沿着球场冲杀过去。
›› EXPLOSIVE 炸药
9. [C] the amount of explosive needed to fire a gun or make an explosion
• (射击或爆炸需要的)炸药量
--› see also depth charge
›› STRONG FEELING 强烈感情
10. [sing.] the power to cause strong feelings
• 感染力；震撼力:
 »the emotional charge of the piano piece
  那首钢琴曲扣人心弦的感染力
›› TASK 任务
11. [sing.] (formal) a task or duty
• 任务；责任:
 »His charge was to obtain specific information.
  他的任务是收集具体的信息。
【IDIOMS】
◘ bring / press / prefer 'charges against sb
(law 律)
• to accuse sb formally of a crime so that there can be a trial in court
• 起诉；控告
◘ get a 'charge out of sth
(NAmE)
• to get a strong feeling of excitement or pleasure from sth
• 从…中得到快感(或快乐、乐趣)
--› more at
◙ verb
›› MONEY 钱
1. ~ (sb / sth) for sth | ~ (sb) sth (for sth) to ask an amount of money for goods or a service
• 收费；要价:
▪ [VN]
 »What did they charge for the repairs?
  他们收了多少修理费？
 »The restaurant charged £20 for dinner.
  这家餐馆收了 20 英镑的餐费。
 »We won't charge you for delivery.
  我们送货不收费。
 »They're charging £3 for the catalogue.
  他们的这份商品目录收费 3 英镑。
▪ [VNN]
 »He only charged me half price.
  他只收我半价。
▪ [V]
 »Do you think museums should charge for admission?
  你认为博物馆应该收入场费吗？
▪ [also V to inf also VN to inf]
2. [VN] ~ sth to sth to record the cost of sth as an amount that sb has to pay
• 把…记在账上；在某人账上记入:
 »They charge the calls to their credit-card account.
  他们用信用卡账户支付电话费。
 »(NAmE) Don't worry. I'll charge it (= pay by credit card).
  别担心,我会用信用卡付款的。
›› WITH CRIME / STH WRONG 犯罪；过失
3. [VN] ~ sb (with sth / with doing sth) to accuse sb formally of a crime so that there can be a trial in court
• 控告；起诉:
 »He was charged with murder.
  他被指控犯有谋杀罪。
 »Several people were arrested but nobody was charged.
  有数人被捕,但均未受到起诉。
4. [VN] ~ sb (with sth / with doing sth) (formal) to accuse sb publicly of doing sth wrong or bad
• 指责；谴责:
 »Opposition MPs charged the minister with neglecting her duty.
  反对党议员指责女部长玩忽职守。
›› RUSH / ATTACK 猛冲；攻击
5. to rush forward and attack sb / sth
• 猛攻；猛冲；冲锋:
▪ [V]
 »The bull put its head down and charged.
  公牛低下头猛冲过来。
 »We charged at the enemy.
  我们向敌人发起冲锋。
▪ [also VN]
6. [V +adv. / prep.] to rush in a particular direction
• 向…方向冲去:
 »The children charged down the stairs.
  孩子们冲下了楼梯。
 »He came charging into my room and demanded to know what was going on.
  他冲进我的房间,要求知道发生了什么事。
›› WITH RESPONSIBILITY / TASK 职责；任务
7. [VN] (usually passive 通常用于被动语态) ~ sb with sth (formal) to give sb a responsibility or task
• 赋予…职责(或任务)；使…承担责任(或任务):
 »The committee has been charged with the development of sport in the region.
  委员会已被赋予在该地区发展体育运动的职责。
 »The governing body is charged with managing the school within its budget.
  学校管理机构负有在预算范围内管理好学校的职责。
›› WITH ELECTRICITY 电
8. [VN] ~ (sth) (up) to pass electricity through sth so that it is stored there
• 充电:
 »Before use, the battery must be charged.
  电池使用前必须充电。
 »The shaver can be charged up and used when travelling.
  这种电动剃须刀可充电供旅行使用。
›› WITH STRONG FEELING 强烈感情
9. [VN] (usually passive 通常用于被动语态) ~ sth (with sth) (literary) to fill sb with an emotion
• 使充满(…情绪):
 »The room was charged with hatred.
  这个房间里充满了敌意。
 »a highly charged atmosphere
  一触即发的紧张气氛
›› GLASS 玻璃杯
10. [VN] (BrE, formal) to fill a glass
• 注满(玻璃杯):
 »Please charge your glasses and drink a toast to the bride and groom!
  请各位斟满酒杯向新娘、新郎敬酒！
›› GUN 枪
11. [VN] (old use) to load a gun
• 装(弹药)
school∙mate / ˈsku:lmeit /
◙ noun
(especially BrE) = school friend
broad∙cast / ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st; NAmE -kæst /
◙ verb (broad∙cast, broad∙cast)
1. to send out programmes on television or radio
• 播送(电视或无线电节目)；广播:
▪ [VN]
 »The concert will be broadcast live (= at the same time as it takes place) tomorrow evening.
  音乐会明晚将现场直播。
▪ [V]
 »They began broadcasting in 1922.
  他们于 1922 年开播。
2. [VN] to tell a lot of people about sth
• 散布,传播(信息等):
 »I don't like to broadcast the fact that my father owns the company.
  我不想宣扬这家公司为我父亲所有。
◙ noun
• a radio or television programme
• 广播节目；电视节目:
 »(BrE) a party political broadcast (= for example, before an election)
  政党政治广播节目
 »We watched a live broadcast of the speech (= one shown at the same time as the speech was made).
  我们观看了那场演说的现场直播。
prep∙ar∙ation / ˌprepəˈreiʃn /
◙ noun
1. [U] ~ (for sth) the act or process of getting ready for sth or making sth ready
• 准备；预备:
 »Preparation for the party started early.
  聚会的准备工作很早就开始了。
 »food preparation
  食物制作
 »Careful preparation for the exam is essential.
  认真准备考试十分必要。
 »The third book in the series is currently in preparation.
  丛书的第三册现在正准备出版。
 »The team has been training hard in preparation for the big game.
  为备战这场重要比赛,队伍一直在严格训练。
2. [C, usually pl.] ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) things that you do to get ready for sth or make sth ready
• 准备工作:
 »The country is making preparations for war.
  这个国家正在进行备战。
 »We made preparations to move to new offices.
  我们已准备好要搬到新办公室。
 »wedding preparations
  婚礼的筹备工作
 »Was going to college a good preparation for your career?
  上大学是否为你的事业打下了良好基础？
3. [C] a substance that has been specially prepared for use as a medicine, cosmetic , etc.
• (医药、化妆品等)配制品,制剂:
 »a pharmaceutical preparation
  药剂
 »preparations for the hair and skin
  护发护肤制剂
event / iˈvent /
◙ noun
1. a thing that happens, especially sth important
• 发生的事情；(尤指)重要事情,大事:
 »The election was the main event of 2004.
  那次选举是 2004 年的主要大事。
 »In the light of later events the decision was proved right.
  从后来发生的事看,这一决定证明是正确的。
 »The decisions we take now may influence the course of events (= the way things happen) in the future.
  我们现在作出的决定可能会对未来事情的发展产生影响。
 »Everyone was frightened by the strange sequence of events.
  人人都因接二连三发生的怪事感到惊恐。
 »In the normal course of events (= if things had happened as expected) she would have gone with him.
  要是事情发展顺利的话,她已同他一块儿走了。
2. a planned public or social occasion
• 公开活动；社交场合:
 »a fund-raising event
  筹款活动
 »the social event of the year
  本年度最重要的社交活动
3. one of the races or competitions in a sports programme
• (体育运动的)比赛项目:
 »The 800 metres is the fourth event of the afternoon.
  * 800 米赛是下午的第四项比赛。
--› see also field event , track event
【IDIOMS】
◘ after the e'vent
(BrE)
• after sth has happened
• 事情发生后；事后:
 »Anyone can be wise after the event.
  事后聪明谁都会。
◘ in 'any event | ◘ at 'all events
• used to emphasize or show that sth is true or will happen in spite of other circumstances
• 不管怎样；无论如何
【SYN】 in any case :
 »I think she'll agree to do it but in any event, all she can say is 'no'.
  我想她会同意做的,但无论怎样,她只能说"不"。
◘ in the e'vent
• when the situation actually happened
• 结果；到头来:
 »I got very nervous about the exam, but in the event, I needn't have worried; it was really easy.
  我对考试提心吊胆,但其实我本不必担心,这次考试的确很容易。
◘ in the event of sth | ◘ in the event that sth happens
• if sth happens
• 如果…发生；万一；倘若:
 »In the event of an accident, call this number.
  万一发生事故就拨这个号码。
 »Sheila will inherit everything in the event of his death.
  他一旦故去,所有财产都由希拉继承。
◘ in 'that event
• if that happens
• 如果是那样的话；如果那种事情发生:
 »In that event, we will have to reconsider our offer.
  如果是那样的话,我们就得重新考虑我们的建议。
--› more at happy , wise adj.
out∙ing / ˈautiŋ /
◙ noun
1. [C] ~ (to...) a trip that you go on for pleasure or education, usually with a group of people and lasting no more than one day
• (集体)出外游玩(或学习等)；远足
【SYN】 excursion :
 »We went on an outing to London.
  我们游览了伦敦。
 »a family outing
  全家远足
--› note at trip
2. [C] (sport 体) (informal) an occasion when sb takes part in a competition
• 参赛；比赛
3. [U, C] the practice of naming people as homosexuals in public, when they do not want anyone to know
• (违背同性恋者本人意愿)对(某人)身份的公开挑明
gradu∙ation / ˌɡrædʒuˈeiʃn /
◙ noun
1. [U] the act of successfully completing a university degree, or studies at an American high school
• (大学或美国高中的)毕业:
 »It was my first job after graduation.
  那是我毕业后的第一个工作。
2. [U, C] a ceremony at which degrees, etc. are officially given out
• 毕业典礼:
 »graduation day
  毕业典礼日
 »My whole family came to my graduation.
  我的家人都来参加了我的毕业典礼。
3. [C] = gradation (2) :
 »The graduations are marked on the side of the flask.
  烧瓶侧面标有刻度。
poet / ˈpəuit; NAme ˈpouət /
◙ noun
• a person who writes poems
• 诗人
gen∙er∙ation / ˌdʒenəˈreiʃn /
◙ noun
1. [C + sing. / pl. v.] all the people who were born at about the same time
• (统称)一代人,同代人,同辈人:
 »the younger / older generation
  年轻的一代；老一辈
 »My generation have grown up without the experience of a world war.
  我这一代人在成长过程中没有经历过世界大战。
 »I often wonder what future generations will make of our efforts.
  我常常想:后代将怎样评价我们所作出的努力。
2. [C] the average time in which children grow up, become adults and have children of their own (usually considered to be about 30 years)
• 代,一代,一辈(通常认为大约 30 年):
 »a generation ago
  一代人以前
 »My family have lived in this house for generations.
  我家祖祖辈辈都住在这房子里。
3. [C, U] a single stage in the history of a family
• (家史中的)一代,一辈:
 »stories passed down from generation to generation
  世代相传的故事
 »a first- / second-generation American (= a person whose family has lived in America for one / two generations)
  第一/第二代美国人(家人在美国居住了一、二代者)
4. [C, usually sing.] a group of people of similar age involved in a particular activity
• 一批,一届(从事特定活动的同龄人):
 »She has inspired a whole generation of fashion school graduates.
  她激励了整整一届时装学校的毕业生。
5. [C, usually sing.] a stage in the development of a product, usually a technical one
• (产品发展,尤指技术方面的)代:
 »fifth-generation computing
  第五代计算机技术
 »a new generation of vehicle
  新一代交通运输工具
6. [U] the production of sth, especially electricity, heat, etc.
• (尤指电、热等的)产生:
 »the generation of electricity
  发电
 »methods of income generation
  产生收益的方法
lit∙er∙ary / ˈlitərəri; NAme -reri /
◙ adj.
1. connected with literature
• 文学的；文学上的:
 »literary criticism / theory
  文学批评/理论
2. (of a language or style of writing 语言或写作文体) suitable for or typical of a work of literature
• 适于文学作品的；有典型文学作品特征的:
 »It was Chaucer who really turned English into a literary language.
  是乔叟使英语真正变成了文学语言。
3. liking literature very much; studying or writing literature
• 爱好文学的；从事文学研究(或写作)的:
 »a literary man
  文人
se∙lect / siˈlekt /
◙ verb
1. ~ sb / sth (as / for sth) | ~ sb / sth (from sth) to choose sb / sth from a group of people or things, usually according to a system
• 选择；挑选；选拔:
▪ [VN]
 »He hasn't been selected for the team.
  他未能入选进队。
 »All our hotels have been carefully selected for the excellent value they provide.
  我们住的旅馆都是精心挑选的,最为合算。
 »She was selected as the parliamentary candidate for Bath.
  她被选为巴斯选区的议员候选人。
 »a randomly selected sample of 23 schools
  随机抽选的 23 所学校
 »selected poems of T.S. Eliot
  * T.S. 艾略特诗选
 »This model is available at selected stores only.
  这种款式只定点销售。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »Six theatre companies have been selected to take part in this year's festival.
  已选定六个剧团参加今年的戏剧节。
▪ [also V wh-]
--› note at choose
2. (computing 计)
• [VN] to mark sth on a computer screen; to choose sth, especially from a menu
• (在计算机屏幕上)选定；(从菜单中)选择,选取:
 »Select the text you want to format by holding down the left button on your mouse.
  按住鼠标左键选取你想要格式化的文本。
 »Select 'New Mail' from the 'Send' menu.
  从"发送"选单中选择"新邮件"。
◙ adj.
1. [only before noun] carefully chosen as the best out of a larger group of people or things
• 精选的；作为…精华的；优等的:
 »a select wine list
  名优葡萄酒目录
 »Only a select few (= a small number of people) have been invited to the wedding.
  婚礼只邀请了几个至亲好友参加。
2. (of a society, club, place, etc. 社团、俱乐部、地方等) used by people who have a lot of money or a high social position
• 有钱、有社会地位的人使用的
【SYN】 exclusive :
 »They live in a very select area.
  他们住在一个上层人士住宅区。
 »a select club
  名流俱乐部
court∙yard / ˈkɔ:tjɑ:d; NAmE ˈkɔ:rtjɑ:rd / (also court)
◙ noun
• an open space that is partly or completely surrounded by buildings and is usually part of a castle, a large house, etc.
• (通常为城堡、大宅第等的)庭院,院子,天井:
 »the central / inner courtyard
  中心/内庭院
com∙pos∙ition / ˌkɔmpəˈziʃn; NAmE ˌkɑ:m- /
◙ noun
1. [U] the different parts which sth is made of; the way in which the different parts are organized
• 成分；构成；组合方式:
 »the chemical composition of the soil
  土壤的化学成分
 »the composition of the board of directors
  董事会的组成
--› note at structure
2. [C] a piece of music or art, or a poem
• (音乐、艺术、诗歌的)作品:
 »one of Beethoven's finest compositions
  贝多芬最优美的音乐作品之一
3. [U] the act of composing sth
• 作曲；创作:
 »pieces performed in the order of their composition
  按作曲顺序表演的作品
4. [U] the art of writing music
• 作曲艺术:
 »to study composition
  学习作曲艺术
5. [C] a short text that is written as a school exercise; a short essay
• 作文；小论文
6. [U] (art 美术) the arrangement of people or objects in a painting or photograph
• (绘画、摄影的)构图