m1u2
ACT / ˌei si: ˈti: /
◙ abbr.
• American College Test (an exam that some high school students take before they go to college)
• 美国高等院校考试(一些高中生入高等院校前参加的考试)
act / ækt /
◙ noun
›› STH THAT SB DOES 作为
1. [C] a particular thing that sb does
• 行为；行动；所为:
 »an act of kindness
  善行
 »acts of terrorism
  恐怖行动
 »The murder was the act of a psychopath.
  这次谋杀是精神变态者所为。
 »a criminal act
  犯罪行为
--› note at action
›› LAW 法律
2. [C] a law that has been passed by a parliament
• (议会通过的)法案,法令:
 »an Act of Congress
  国会法案
 »the Higher Education Act 2002
  * 2002 年颁布的高等教育法
›› PRETENDING 假装
3. [sing.] a way of behaving that is not sincere but is intended to have a particular effect on others
• 假装:
 »Don't take her seriously—it's all an act.
  别跟她认真——这全是假戏一场。
 »You could tell she was just putting on an act.
  你可以看出,她是在装模作样。
›› IN PLAY / ENTERTAINMENT 戏剧；娱乐
4. [C] one of the main divisions of a play, an opera , etc.
• (戏剧、歌剧等的)一幕:
 »a play in nine acts
  一出五幕剧
 »The hero dies in Act 5, Scene 3.
  男主角在第 5 幕第 3 场死去。
5. [C] one of several short pieces of entertainment in a show
• 一项表演:
 »a circus / comedy / magic act
  马戏/喜剧/魔术表演
6. [C] a performer or group of musicians
• 表演者；音乐人组合:
 »They were six of rock's most impressive live acts.
  他们是最富感染力的现场表演摇滚乐组合之一。
【IDIOMS】
◘ ˌact of 'God
(law 律)
• an event caused by natural forces beyond human control, such as a storm, a flood or an earthquake
• 天灾；不可抗力(如风暴、洪水、地震)
◘ be / get in on the act
•(informal) to be / become involved in an activity that sb else has started, especially to get sth for yourself
• 参与；插一手
◘ do, perform, stage a disap'pearing / 'vanishing act
•(informal) to go away or be impossible to find when people need or want you
• 隐藏踪迹；潜踪隐迹
◘ get your 'act together
•(informal) to organize yourself and your activities in a more effective way in order to achieve sth
• 集中精力:
 »He needs to get his act together if he's going to pass.
  要是他想合格,就必须集中精力。
◘ a ˌhard / ˌtough act to 'follow
• a person who is so good or successful at sth that it will be difficult for anyone else coming after them to be as good or successful
• 令人望尘莫及的人
◘ in the act (of doing sth)
• while you are doing sth
• 正在(做某事)；当场:
 »He was caught in the act of stealing a car.
  他偷汽车时被当场逮个正着。
--› more at clean v., read v.
◙ verb
›› DO STH 做某事
1. [V] to do sth for a particular purpose or in order to deal with a situation
• 做事；行动:
 »It is vital that we act to stop the destruction of the rainforests.
  至关紧要的是,我们应当采取行动制止破坏雨林。
 »The girl's life was saved because the doctors acted so promptly.
  多亏医生行动迅速,女孩的生命得救了。
 »He claims he acted in self-defence.
  他声称他是出于自衞。
›› BEHAVE 行为
2. [V] to behave in a particular way
• 行为；举止:
 »John's been acting very strangely lately.
  近来约翰的行为怪得很。
 »Stop acting like spoilt children!
  别再像惯坏的孩子那样胡闹了！
【HELP】In spoken English people often use like instead of as if or as though in this meaning, especially in NAmE : She was acting like she'd seen a ghost.This is not considered correct in written BrE.
• 英语口语中,尤其是北美英语,常用 like 代替 as if 或 as though 表示此义:She was acting like she'd seen a ghost. 书面英国英语中,此用法被视为不正确。

›› PRETEND 假装
3. to pretend by your behaviour to be a particular type of person
• 假装:
▪ [V-N]
 »He's been acting the devoted husband all day.
  他整天装作模范丈夫的样子。
▪ [V-ADJ]
 »I decided to act dumb.
  我决定装哑。
›› PERFORM IN PLAY / MOVIE 戏剧/电影表演
4. to perform a part in a play or film / movie
• 扮演(戏剧、电影中的角色):
▪ [V]
 »Have you ever acted?
  你演过戏吗？
 »Most of the cast act well.
  这出戏大多数演员演得不错。
▪ [VN]
 »Who's acting (= taking the part of) Hamlet?
  谁演哈姆雷特？
 »The play was well acted.
  这出戏演得不错。
›› PERFORM FUNCTION 起作用
5. [V] ~ as / like sth to perform a particular role or function
• 充当；起作用:
 »Can you act as interpreter?
  你能担任口译吗？
 »hormones in the brain that act like natural painkillers
  大脑中起着天然止痛药作用的荷尔蒙
›› HAVE EFFECT 有作用
6. [V] ~ (on sth) to have an effect on sth
• (对…)有作用,有影响:
 »Alcohol acts quickly on the brain.
  酒精对大脑迅速产生影响。
--› more at age n., fool n., own v.
【PHR V】
◘ 'act for / on behalf of sb
• to be employed to deal with sb's affairs for them, for example by representing them in court
• (受雇)代表某人行事
◘ 'act on / upon sth
• to take action as a result of advice, information, etc.
• 根据(建议、信息等)行事:
 »Acting on information from a member of the public, the police raided the club.
  警察根据一个老百姓的报告,突然搜查了这家俱乐部。
 »Why didn't you act on her suggestion?
  你为什么没有按照她的建议去做呢？
◘ ˌact sth∽'out
1. to perform a ceremony or show how sth happened, as if performing a play
• 履行(仪式)；将…表演出来:
 »The ritual of the party conference is acted out in the same way every year.
  该党的大会程序年年照行如仪。
 »The children started to act out the whole incident.
  孩子们开始表演整个事件。
2. to act a part in a real situation
• 充当(真实情况中的角色):
 »She acted out the role of the wronged lover.
  她扮作一个受冤枉的情人。
◘ ˌact 'up (informal)
1. to behave badly
• 表现不好；捣乱:
 »The kids started acting up.
  孩子们开始调皮捣蛋起来。
2. to not work as it should
• 出毛病:
 »How long has your ankle been acting up?
  你的脚踝受伤多久了？
cur∙tain / ˈkə:tn; NAmE ˈkə:rtn /
◙ noun
1. [C] a piece of cloth that is hung to cover a window
• 窗帘:
 »to draw / pull / close the curtains (= to pull them across the window so they cover it)
  把窗帘拉上
 »to draw / draw back / pull back the curtains (= to open them, so that the window is no longer covered)
  把窗帘拉开
 »It was two in the morning but the curtains were still drawn (= closed).
  已是早上十点钟了,可窗帘还拉着。
 »a pair of curtains
  一对窗帘
--› see also drape
2. (NAmE) = net curtain
3. [C] a piece of cloth that is hung up as a screen in a room or around a bed, for example
• 帘；幔；(遮隔房间的)帷幔；牀帷:
 »a shower curtain
  淋浴帘
--› see also Iron Curtain
4. [sing.] a piece of thick, heavy cloth that hangs in front of the stage in the theatre
• (舞台上的)幕,幕布,帷幕:
 »The audience was waiting for the curtain to rise (= for the play to begin).
  观众在等待开幕。
 »There was tremendous applause when the curtain came down (= the play ended).
  幕落时响起了经久不息的掌声。
 »We left just before the final curtain.
  我们刚好在演出结束前离开。
 »(figurative) The curtain has fallen on her long and distinguished career (= her career has ended).
  她那漫长而成就卓着的事业生涯已告结束。
 »(figurative) It's time to face the final curtain (= the end; death).
  人生的戏该落幕了。
5. [C, usually sing.] a thing that covers, hides or protects sth
• 覆盖物；隐蔽物；防护物:
 »a curtain of rain / smoke
  雨/烟幕
 »She pushed back the curtain of brown hair from her eyes.
  她把棕色的头发从眼前拢到脑后。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be 'curtains (for sb)
•(informal) to be a situation without hope or that you cannot escape from
• 绝望的处境；无法摆脱的困境；完蛋:
 »When I saw he had a gun, I thought it was curtains for me.
  我一见他有枪,就想这下子我算是完了。
◘ bring down the 'curtain on sth | ◘ bring the 'curtain down on sth
• to finish or mark the end of sth
• 结束；标志着…的终结:
 »His sudden decision to retire brought down the curtain on a distinguished career.
  他突然决定退休结束了他成就斐然的职业生涯。
◙ verb [VN]
• to provide curtains for a window or a room
• 给(窗户或房间)装上帘子
【PHR V】
◘ ˌcurtain sth∽'off
• to separate an area of a room with a curtain or curtains
• 用帘子隔开
soc∙cer / ˈsɔkə(r); NAme ˈsɑ:k- /
◙ noun [U] = football (1):
 »soccer players
  足球运动员
 »a soccer pitch / team / match
  足球场/队 / 比赛
fright∙ened / ˈfraitnd /
◙ adj.
• ~ (of sth / of doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that...) afraid; feeling fear
• 惊吓的；受惊的；害怕的:
 »a frightened child
  受了惊吓的小孩
 »Don't be frightened.
  别害怕。
 »What are you frightened of?
  你怕什么？
 »I'm frightened of walking home alone in the dark.
  我害怕在黑夜单独走路回家。
 »He sounded frightened.
  他听起来受了惊。
 »I'm too frightened to ask him now.
  现在我吓得不敢问他了。
 »She was frightened that the plane would crash.
  她害怕飞机会坠毁。
 »I'm frightened for him (= that he will be hurt, etc.).
  我为他的安全担惊受怕。
 »(informal) I'd never do that. I'd be frightened to death.
  我绝不会干。我会吓死的。
【IDIOMS】
--› see shadow n., wit
--› note at afraid
bend / bend /
◙ verb (bent, bent / bent / )
1. əoften +adv. / prep.] (especially of sb's body or head 尤指人的身体或头部) to lean, or make sth lean, in a particular direction
• (使)倾斜,偏向:
▪ [V]
 »He bent and kissed her.
  他低下头吻了她。
 »fields of poppies bending in the wind
  一畦畦随风摇摆的罂粟
 »His dark head bent over her.
  他对她低下他那黑发的头。
 »She bent forward to pick up the newspaper.
  她弯腰去捡报纸。
 »Slowly bend from the waist and bring your head down to your knees.
  慢慢弯下腰,把头低垂到膝部。
▪ [VN]
 »He bent his head and kissed her.
  他低下头吻了她。
 »She was bent over her desk writing a letter.
  她正伏案写信。
2. if you bend your arm, leg, etc. or if it bends, you move it so that it is no longer straight
• (使四肢等)弯曲
▪ [VN]
 »Bend your knees, keeping your back straight.
  膝盖弯曲,背部挺直。
▪ [V]
 »Lie flat and let your knees bend.
  平躺曲膝。
3. [VN] to force sth that was straight into an angle or a curve
• 把…弄弯(或摺起):
 »Mark the pipe where you want to bend it.
  在管子上把要弄弯的地方做个记号。
 »The knives were bent out of shape.
  那些刀已经弯曲变形了。
 »He bent the wire into the shape of a square.
  他把铁丝折成正方形。
4. to change direction to form a curve or an angle; to make sth change direction in this way
• (使)拐弯,弯曲:
▪ [V]
 »The road bent sharply to the right.
  路向右急弯。
▪ [VN]
 »Glass and water both bend light.
  玻璃和水都折光。
【IDIOMS】
◘ bend sb's 'ear (about sth)
•(informal) to talk to sb a lot about sth, especially about a problem that you have
• 向某人唠叨诉说(尤指自己的难处)
◘ bend your 'mind / 'efforts to sth
•(formal) to think very hard about or put a lot of effort into one particular thing
• 致力于某事；专心致志
◘ bend the 'truth
• to say sth that is not completely true
• 扭曲事理；歪曲事实
◘ on bended 'knee(s)
• if you ask for sth on bended knee(s), you ask for it in a very anxious and / or humble way
• 下跪(请求…)；央求；苦苦哀求
--› more at backwards , rule n.
【PHR V】
◘ 'bend sb to sth (formal)
• to force or persuade sb to do what you want or to accept your opinions
• 迫使；说服:
 »He manipulates people and tries to bend them to his will (= make them do what he wants).
  他能左右民众,让大家跟随他的意志。
◙ noun
1. [C] a curve or turn, especially in a road or river
• (尤指道路或河流的)拐弯,弯道:
 »a sharp bend in the road
  道路的急拐弯
--› see also hairpin bend
2. the bends [pl.] severe pain and difficulty in breathing experienced by a diver who comes back to the surface of the water too quickly
• (潜水员过快浮出水面造成的)减压病,潜涵病
◘ round the bend / twist
•(informal, especially BrE) crazy
• 疯狂:
 »She's gone completely round the bend.
  她完全疯了。
 »The children have been driving me round the bend today (= annoying me very much).
  孩子们今天快把我气疯了。
starve / stɑ:v; NAme stɑ:rv /
◙ verb
1. to suffer or die because you do not have enough food to eat; to make sb suffer or die in this way
• (使)捱饿,饿死:
▪ [V]
 »The animals were left to starve to death.
  那些动物只能等着饿死。
 »pictures of starving children
  表现饥饿儿童的图片
 »The new job doesn't pay as much but we won't starve!
  新工作的工资没有过去多,不过我们不至于捱饿！
▪ [VN]
 »She's starving herself to try to lose weight.
  她试图通过节食来减肥。
2. -starved (in adjectives 构成形容词) not having sth that you need
• 缺乏…的；急需…的:
 »supply-starved rebels
  补给匮乏的反叛者
--› see also cash-starved
【IDIOMS】
◘ be 'starving (for sth)
(also be 'starved especially in NAmE) (informal)
• to feel very hungry
• 饿得很:
 »When's food? I'm starving!
  饭什么时候好？我快饿死了！
【PHR V】
◘ ˌstarve sb into 'sth / into 'doing sth
• to force sb to do sth by not allowing them to get any food or money
• 断绝食物(或资金)来源以迫使某人做某事
◘ ˌstarve sb / sth of 'sth (NAmE also ˌstarve sb / sth for 'sth) əusually passive]
• to not give sth that is needed
• 使某人(或事物)得不到所需要的:
 »I felt starved of intelligent conversation.
  让我感到痛苦的是无法与有识之士交谈。
 »The department has been starved of resources.
  这个部门一直缺少资金。
◘ ˌstarve sb∽'out (of sth)
• to force sb to leave a particular building or area by not allowing them to get any food
• 以断绝食物来源迫使某人出来
cash / kæʃ /
◙ noun [U]
1. money in the form of coins or notes / bills
• 现金:
 »How much cash do you have on you?
  你身上带着多少现金？
 »Payments can be made by cheque or in cash.
  支票或现金付款均可。
 »Customers are offered a 10% discount if they pay cash.
  顾客若付现金,可获九折优惠。
 »The thieves stole £500 in cash.
  小偷盗走 500 英镑现金。
--› see also hard cash , petty cash
2. money in any form
• (任何形式的)金钱,资金:
 »The museum needs to find ways of raising cash.
  博物馆需要找到募集资金的途径。
 »I'm short of cash right now.
  我眼下正缺钱。
 »I'm constantly strapped for cash (= without enough money).
  我总是缺钱。
【IDIOMS】
◘ cash 'down
(BrE) (also ˌcash up 'front NAmE, BrE)
• with immediate payment of cash
• 即付现款；即期付款:
 »to pay for sth cash down
  用现款支付
◘ ˌcash in 'hand
(BrE, informal)
• if you pay for goods and services cash in hand, you pay in cash, especially so that the person being paid can avoid paying tax on the amount
• 现金支付(尤指受款人可避税)
◘ ˌcash on de'livery
(abbr. ɔOD)
• a system of paying for goods when they are delivered
• 货到付款；交货付现
◙ verb [VN]
• ~ a cheque / check to exchange a cheque / check for the amount of money that it is worth
• 兑现支票
◘ cash in your 'chips
•(informal) to die
• 死
【PHR V】
◘ ˌcash 'in (on sth) (disapproving)
• to gain an advantage for yourself from a situation, especially in a way that other people think is wrong or immoral
• 从中牟利；捞到好处:
 »The film studio is being accused of cashing in on the singer's death.
  那家电影制片厂受到指责,说他们利用这位歌手的死来赚钱。
◘ ˌcash sth∽'in
• to exchange sth, such as an insurance policy, for money before the date on which it would normally end
• 把(保险单等)提前兑成现金
◘ ˌcash 'up (BrE) (NAmE ˌcash 'out)
• to add up the amount of money that has been received in a shop / store, club, etc., especially at the end of the day
• (商店、俱乐部等在每天营业结束时)结算当日进款
gar∙bage / ˈɡɑ:bidʒ; NAmE ˈɡɑ:rb- /
◙ noun [U]
1. (especially NAmE) waste food, paper, etc. that you throw away
• (生活)垃圾；废物:
 »garbage collection
  垃圾收集
 »Don't forget to take out the garbage.
  别忘了把垃圾拿出去。
2. (especially NAmE) a place or container where waste food, paper, etc. can be placed
• 垃圾场；垃圾箱；垃圾桶:
 »Throw it in the garbage.
  把它扔到垃圾箱里去。
3. (informal) something stupid or not true
• 废话；无聊的东西
【SYN】 rubbish
--› note at rubbish
【IDIOMS】
◘ garbage ˌin, garbage 'out
• (abbr. GɪGO)used to express the idea that if wrong or poor quality data is put into a computer, wrong or poor quality data will come out of it
• (用于计算机)废料输入废料输出,无用输入无用输出
pizza / ˈpi:tsə /
◙ noun [C, U]
• an Italian dish consisting of a flat round bread base with cheese, tomatoes, vegetables, meat, etc. on top
• 比萨饼；意大利饼:
 »a ham and mushroom pizza
  火腿蘑菇比萨饼
 »Is there any pizza left?
  还有比萨饼吗？
sink / siŋk /
◙ verb
(sank / sæŋk / sunk / sʌŋk / or (less frequent) sunk, sunk)
›› ɪŋ θæðəɔ / MuD, əðɔ. 在水/泥等里
1. əʒ] to go down below the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid or soft substance
• 下沉；下陷；沉没:
 »The ship sank to the bottom of the sea.
  船沉入海底。
 »We're sinking!
  我们正在下沉！
 »The wheels started to sink into the mud.
  车轮渐渐陷进泥里。
 »to sink like a stone
  立即沉没
›› BOAT 船只
2. [VN] to damage a boat or ship so that it goes below the surface of the sea, etc.
• 使下沉；使沉没:
 »a battleship sunk by a torpedo
  被鱼雷击沉的战列舰
›› FALL / SIT DOWN 倒下；坐下
3. [V +adv. / prep.] (of a person 人) to move downwards, especially by falling or sitting down
• 倒下；坐下
【SYN】 collapse :
 »I sank into an armchair.
  我坐到扶手椅上。
 »She sank back into her seat, exhausted.
  她筋疲力尽,又坐回椅子上。
 »The old man had sunk to his knees.
  老头跪在了地上。
›› MOVE DOWNWARDS 下降
4. [V] (of an object 物体) to move slowly downwards
• 下沉；下陷；沉降:
 »The sun was sinking in the west.
  太阳西坠。
 »The foundations of the building are starting to sink.
  楼房的地基开始下陷。
›› BECOME WEAKER 减弱
5. [V] to decrease in amount, volume, strength, etc.
• 降低；减少；减弱:
 »The pound has sunk to its lowest recorded level against the dollar.
  英镑对美元的比价降到了历史最低水平。
 »He is clearly sinking fast (= getting weaker quickly and will soon die).
  很明显,他的身体在急剧衰弱。
›› OF VOICE 声音
6. [V] to become quieter
• 变低；变小
【SYN】 fade :
 »Her voice sank to a whisper.
  她的声音变成了耳语。
›› DIG IN GROUND 在地上挖掘
7. [VN] to make a deep hole in the ground
• 挖,掘(深坑、深洞)
【SYN】 drill :
 »to sink a well / shaft / mine
  掘水井/竖井/矿井
8. [VN] to place sth in the ground by digging
• 埋入；打下:
 »to sink a post into the ground
  在地上埋入一根杆子
--› see also sunken (3)
›› PREVENT SUCCESS 使不成功
9. [VN] (informal) to prevent sb or sb's plans from succeeding
• 使失败；使受挫；阻挠:
 »I think I've just sunk my chances of getting the job.
  我想,都是我自己不好,葬送了得到那份工作的机会。
 »If the car breaks down, we'll be sunk (= have serious problems).
  要是车坏了,咱们可就惨了。
›› BALL 球
10. [VN] to hit a ball into a hole in golf or snooker
• (高尔夫球)击球入洞；(斯诺克)击球入袋:
 »He sank a 12-foot putt to win the match.
  他以一记 12 英尺的轻击入洞赢了比赛。
›› ALCOHOL 酒
11. [VN] (BrE, informal) to drink sth quickly, especially a large amount of alcohol
• 猛喝；灌
【IDIOMS】
◘ be 'sunk in sth
• to be in a state of unhappiness or deep thought
• 陷入不快(或沉思)中:
 »She just sat there, sunk in thought.
  她只一味地坐在那儿,陷入了沉思。
◘ (like rats) deserting / leaving a sinking 'ship
• (humorous, disapproving) used to talk about people who leave an organization, a company, etc. that is having difficulties, without caring about the people who are left
• (比喻只顾自己而离开处于困境中的机构等)(像)逃离沉船(的老鼠)
◘ sink your 'differences
• to agree to forget about your disagreements
• 摒弃分歧；搁置歧见
◘ a / that 'sinking feeling
•(informal) an unpleasant feeling that you get when you realize that sth bad has happened or is going to happen
• 不祥的感觉；沮丧之情
◘ ˌsink or 'swim
• to be in a situation where you will either succeed by your own efforts or fail completely
• 不自救,必沉沦；自己努力,以求生存:
 »The new students were just left to sink or swim.
  学校完全让新生自生自灭。
◘ ˌsink so 'low | ◘ sink to sth
• to have such low moral standards that you do sth very bad
• 堕落到这种地步；沉沦到某种程度:
 »Stealing from your friends? How could you sink so low?
  偷到你的朋友头上了？你怎么能堕落到这种地步呢？
 »I can't believe that anyone would sink to such depths.
  我无法相信竟然有人能堕落到这种程度。
--› more at heart
【PHR V】
◘ ˌsink 'in ◘ | ˌsink 'into sth
1. (of words, an event, etc. 话语、事情等) to be fully understood or realized
• 被完全理解；被充分意识到:
 »He paused to allow his words to sink in.
  他停了一下,好让人充分领会他的意思。
 »The full scale of the disaster has yet to sink in.
  人们还没有完全意识到这场灾难的严重程度。
2. (of liquids 液体) to go down into another substance through the surface
• 渗透；渗入:
 »The rain sank into the dry ground.
  雨水渗进了干地里。
◘ 'sink into sth
• to go gradually into a less active, happy or pleasant state
• 渐渐进入(消极、不快等的)状态:
 »She sank into a deep sleep.
  她沉沉地睡去。
 »He sank deeper into depression.
  他越来越消沉。
◘ ˌsink 'into sth ◘ | ˌsink sth 'into sth
• to go, or to make sth sharp go, deep into sth solid
• (把某物)插入:
 »The dog sank its teeth into my leg (= bit it).
  狗紧咬住我的腿。
 »I felt her nails sink into my wrist.
  我感觉她的指甲抠进了我的手腕里。
◘ ˌsink sth 'into sth
• to spend a lot of money on a business or an activity, for example in order to make money from it in the future
• 把资金投入企业(或活动):
 »We sank all our savings into the venture.
  我们把所有的积蓄都投进了那家企业。
◙ noun
1. a large open container in a kitchen that has taps / faucets to supply water and that you use for washing dishes in
• (厨房里的)洗涤池,洗碗槽:
 »Don't just leave your dirty plates in the sink!
  别把脏盘子往洗碗槽里一放就不管了！
 »I felt chained to the kitchen sink (= I had to spend all my time doing jobs in the house).
  我觉得就像拴在了灶台上一样。
2. (especially NAmE) = washbasin
--› more at kitchen
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• (BrE) located in a poor area where social conditions are bad
• 位于社会条件差的贫穷地区的；贫民窟的:
 »the misery of life in sink estates
  贫民窟里的悲惨生活
 »a sink school
  贫困地区的学校
'garbage can
◙ noun
(NAmE) = dustbin
adult / ˈædʌlt; əˈdʌlt /
◙ noun
1. a fully grown person who is legally responsible for their actions
• (法律上指能为自己的行为负责的)成年人
【SYN】 grown-up :
 »Children must be accompanied by an adult.
  儿童必须要有大人陪同。
 »Why can't you ten act like civilized adults?
  你们俩为什么就不能像有教养的成年人那样行事呢？
2. a fully grown animal
• 成年动物:
 »The fish return to the river as adults in order to breed.
  这种鱼长成以后回到河中产卵。
◙ adj.
1. fully grown or developed
• 成年的；发育成熟的:
 »preparing young people for adult life
  指导年轻人准备过成人生活
 »the adult population
  成年人口
 »adult monkeys
  长成的猴子
2. behaving in an intelligent and responsible way; typical of what is expected of an adult
• (智力、思想、行为)成熟的,成人的
【SYN】 grown-up :
 »When my parents split up, it was all very adult and open.
  我父母离异时,事情处理得很成熟、很开放。
3. [only before noun] intended for adults only, because it is about sex or contains violence
• 仅限成人的(因有色情或暴力内容):
 »an adult movie
  仅供成人观看的电影
--› see also adulthood
tol∙er∙ate / ˈtɔləreit; NAme ˈtɑ:l- /
◙ verb
1. to allow sb to do sth that you do not agree with or like
• 容许,允许(不同意或不喜欢的事物)
【SYN】 put up with :
▪ [VN]
 »Their relationship was tolerated but not encouraged.
  他们的关系得到了允许,但不宜鼓励。
 »This sort of behaviour will not be tolerated.
  这种行为是不能容许的。
▪ [V -ing]
 »She refused to tolerate being called a liar.
  她拒不接受被称为撒谎者。
▪ [also VN -ing]
2. [VN] to accept sb / sth that is annoying, unpleasant, etc. without complaining
• 忍受；容忍；包容
【SYN】 put up with :
 »There is a limit to what one person can tolerate.
  一个人的容忍是有限度的。
 »I don't know how you tolerate that noise!
  我不知道你怎么能忍受那样的噪音！
3. [VN] to be able to be affected by a drug, difficult conditions, etc. without being harmed
• (对药物)有耐受性；能经受(困难条件):
 »She tolerated the chemotherapy well.
  她对这次化疗的耐受力很强。
 »Few plants will tolerate sudden changes in temperature.
  很少植物经受得住气温的突然变化。
be∙hav∙iour (BrE) (NAmE be∙hav∙ior) / biˈheivjə(r) /
◙ noun
1. [U] the way that sb behaves, especially towards other people
• 行为；举止；态度:
 »good / bad behaviour
  良好/恶劣行为
 »social / sexual / criminal behaviour
  社会/性 / 犯罪行为
 »His behaviour towards her was becoming more and more aggressive.
  他对待她的态度越来越蛮横。
2. [U, C] the way a person, an animal, a plant, a chemical, etc. behaves or functions in a particular situation
• (人、动植物、化学药品等的)表现方式,活动方式:
 »the behaviour of dolphins / chromosomes
  海豚/染色体的习性
 »studying human and animal behaviour
  研究人类和动物的行为模式 (technical 术语)
 »to study learned behaviours
  研究习得行为
♦ be∙hav∙iour∙al (BrE) (NAmE be∙hav∙ior∙al / -jərəl / ) adj.:
 »children with behavioural difficulties
  有行为问题的儿童
 »behavioural science (= the study of human behaviour)
  行为科学
【IDIOMS】
◘ be on your best be'haviour
• to behave in the most polite way you can
• 尽量表现得体
teen∙ager / ˈti:neidʒə(r) / (also informal teen especially in NAmE)
◙ noun
• a person who is between 13 and 19 years old
• (13 至 19 岁之间的)青少年,青少年男女:
 »a magazine aimed at teenagers
  以青少年为对象的杂志
fault / fɔ:lt /
◙ noun
›› RESPONSIBILITY 责任
1. [U] ~ (that...) | ~ (for doing sth) the responsibility for sth wrong that has happened or been done
• 责任；过错；过失:
 »It was his fault that we were late.
  我们迟到责任在他。
 »Why should I say sorry when it's not my fault ?
  不是我的错为什么要我道歉？
 »It's nobody's fault.
  谁都没有错。
 »It's your own fault for being careless.
  你粗心大意是你自己的过失。
 »Many people live in poverty through no fault of their own.
  很多人生活贫困并非他们自己有什么过错。
 »I think the owners are at fault (= responsible) for not warning us.
  我认为业主没有提醒我们是有责任的。
›› IN SB'S CHARACTER 人品
2. [C] a bad or weak aspect of sb's character
• 弱点；缺点
【SYN】 shortcoming :
 »He's proud of his children and blind to their faults.
  他为孩子们感到自豪,对他们的缺点视而不见。
 »I love her for all her faults (= in spite of them).
  尽管她有这么多缺点,我还是爱她。
›› STH WRONG 错事
3. [C] something that is wrong or not perfect with sth; something that is wrong with a machine or system that stops it from working correctly
• 缺陷；毛病；故障
【SYN】 defect :
 »The book's virtues far outweigh its faults.
  这本书优点远远大于缺失。
 »The system, for all its faults, is the best available at the moment.
  这个系统虽然缺点不少,却是现有最好的一个。
 »a major fault in the design
  设计中的一个重大失误
 »a structural fault
  结构缺陷
 »an electrical fault
  电路故障
›› IN TENNIS 网球
4. [C] a mistake made when serving
• 发球失误:
 »He has served a number of double faults in this set.
  他在这盘发球出现了一些双误。
›› GEOLOGY 地质
5. [C] a place where there is a break that is longer than usual in the layers of rock in the earth's crust
• (地壳岩层的)断层:
 »the San Andreas fault
  圣安德烈亚斯断层
 »a fault line
  断层线
【IDIOMS】
◘ to a 'fault
• used to say that sb has a lot, or even too much, of a particular good quality
• (良好品质)过分,过度:
 »She is generous to a fault.
  她过分慷慨。
--› more at find v.
◙ verb [VN]
• (often used in negative sentences with can and could 常与 can 和 could 连用于否定句) to find a mistake or a weakness in sb / sth
• 发现错误；找出缺点
【SYN】 criticize :
 »Her colleagues could not fault her dedication to the job.
  她的同事认为她的敬业精神是无可挑剔的。
 »He had always been polite—she couldn't fault him on that.
  他总是彬彬有礼——她在这方面对他无可指摘。
scene / si:n /
◙ noun
›› PLACE 地点
1. [C, usually sing.] ~ (of sth) the place where sth happens, especially sth unpleasant
• (尤指不愉快事件发生的)地点,现场:
 »the scene of the accident / attack / crime
  事故/袭击/犯罪的现场
 »Firefighters were on the scene immediately.
  消防队立刻赶到现场。
--› note at place
›› EVENT 事件
2. [C] ~ (of sth) an event or a situation that you see, especially one of a particular type
• 事件；场面；情景:
 »The team's victory produced scenes of joy all over the country.
  球队的胜利使举国上下出现一派欢乐的场面。
 »She witnessed some very distressing scenes.
  她目睹过一些令人非常痛苦的场面。
›› IN MOVIE / PLAY, ETC. 电影、戏剧等
3. [C] a part of a film / movie, play or book in which the action happens in one place or is of one particular type
• 场面；片段；镜头:
 »The movie opens with a scene in a New York apartment.
  电影开头的一场戏发生在纽约一套公寓里。
 »love / sex scenes
  爱情戏；牀上戏
 »I got very nervous before my big scene (= the one where I have a very important part).
  在演那场重头戏之前,我非常紧张。
4. [C] one of the small sections that a play or an opera is divided into
• (戏剧或歌剧的)场:
 »Act I, Scene 2 of 'Macbeth'
  《麦克佩斯》第 1 幕第 2 场
›› AREA OF ACTIVITY 活动领域
5. the scene, the ... scene [sing.] (informal) a particular area of activity or way of life and the people who are part of it
• 活动领域；界；坛；圈子:
 »After years at the top, she just vanished from the scene.
  她在圈内雄踞首位许多年,突然销声匿迹了。
 »the club / dance / music, etc. scene
  俱乐部圈子、舞坛、音乐界等
 »A newcomer has appeared on the fashion scene.
  时装界出现了一位新人。
›› VIEW 景象
6. [C] a view that you see
• 景象；景色；风光:
 »a delightful rural scene
  赏心悦目的乡村风光
 »They went abroad for a change of scene (= to see and experience new surroundings).
  他们出国换换环境。
--› note at view
›› PAINTING / PHOTOGRAPH 绘画；摄影
7. [C] a painting, drawing, or photograph of a place and the things that are happening there
• 表现…景色的绘画(或摄影)作品；以…风情为题材的绘画(或摄影)作品:
 »an exhibition of Parisian street scenes
  巴黎街景绘画作品展
›› ARGUMENT 争吵
8. [C, usually sing.] a loud, angry argument, especially one that happens in public and is embarrassing
• (尤指当众、有失体面的)争吵,吵闹:
 »She had made a scene in the middle of the party.
  她在聚会中间大闹了一场。
 »'Please leave,' he said. 'I don't want a scene.'
  "请你走吧,"他说,"我不希望发生争吵。"
【IDIOMS】
◘ behind the 'scenes
1. in the part of a theatre, etc. that the public does not usually see
• 在后台；在幕后:
 »The students were able to go behind the scenes to see how programmes are made.
  学生可以跑到后台,去看看节目是怎么制作出来的。
2. in a way that people in general are not aware of
• 秘密地；背地里；在幕后:
 »A lot of negotiating has been going on behind the scenes.
  广泛的谈判一直在秘密进行。
 »behind-the-scenes work
  幕后工作
◘ not sb's 'scene
•(informal) not the type of thing that sb likes or enjoys doing
• 不对某人的路子；不合某人的胃口
◘ set the 'scene (for sth)
1. to create a situation in which sth can easily happen or develop
• 为…做好准备(或铺平道路):
 »His arrival set the scene for another argument.
  他这一来,又会引起一场争论。
2. to give sb the information and details they need in order to understand what comes next
• (向…)介绍背景,事先介绍情况:
 »The first part of the programme was just setting the scene.
  节目的第一部份不过是介绍背景而已。
upset
◙ verb / ʌpˈset / (up∙set∙ting, upset, upset)
1. to make sb / yourself feel unhappy, anxious or annoyed
• 使烦恼；使心烦意乱；使生气
【SYN】 distress :
▪ [VN]
 »This decision is likely to upset a lot of people.
  这项决定很可能会使许多人悻然不快。
 »Don't upset yourself about it—let's just forget it ever happened.
  你别为这事烦恼了——咱们就只当它没发生过。
▪ [VN that]
 »It upset him that nobody had bothered to tell him about it.
  让他不高兴的是,谁也没把这件事告诉他。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »It upsets me to think of her all alone in that big house.
  想到她孤身一人守着那所大房子,我就感到不舒服。
2. [VN] to make a plan, situation, etc. go wrong
• 打乱；搅乱:
 »He arrived an hour late and upset all our arrangements.
  他迟到了一个小时,把我们的一切安排都打乱了。
3. [VN] ~ sb's stomach to make sb feel sick after they have eaten or drunk sth
• 使(肠胃)不适
4. [VN] to make sth fall over by hitting it by accident
• 打翻；碰倒；使倾覆:
 »She stood up suddenly, upsetting a glass of wine.
  她蓦然起身,碰倒了一杯酒。
【IDIOMS】
◘ upset the 'apple cart
• to cause problems for sb or spoil their plans, arrangements, etc.
• 制造麻烦；打乱计划(或安排等)
◙ adj. / ˌʌpˈset /
1. ənot before noun] ~ (about sth) | ~ (that...) unhappy or disappointed because of sth unpleasant that has happened
• 难过；不高兴；失望；沮丧:
 »There's no point getting upset about it.
  犯不着为此事难过。
2. an ˌupset 'stomach an illness in the stomach that makes you feel sick or have diarrhoea
• 肠胃不适；腹泻
◙ noun / ˈʌpset /
1. əu] a situation in which there are problems or difficulties, especially when these are unexpected
• (意外的)混乱,困扰,麻烦:
 »The company has survived the recent upset in share prices.
  这家公司撑过了最近股价的动荡。
 »His health has not been improved by all the upset at home.
  家中的纷乱使他的健康毫无起色。
2. [C] (in a competition 竞赛) a situation in which a person or team beats the person or team that was expected to win
• 意外的结果；爆冷门
3. [C] an illness in the stomach that makes you feel sick or have diarrhoea
• 肠胃病；腹泻:
 »a stomach upset
  拉肚子
4. [U, C] feelings of unhappiness and disappointment caused by sth unpleasant that has happened
• 不痛快；烦闷；失望；苦恼:
 »It had been the cause of much emotional upset.
  那便是使人情绪一落千丈的原因。
de∙fend / diˈfend /
◙ verb
›› PROTECT AGAINST ATTACK 防御
1. ~ (sb / yourself / sth) (from / against sb / sth) to protect sb / sth from attack
• 防御；保护；保衞:
▪ [VN]
 »All our officers are trained to defend themselves against knife attacks.
  我们所有的警察都接受过自衞训练,能够对付持刀袭击。
 »Troops have been sent to defend the borders.
  已派出部队去守衞边疆。
▪ [V]
 »It is impossible to defend against an all-out attack.
  防御全面进攻是不可能的。
›› SUPPORT 支持
2. [VN] ~ sb / yourself / sth (from / against sb / sth) to say or write sth in support of sb / sth that has been criticized
• 辩解；辩白:
 »Politicians are skilled at defending themselves against their critics.
  从政者都善于为自己辩解,反驳别人的批评。
 »How can you defend such behaviour?
  你怎能为这种行为辩解呢？
›› IN SPORT 体育运动
3. [V , VN] (in sports 体育运动) to protect your own goal to stop your opponents from scoring
• 防守
【OPP】 attack
›› IN COMPETITIONS 竞赛
4. [VN] to take part in a competition that you won the last time and try to win it again
• 参加衞冕赛:
 »He is defending champion.
  他在参加衞冕赛。
 »She will be defending her title at next month's championships.
  她将在下月的锦标赛上争取蝉联冠军。 (politics 政)
 »He intends to defend his seat in the next election.
  他想在下届选举中寻求连任。
›› LAW 法律
5. to act as a lawyer for sb who has been charged with a crime
• 进行辩护；当辩护律师:
▪ [VN]
 »He has employed six of the UK's top lawyers to defend him.
  他请了英国一位顶尖律师为他辩护。
▪ [also V]
--› compare prosecute (2)
emer∙gency / iˈmə:dʒənsi; NAmE iˈmə:rdʒ- /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
• [C, U] a sudden serious and dangerous event or situation which needs immediate action to deal with it
• 突发事件；紧急情况:
 »The government has declared a state of emergency following the earthquake.
  地震发生后政府已宣布进入紧急状态。
 »This door should only be used in an emergency.
  这道门只能在紧急情况下使用。
 »the emergency exit (= to be used in an emergency)
  紧急出口
 »The government had to take emergency action.
  政府只得采取紧急措施。
 »The pilot made an emergency landing in a field.
  飞行员在一片农田里紧急着陆。
 »I always have some extra cash with me for emergencies.
  我总是随身多带点现金以备急需。
 »The government has been granted emergency powers (= to deal with an emergency).
  政府已被授予应急权力。
any∙how / ˈenihau /
◙ adv.
1. = anyway
2. in a careless way; not arranged in an order
• 随便地；杂乱无章地:
 »She piled the papers in a heap on her desk, just anyhow.
  她把文件在桌上随便搁成一堆。
de∙serve / diˈzə:v; NAmE diˈzə:rv /
◙ verb
• (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) if sb / sth deserves sth, it is right that they should have it, because of the way they have behaved or because of what they are
• 值得；应得；应受
▪ [VN]
 »You deserve a rest after all that hard work.
  辛苦劳累那么久,你该休息一下了。
 »The report deserves careful consideration.
  这报告应该给予认真考虑。
 »One player in particular deserves a mention.
  有一名运动员特别值得表扬。
 »What have I done to deserve this?
  我做了什么事应该得到这种待遇呢？
▪ [V to inf]
 »They didn't deserve to win.
  他们不该赢。
 »He deserves to be locked up for ever for what he did.
  他做了这样的事,应该终身监禁。
▪ [also V -ing]
【IDIOMS】
◘ sb deˌserves a 'medal
• (informal) used to say that you admire sb because they have done sth difficult or unpleasant
• (用以夸奖某人完成了艰巨任务)应给某人授勳
◘ ˌget what you de'serve | ◘ deˌserve all / everything you 'get
• (informal) used to say that you think sb has earned the bad things that happen to them
• 罪有应得
--› more at turn n.
ex∙plan∙ation / ˌekspləˈneiʃn /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] ~ (for sth / for doing sth) a statement, fact, or situation that tells you why sth happened; a reason given for sth
• 解释；说明；阐述:
 »The most likely explanation is that his plane was delayed.
  最可能的解释是他的飞机晚点了。
 »to offer / provide an explanation
  给予解释
 »I can't think of any possible explanation for his absence.
  我想不出他缺席的任何理由。
 »She left the room abruptly without explanation.
  她未作解释就突然离开了房间。
 »'I had to see you,' he said, by way of explanation.
  "我当时必须来找你。"他解释道。
 »She didn't give an adequate explanation for being late.
  她没有给出充分的理由说明迟到的原因。
 »The book opens with an explanation of why some drugs are banned.
  本书在开篇阐述了禁用某些药物的原因。
 »an explanation as to why he had left early
  关于他提早离开的原因说明
2. [C] a statement or piece of writing that tells you how sth works or makes sth easier to understand
• 解释性说法；说明性文字:
 »For a full explanation of how the machine works, turn to page 5.
  关于机器工作原理的详细说明,请翻阅第 5 页。
clin∙ic / ˈklinik /
◙ noun
1. a building or part of a hospital where people can go for special medical treatment or advice
• 诊所；(医院的)门诊部:
 »the local family planning clinic
  当地的计划生育诊所
2. (especially BrE) a period of time during which doctors give special medical treatment or advice
• 门诊时间；会诊时间:
 »The antenatal clinic is on Wednesdays.
  产前检查时间为星期三。
3. (especially BrE) a private hospital or one that treats health problems of a particular kind
• 私人诊所；专科医院:
 »He is being treated at the London clinic.
  他正在伦敦一家私人诊所接受治疗。
 »a rehabilitation clinic for alcoholics
  戒酒康复专科诊所
4. (NAmE) a building where visiting patients can get medical treatment; a building shared by a group of doctors who work together
• 门诊治疗部；医疗中心
5. an occasion in a hospital when medical students learn by watching a specialist examine and treat patients
• 临牀实习；临牀教学
6. an occasion at which a professional person, especially a sportsman or sportswoman gives advice and training
• (尤指运动员举办的)讲习班,培训班,研习班:
 »a coaching clinic for young tennis players
  为年轻网球运动员举办的研习班
hard / hɑ:d; NAme hɑ:rd /
◙ adj. (hard∙er, hard∙est)
›› SOLID / STIFF 坚固；坚硬
1. solid, firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break
• 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的:
 »Wait for the concrete to go hard.
  等待混凝土凝结。
 »a hard mattress
  硬牀垫
 »Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.
  钻石是已知的最坚硬的矿石。
【OPP】 soft
›› DIFFICULT 不易
2. ~ (for sb) (to do sth) difficult to do, understand or answer
• 难做的；难懂的；难以回答的:
 »a hard choice / question
  为难的选择；难以回答的问题
 »It is hard to believe that she's only nine.
  很难相信她只有九岁。
 »It's hard to see how they can lose.
  很难理解他们怎么会输。
 »'When will the job be finished?' 'It's hard to say (= it is difficult to be certain).'
  "什么时候能完成这项工作？" "难说。"
 »I find his attitude very hard to take (= difficult to accept).
  他的态度让我难以接受。
 »It's hard for old people to change their ways.
  老年人难以改变他们的习惯。
 »It must be hard for her, bringing up four children on her own.
  她一个人抚养四个孩子一定很艰难。
 »We're finding reliable staff hard to come by (= difficult to get).
  我们觉得难以找到可靠的职员。
【OPP】 easy
3. full of difficulty and problems, especially because of a lack of money
• 困苦的；艰苦的；艰难的
【SYN】 tough :
 »Times were hard at the end of the war.
  战争后期生活很艰苦。
 »She's had a hard life.
  她一生艰苦。
【OPP】 easy
›› NEEDING / USING EFFORT 费力；用力
4. needing or using a lot of physical strength or mental effort
• 耗费体力(或脑力)的；辛苦的:
 »It's hard work shovelling snow.
  铲雪是个苦活儿。
 »I've had a long hard day.
  我这一天是又长又累。
--› note at difficult
5. (of people 人) putting a lot of effort or energy into an activity
• 努力的；勤劳的:
 »She's a very hard worker.
  她工作很卖力。
 »He's hard at work on a new novel.
  他正努力忙着写一本新小说。
 »When I left they were all still hard at it (= working hard).
  我离开的时候他们都还在努力工作。
--› note at difficult
6. done with a lot of strength or force
• 用力的；猛烈的:
 »He gave the door a good hard kick.
  他狠狠踢了一下门。
 »a hard punch
  砰的一拳
›› WITHOUT SYMPATHY 缺乏同情心
7. showing no sympathy or affection
• 冷酷无情的；硬心肠的；苛刻的:
 »My father was a hard man.
  我父亲是个不讲情面的人。
 »She gave me a hard stare.
  她狠狠地看了我一眼。
 »He said some very hard things to me.
  他对我说了些很不近人情的话。
›› NOT AFRAID 不畏惧
8. (informal) (of people 人) ready to fight and showing no signs of fear or weakness
• 准备战斗的；不软弱退缩的:
 »Come and get me if you think you're hard enough.
  你要是觉得自己有种,就冲着我来吧。
 »You think you're really hard, don't you?
  你是不是以为自己真的很勇猛？
›› FACTS / EVIDENCE 事实；证据
9. [only before noun] definitely true and based on information that can be proved
• 确凿的；可证实的；可靠的:
 »Is there any hard evidence either way?
  不管正反,有什么确凿证据吗？
 »The newspaper story is based on hard facts.
  报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。
›› WEATHER 天气
10. very cold and severe
• 寒冷的；凛冽的:
 »It had been a hard winter.
  那年的冬天特别的冷。
 »There was a hard frost that night.
  那天晚上寒冷多霜。
--› compare mild (2)
›› DRINK 饮料
11. [only before noun] strongly alcoholic
• 酒精浓度高的；烈性的:
 »hard liquor
  烈酒
 »(informal) a drop of the hard stuff (= a strong alcoholic drink)
  少许烈酒
--› compare soft drink
›› WATER 水
12. containing calcium and other mineral salts that make mixing with soap difficult
• 硬的(含钙及镁盐较多):
 »a hard water area
  硬水区
 »Our water is very hard.
  我们的水很硬。
【OPP】 soft
›› CONSONANTS 辅音
13. (phonetics 语音) used to describe a letter c or g when pronounced as in 'cat' or 'go', rather than as in 'city' or 'giant'
• 硬音的(如字母 c 或 g 在 cat 或 go 等词中的发音)
【OPP】 soft
♦ hard∙ness noun [U] :
 »water hardness
  水的硬度
 »hardness of heart
  硬心肠
【IDIOMS】
◘ be 'hard on sb / sth
1. to treat or criticize sb in a very severe or strict way
• 严厉对待,严格批评(某人/某事):
 »Don't be too hard on him—he's very young.
  别对他太苛刻了——他还很小呢。
2. to be difficult for or unfair to sb / sth
• 使…为难；对…不公平:
 »It's hard on people who don't have a car.
  对于没有车的人来说,这不公平。
3. to be likely to hurt or damage sth
• 可能损伤,可能损坏(某物):
 »Looking at a computer screen all day can be very hard on the eyes.
  成天盯着计算机屏幕可能会对眼睛造成严重损害。
◘ drive / strike a hard 'bargain
• to argue in an aggressive way and force sb to agree on the best possible price or arrangement
• 狠狠地杀价
◘ give sb a hard 'time
• to deliberately make a situation difficult and unpleasant for sb
• 给某人找茬儿；使某人不好过:
 »They really gave me a hard time at the interview.
  面试时他们确实是在难为我。
◘ ˌhard and 'fast
(especially after a negative 尤用于否定词后)
• that cannot be changed in any circumstances
• 板上钉钉；不容更改:
 »There are no hard and fast rules about this.
  这事没有什么硬性的规定。
◘ (as) ˌhard as 'nails
• showing no sympathy, kindness or fear
• 冷酷无情；铁石心肠；毫无惧色
◘ ˌhard 'cheese
• (BrE, informal) used as a way of saying that you are sorry about sth, usually ironically (= you really mean the opposite)
• (常作反话)太不幸了,真够倒霉
◘ ˌhard 'going
• difficult to understand or needing a lot of effort
• 难懂；费力:
 »I'm finding his latest novel very hard going.
  我觉得他最近的这部小说很晦涩。
◘ ˌhard 'luck / 'lines
• (BrE) used to tell sb that you feel sorry for them
• (表示惋惜)真遗憾,太不幸了:
 »'Failed again, I'm afraid.' 'Oh, hard luck.'
  "恐怕我又失败了。" "哦,太不幸了。"
◘ the 'hard way
• by having an unpleasant experience or by making mistakes
• 通过痛苦的经历；通过出错:
 »She won't listen to my advice so she'll just have to learn the hard way.
  她不肯听我的忠告,所以只好吃了苦头才知道厉害。
◘ make hard 'work of sth
• to use more time or energy on a task than is necessary
• 在某事上耗费过多时间(或精力)；费冤枉力
◘ no hard 'feelings
• used to tell sb you have been arguing with or have beaten in a contest that you would still like to be friendly with them
• (向争论或打败的对方表示继续友好)别往心里去,别记恨:
 »It looks like I'm the winner again. No hard feelings, Dave, eh?
  看来我又赢了。你不会不高兴吧,戴夫？
◘ play hard to 'get
•(informal) to make yourself seem more attractive or interesting by not immediately accepting an invitation to do sth
• 故作姿态；故意摆谱；佯装拿架子
◘ too much like hard 'work
• needing too much effort
• 太费力:
 »I can't be bothered making a hot meal—it's too much like hard work.
  我懒得做热饭热菜——太麻烦了。
--› more at act n., job , nut n., rock n.
◙ adv. (hard∙er, hard∙est)
›› WITH EFFORT 努力
1. with great effort; with difficulty
• 努力地；费力地；艰难地:
 »to work hard
  努力工作
 »You must try harder.
  你得更加努力。
 »She tried her hardest not to show how disappointed she was.
  她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。
 »Don't hit it so hard!
  别这么用力打！
 »He was still breathing hard after his run.
  他跑完步,现在还气喘吁吁的。
 »Our victory was hard won (= won with great difficulty).
  我们的胜利来之不易。
›› WITH FORCE 猛力
2. with great force
• 猛力地；猛烈地: (figurative)
 »Small businesses have been hit hard / hard hit by the recession.
  小企业受到了经济衰退的沉重打击。
›› CAREFULLY 仔细
3. very carefully and thoroughly
• 彻底认真地:
 »to think hard
  认真思考
 »We thought long and hard before deciding to move house.
  我们经过长久慎重的考虑之后才决定搬家。
›› A LOT 大量
4. heavily; a lot or for a long time
• 沉重地；大量地；长时间地:
 »It was raining hard when we set off.
  我们出发时正下着大雨。
›› LEFT / RIGHT 左；右
5. at a sharp angle to the left / right
• 向左/右急转弯:
 »Turn hard right at the next junction.
  在下个路口处向右急转弯。
◘ be / feel hard 'done by
•(informal) to be or feel unfairly treated
• 受到不公平待遇；感到委屈:
 »She has every right to feel hard done by—her parents have given her nothing.
  她完全有权觉得委屈——她父母什么都没给她。
◘ be ˌhard 'pressed / 'pushed to do sth | ◘ be hard 'put (to it) to do sth
• to find it very difficult to do sth
• 很难做某事:
 »He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.
  他很难对她的消失作出解释。
◘ be hard 'up for sth
• to have too few or too little of sth
• 某物匮乏:
 »We're hard up for ideas.
  我们再想不出主意了。
--› see also hard up
◘ 'hard on sth
• very soon after
• 紧接着:
 »His death followed hard on hers.
  她死后不久,他也死了。
◘ take sth 'hard
• to be very upset by sth
• 为某事很苦恼(或难受):
 »He took his wife's death very hard.
  他对妻子的死感到很难过。
--› more at die v., heel n.
rude / ru:d /
◙ adj. (ruder, rud∙est)
1. ~ (to sb) (about sb / sth) | ~ (to do sth) having or showing a lack of respect for other people and their feelings
• 粗鲁的；无礼的；粗野的
【SYN】 impolite :
 »a rude comment
  粗鲁的批评
 »The man was downright rude to us.
  这个家伙对我们无礼至极。
 »She was very rude about my driving.
  她对我的开车方法横加指责。
 »Why are you so rude to your mother?
  你为什么对你的母亲这么没礼貌？
 »It's rude to speak when you're eating.
  吃东西的时候说话不礼貌。
2. (especially BrE) (NAmE usually crude) connected with sex or the body in a way that people find offensive or embarrassing
• 猥亵的；下流的:
 »a rude gesture
  下流的手势
 »Someone made a rude noise.
  有人发出了淫猥的噪音。
 »The joke is too rude to repeat.
  这个笑话太下流,不能重复了。
3. [only before noun] (formal) sudden, unpleasant and unexpected
• 突然的；突如其来的；猛烈的:
 »Those expecting good news will get a rude shock.
  那些等着听好消息的人会大吃一惊的。
 »If the players think they can win this match easily, they are in for a rude awakening.
  如果选手们认为他们可以轻而易举地赢得这场比赛,他们会遭到当头棒喝。
4. (literary) made in a simple, basic way
• 简单的；粗糙的；原始的
【SYN】 primitive :
 »rude shacks
  简陋的小屋
♦ rude∙ness noun [U] :
 »She was critical to the point of rudeness.
  她挑剔得近乎无礼。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in rude 'health
•(old-fashioned, BrE) looking or feeling very healthy
• 非常健康；十分健壮
sigh / sai /
◙ verb
1. [V] ~ (with sth) to take and then let out a long deep breath that can be heard, to show that you are disappointed, sad, tired, etc.
• 叹气；叹息:
 »He sighed deeply at the thought.
  想到这里,他深深叹了口气。
 »She sighed with relief that it was all over.
  事情总算全都过去了,她轻松地舒了一口气。
2. [V speech] to say sth with a sigh
• 叹着气说；叹息道:
 »'Oh well, better luck next time,' she sighed.
  "唉,就这样了,但愿下一次运气好些。"她叹息道。
3. [V] (literary) (especially of the wind 尤指风) to make a long sound like a sigh
• 悲鸣
◙ noun
• an act or the sound of sighing
• 叹气；叹息:
 »to give / heave / let out a sigh
  发出叹息
 »a deep sigh
  深深的叹息
 »'I'll wait,' he said with a sigh.
  "我就等呗。"他叹口气说。
 »We all breathed a sigh of relief when it was over.
  事情过去后,我们大家都松了一口气。
bi∙cycle / ˈbaisikl /
◙ noun
• (also informal bike) a road vehicle with two wheels that you ride by pushing the pedals with your feet
• 自行车；脚踏车:
 »He got on his bicycle and rode off.
  他骑上自行车走了。
 »We went for a bicycle ride on Sunday.
  我们星期天骑自行车兜风了。
◙ verb [V , usually +adv. / prep.]
• (old-fashioned) to go somewhere on a bicycle
• 骑自行车
--› compare bike , cycle
ˌhard-'working
◙ adj.
• putting a lot of effort into a job and doing it well
• 工作努力的；辛勤的:
 »hard-working nurses
  辛勤的护士
han∙dle / ˈhændl /
◙ verb
›› DEAL WITH 处理
1. [VN] to deal with a situation, a person, an area of work or a strong emotion
• 处理,应付(局势、人、工作或感情):
 »A new man was appointed to handle the crisis.
  新指派了一个人来处理这场危机。
 »She's very good at handling her patients.
  她对待病人很有办法。
 »The sale was handled by Adams Commercial.
  亚当斯公司经营这笔买卖。
 »We can handle up to 500 calls an hour at our new offices.
  我们的新办公室每小时可处理 500 通电话。
 »We all have to learn to handle stress.
  我们都得学会调节压力。
 »This matter has been handled very badly.
  这件事处理得很糟糕。
 »(informal) You have to know how to handle yourself in this business (= know the right way to behave).
  你必须知道在这件事上如何把握自己。
 »(informal) 'Any problems?' 'Nothing I can't handle.'
  "有问题吗？" "没有什么我不能对付的。"
 »(informal) I've got to go. I can't handle it any more (= deal with a difficult situation).
  我得走了。我已无计可施。
›› TOUCH WITH HANDS 用手触摸
2. [VN] to touch, hold or move sth with your hands
• (用手)触,拿,搬动:
 »Our cat hates being handled.
  我们的猫不喜欢被人摸弄。
 »The label on the box said: 'Fragile. Handle with care.'
  箱子上的标签写着:"易碎。小心搬运。"
›› CONTROL 控制
3. [VN] to control a vehicle, an animal, a tool, etc.
• 控制,操纵(车辆、动物、工具等):
 »I wasn't sure if I could handle such a powerful car.
  我没有把握是否能驾驶功率这样大的车。
 »She's a difficult horse to handle.
  她是匹桀骜不驯的马。
4. [V] ~ well / badly to be easy / difficult to drive or control
• (容易/难以)驾驶,操纵:
 »The car handles well in any weather.
  这辆车在任何天气下开起来都很灵便。
›› BUY / SELL 买卖
5. [VN] to buy or sell sth
• 买；卖
【SYN】 deal in :
 »They were arrested for handling stolen goods.
  他们因收受赃物而遭逮捕。
◙ noun
›› OF DOOR / DRAWER / WINDOW 门窗；抽屉
1. the part of a door, drawer, window, etc. that you use to open it
• 把手；拉手:
 »She turned the handle and opened the door.
  她转动把手,打开了门。
›› OF CUP / BAG / TOOL 杯子；包；工具
2. the part of an object, such as a cup, a bag, or a tool that you use to hold it, or carry it
• 柄；把；提梁；把手:
 »the handle of a knife
  刀柄
 »a broom handle
  扫帚把
--› see also love handles
›› -HANDLED 有…柄
3. (in adjectives 构成形容词) having the number or type of handle mentioned
• 有…个柄的；有…柄的:
 »a long-handled spoon
  一把长柄匙
【IDIOMS】
◘ get / have a 'handle on sb / sth
•(informal) to understand or know about sb / sth, especially so that you can deal with it or them later
• 弄懂；理解；搞明白:
 »I can't get a handle on these sales figures.
  我搞不懂这些销售数字。
◘ give sb a 'handle (on sth)
•(informal) to give sb enough facts or knowledge for them to be able to deal with sth
• (使)弄懂,理解,明白
--› more at fly v.
error / ˈerə(r) /
◙ noun [C, U]
• ~ in sth / in doing sth a mistake, especially six that causes problems or affects the result of sth
• 错误；差错；谬误:
 »No payments were made last week because of a computer error.
  由于计算机出错,上周未付任何款项。
 »There are too many errors in your work.
  你的工作失误太多。
 »I think you have made an error in calculating the total.
  我想你在计算总数时出了差错。
 »A simple error of judgement meant that there was not enough food to go around.
  一个简单的判断错误就意味着食物不够每人一份。
 »a grave error (= a very serious mistake)
  严重错误
 »a glaring error (= a mistake that is very obvious)
  明显的错误
 »The delay was due to human error (= a mistake made by a person rather than by a machine).
  延误是人为错误造成的。
 »The computer system was switched off in error (= by mistake).
  计算机系统被不慎关闭。
 »There is no room for error in this job.
  这项工作决不允许出差错。
--› see also margin of error
--› note at mistake
【IDIOMS】
◘ see, realize, etc. the ˌerror of your 'ways
•(formal or humorous) to realize or admit that you have done sth wrong and decide to change your behaviour
• 知过即改；承认自己的做法不对并决心改正
--› more at trial n.
guid∙ance / ˈɡaidns /
◙ noun [U]
1. ~ (on sth) help or advice that is given to sb, especially by sb older or with more experience
• 指导；引导；咨询:
 »guidance for teachers on how to use video in the classroom
  对教师提供的课堂录像教学指导
 »Activities all take place under the guidance of an experienced tutor.
  所有活动都在经验丰富的导师指导下进行。
 »(NAmE) a guidance counselor (= sb who advises students)
  (学生)咨询顾问
--› see also marriage guidance
2. the process of controlling the direction of a rocket , etc., using electronic equipment
• (火箭等的)制导,导航:
 »a missile guidance system
  导弹制导系统
in∙sist / inˈsist /
◙ verb ~ (on sth)
1. to demand that sth happens or that sb agrees to do sth
• 坚决要求；坚持:
▪ [V]
 »I didn't really want to go but he insisted.
  我并不真的想去,但他硬要我去。
 »'Please come with us.' 'Very well then, if you insist.'
  "请和我们一起来吧。" "那也好,你一定要我来,我就来。"
 »(formal) She insisted on his / him wearing a suit.
  她坚持要他穿西装。
▪ [V that]
 »He insists that she come.
  他执意要她来。 (BrE also)
 »He insists that she should come.
  他执意要她来。
--› note at demand
2. to say firmly that sth is true, especially when other people do not believe you
• 坚持说；固执己见:
▪ [V]
 »He insisted on his innocence.
  他坚持说他是无辜的。
▪ [V (that)]
 »He insisted (that) he was innocent.
  他坚持说他是无辜的。
▪ [also V speech]
【PHR V】
◘ in'sist on / upon sth
• to demand sth and refuse to be persuaded to accept anything else
• 坚决要求:
 »We insisted on a refund of the full amount.
  我们坚决要求全额退款。
▪ [+ -ing ]
 »They insisted upon being given every detail of the case.
  他们坚持要求说明事情的整个来龙去脉。
◘ in'sist on doing sth
• to continue doing sth even though other people think it is annoying
• 执意继续做:
 »They insist on playing their music late at night.
  他们执意地演奏他们的音乐直到深夜。
DVD / ˌdi: vi: ˈdi: /
◙ noun
• a disk on which large amounts of information, especially photographs and video, can be stored, for use on a computer or DVD-player (an abbreviation for 'digital videodisc' or 'digital versatile disc')
• 数字视盘,数字多功能光盘,高密度视盘(全写为 digital videodisc 或 digital versatile disc):
 »a DVD-ROM drive
  数字只读光盘存贮驱动器
 »Is it available on DVD yet?
  这个现在有 DVD 版了吗？
cafe (also café) / ˈkæfei; NAmE kæˈfei /
◙ noun
1. a place where you can buy drinks and simple meals. Alcohol is not usually served in British or American cafes.
• 咖啡馆,小餐馆(供应饮料和便餐,在英美国家通常不供应酒类)
--› compare restaurant
2. (SAfrE) a small shop / store that sells sweets, newspapers, food, etc. and usually stays open later than other shops / stores
• 便利商店(出售糖果、报纸、食物等,通常比其他商店晚一些关门)
chat / tʃæt /
◙ verb (-tt-) [V]
1. ~ (away) (to / with sb) | ~ (about sth / sb) to talk in a friendly informal way to sb
• 闲聊；闲谈；聊天:
 »My kids spend hours chatting on the phone to their friends.
  我的几个孩子在电话上和朋友聊天一聊就是几个小时。
 »Within minutes of being introduced they were chatting away like old friends.
  他们经人介绍认识才几分钟,便一见如故地聊个没完。
 »What were you chatting about?
  你们聊了些什么？
2. to exchange messages with other people on the Internet, especially in a chat room
• (尤指在网上聊天室的)闲聊,聊天,交谈:
 »He's been on the computer all morning, chatting with his friends.
  他整个上午都在上网和朋友聊天。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌchat sb∽'up (BrE, informal)
• to talk in a friendly way to sb you are sexually attracted to
• (受异性吸引而)亲昵地攀谈,与某人搭讪:
 »She went straight over and tried to chat him up.
  她迳直走了过去试图同他搭讪。
◙ noun
1. [C] (especially BrE) a friendly informal conversation
• 闲聊；闲谈；聊天:
 »I just called in for a chat.
  我只是来聊聊天。
 »I had a long chat with her.
  我和她闲聊了很久。
--› note at discussion
2. [U] talking, especially informal conversation
• (尤指非正式的)谈话,讲话:
 »That's enough chat from me—on with the music!
  我不再多讲了,继续欣赏音乐吧！
--› note at discussion
pres∙ent
◙ adj. / ˈpreznt /
1. əonly before noun] existing or happening now
• 现存的；当前的:
 »in the present situation
  在当前形势下
 »the present owner of the house
  现在的房主
 »a list of all club members, past and present
  过去和现在的全部会员名单
 »We do not have any more information at the present time.
  目前我们没有进一步的消息。
 »A few brief comments are sufficient for present purposes.
  就当前而言,几句简短的话已经足够了。
--› note at actual
--› see also present day
2. [not before noun] ~ (at sth) (of a person 人) being in a particular place
• 出现；在场；出席:
 »There were 200 people present at the meeting.
  有 200 人出席会议。
【OPP】 absent
3. [not before noun] ~ (in sth) (of a thing or a substance 事物或物质) existing in a particular place or thing
• 存在:
 »Levels of pollution present in the atmosphere are increasing.
  大气中的污染程度正在加深。
 »Analysis showed that traces of arsenic were present in the body.
  分析显示,尸体中有微量砒霜。
【OPP】 absent
【IDIOMS】
◘ all ˌpresent and cor'rect
• (BrE) (NAmE all present and ac'counted for) used to say that all the things or people who should be there are now there
• 全到无误；应在场的都在场了
◘ present company ex'cepted
• (informal) used after being rude or critical about sb to say that the people you are talking to are not included in the criticism
• 在座诸位除外；不关这里的各位
◙ noun / ˈpreznt /
1. a thing that you give to sb as a gift
• 礼物；礼品:
 »birthday / Christmas / wedding, etc. presents
  生日、圣诞节、结婚等礼物
 »What can I get him for a birthday present?
  我给他送点什么生日礼物呢？
2. (usually the present) [sing.] the time now
• 目前；现在:
 »You've got to forget the past and start living in the present.
  你必须忘掉过去,开始现在的生活。
 »I'm sorry he's out at present (= now).
  很抱歉他这会儿不在。
3. the present [sing.] (grammar 语法) = present tense
--› more at moment , time n.
◙ verb
/ priˈzent /
▪ əʒŋ]
›› Gɪʒə 给
1. ~ sb with sth | ~ sth (to sb) to give sth to sb, especially formally at a ceremony
• 把…交给；颁发；授予:
 »The local MP will start the race and present the prizes.
  当地议员将鸣枪开赛,并颁发奖品。
 »On his retirement, colleagues presented him with a set of golf clubs.
  在他退休之际,同事们赠给他一套高尔夫球杆。
 »The sword was presented by the family to the museum.
  这家人把宝剑捐赠给了博物馆。
›› STH TO BE CONSIDERED 考虑的事
2. ~ sth (for sth) | ~ sth (to sb) to show or offer sth for other people to look at or consider
• 提出；提交:
 »The committee will present its final report to Parliament in June.
  委员会将于六月向议会提交最后的报告。
 »Eight options were presented for consideration.
  已提出八项备选方案供审议。
 »Are you presenting a paper at the conference?
  你要在大会上宣读论文吗？
›› STH IN PARTICULAR WAY 方式
3. ~ sth | ~ sth / sb / yourself as sth to show or describe sth / sb in a particular way
• (以某种方式)展现,显示,表现:
 »The company has decided it must present a more modern image.
  公司已决定,必须展现出更加现代的形象。
 »It is essential that we present a united front (= show that we all agree).
  至关重要的是我们要表现得团结一致。
 »You need to present yourself better.
  你需要更善于展示自己。
 »He likes to present himself as a radical politician.
  他喜欢表现出一副激进政治家的样子。
 »The article presents these proposals as misguided.
  文章把这些提案评为误导的产物。
›› SB WITH PROBLEM 麻烦
4. ~ sb with sth | ~ sth to cause sth to happen or be experienced
• 使发生；使经历:
 »Your request shouldn't present us with any problems.
  你的请求应该不会给我们造成任何问题。
 »Use of these chemicals may present a fire risk.
  使用这些化学品可能有失火的危险。
›› ITSELF 本身
5. ~ itself (to sb) (of an opportunity, a solution, etc. 机会、答案等) to suddenly happen or become available
• 突然出现；显露；产生
【SYN】 arise :
 »One major problem did present itself, though.
  不过,确实出现了一个重大问题。
 »As soon as the opportunity presented itself, she would get another job.
  一有机会,她就会另谋新职 。
 »Thankfully, a solution presented itself to him surprisingly soon.
  谢天谢地,他意外地很快就找到了答案。
›› RADIO / TV PROGRAMME 广播/电视节目
6. (BrE) to appear in a radio or television programme and introduce the different items in it
• 主持播放；主持(节目):
 »She used to present a gardening programme on TV.
  她曾在电视上主持一个园艺节目。
›› PLAY / BROADCAST 戏剧；广播
7. to produce a show, play, broadcast, etc. for the public
• 上演；公演；推出:
 »Compass Theatre Company presents a new production of 'King Lear'.
  罗经剧团推出了全新制作的《李尔王》。
›› INTRODUCE SB 介绍
8. ~ sb (to sb) (formal) to introduce sb formally, especially to sb of higher rank or status
• 正式介绍；引见:
 »May I present my fiancé to you?
  请允许我向您介绍我的未婚夫。
›› YOURSELF 自己
9. ~ yourself at, for, in, etc. (formal) to officially appear somewhere
• 正式出席；莅临；出现:
 »You will be asked to present yourself for interview.
  将请你到场面试。
 »She was ordered to present herself in court on 20 May.
  她被传唤于 5 月 20 日出庭。
›› EXPRESS STH 表达
10. ~ sth (to sb) (formal) to offer or express sth in speech or writing
• (口头或书面)表达,表示:
 »Please allow me to present my apologies.
  请允许我致歉。
›› CHEQUE / BILL 支票；账单
11. to give sb a cheque or bill that they should pay
• 交付；提交:
 »A cheque presented by Mr Jackson was returned by the bank.
  银行退回了杰克逊先生提交的支票。
 »The builders presented a bill for several hundred pounds.
  承建商送来了一份数百英镑的账单。
◘ preˌsent 'arms
(of soldiers 士兵)
• to hold a rifle vertical in front of the body as a mark of respect
• 持枪敬礼
ar∙gu∙ment / ˈɑ:ɡjumənt; NAmE ˈɑ:rɡ- /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] ~ (with sb) (about / over sth) a conversation or discussion in which two or more people disagree, often angrily
• 争论；争吵；争辩；辩论:
 »We had an argument with the waiter about the bill.
  我们和服务员就账单发生了争吵。
 »She got into an argument with the teacher.
  她和老师争论了起来。
 »to win / lose an argument
  辩论赢了/输了
 »After some heated argument a decision was finally taken.
  激烈辩论以后终于作出了决定。
2. [C] ~ (for / against sth) | ~ (that...) a reason or set of reasons that sb uses to show that sth is true or correct
• 论据；理由；论点:
 »There are strong arguments for and against euthanasia.
  对安乐死支持和反对者都有强有力的论据。
 »His argument was that public spending must be reduced.
  他的论点是公共开支必须减缩。
 »Her main argument was a moral one.
  她的主要论据是道德上的。
3. [U] ~ (about sth) the act of disagreeing in a conversation or discussion using a reason or set of reasons
• 辩论:
 »Let's assume for the sake of argument (= in order to discuss the problem) that we can't start till March.
  为方便讨论起见,先假定我们要到三月份才能开始。
free∙dom / ˈfri:dəm /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] ~ (of sth) the right to do or say what you want without anyone stopping you
• (指权利)自由:
 »freedom of speech / thought / expression / worship
  言论/思想/表达/信仰自由
 »a threat to press / academic, etc. freedom
  对新闻、学术等自由的威胁
 »rights and freedoms guaranteed by the constitution
  宪法保障的权利和自由
2. [U, sing.] ~ (of sth) | ~ (to do sth) the state of being able to do what you want, without anything stopping you
• (指状态)自由:
 »freedom of action / choice
  行动/选择自由
 »complete freedom to do as you wish
  按照自己意愿行事的绝对自由
 »Thanks to the automobile, Americans soon had a freedom of movement previously unknown.
  由于有了汽车,美国人很快就获得了前所未有的行动自由。
3. [U] the state of not being a prisoner or slave
• 自由民地位(不是囚犯或奴隶):
 »He finally won his freedom after twenty years in jail.
  他蹲了二十年监狱以后终于获得了自由。
4. [U] ~ from sth the state of not being affected by the thing mentioned
• 没有…的情况；不受…影响的状态:
 »freedom from fear / pain / hunger, etc.
  免于恐惧、痛苦、饥饿等
5. [sing.] the ~ of sth permission to use sth without restriction
• 自由使用权:
 »I was given the freedom of the whole house.
  我获得全座房子的自由使用权。
【IDIOMS】
◘ the freedom of the 'city
• (in Britain) an honour that is given to sb by a city as a reward for work they have done
• (英国)荣誉市民称号
--› see also freeman
--› more at manoeuvre n.
wor∙ried / ˈwʌrid; NAme ˈwə:r- /
◙ adj.
• ~ (about sb / sth) | ~ (by sth) | ~ (that...) thinking about unpleasant things that have happened or that might happen and therefore feeling unhappy and afraid
• 担心的；担忧的；发愁的:
 »Don't look so worried!
  别这么愁眉苦脸的！
 »I'm not worried about her—she can take care of herself.
  我不为她担心,她能照顾自己。
 »Doctors are worried about the possible spread of the disease.
  医生担心这疾病可能会蔓延。
 »We're not too worried by these results.
  我们对这些结果并不太担心。
 »The police are worried that the man may be armed.
  警方担心那个人可能携带着武器。
 »Where have you been? I've been worried sick (= extremely worried).
  你到哪里去了？我都担心死了。
 »I was worried you wouldn't come.
  我还担心你不来呢。
 »Try not to get worried.
  尽量别担忧。
 »She gave me a worried look.
  她心事重重地看了我一眼。
♦ wor∙ried∙ly adv.:
 »He glanced worriedly at his father.
  他忧心忡忡地瞥了他父亲一眼。
【IDIOMS】
◘ you had me 'worried
•(informal) used to tell sb that you were worried because you had not understood what they had said correctly
• (误会所致)你让我虚惊一场:
 »You had me worried for a moment—I thought you were going to resign!
  你可让我担心了一阵子,我原以为你要辞职呢！
harm / hɑ:m; NAme hɑ:rm /
◙ noun [U]
• damage or injury that is caused by a person or an event
• 伤害；损害:
 »He would never frighten anyone or cause them any harm.
  他永远不会吓唬或伤害任何人。
 »He may look fierce, but he means no harm.
  他可能看上去很凶,但并无恶意。
 »The court case will do serious harm to my business.
  这起诉讼案件将严重损害我的生意。
 »The accident could have been much worse; luckily no harm was done.
  这次事故本来可能糟糕得多；所幸没有造成伤害。
 »Don't worry, we'll see that the children come to no harm.
  别担心,我们会保证孩子们安然无恙的。
 »I can't say I like Mark very much, but I don't wish him any harm.
  我不能说我很喜欢马克,但我并不愿他遭到伤害。
 »Hard work never did anyone any harm.
  努力工作对任何人都绝无害处。
 »Look, we're just going out for a few drinks, where's the harm in that ?
  瞧,我们只不过要出去喝几杯,这有什么坏处？
 »The treatment they gave him did him more harm than good.
  他们的治疗对他弊多于利。
【IDIOMS】
◘ it wouldn't do sb any harm (to do sth)
• used to suggest that it would be a good idea for sb to do sth
• (做某事)不会对某人有坏处；不妨:
 »It wouldn't do you any harm to smarten yourself up.
  你不妨打扮一下。
◘ ˌno 'harm done
• (informal) used to tell sb not to worry because they have caused no serious damage or injury
• 没造成严重损害(或伤害)
◘ out of harm's 'way
• in a safe place where sb / sth cannot be hurt or injured or do any damage to sb / sth
• 在安全的地方；被隔离
◘ there is no harm in (sb's) doing sth | ◘ it does no harm (for sb) to do sth
• used to tell sb that sth is a good idea and will not cause any problems
• 做某事是个好主意(或没有坏处):
 »He may say no, but there's no harm in asking.
  他可能拒绝,但问一问也无妨。
 »It does no harm to ask.
  问一问也无妨。
◙ verb [VN]
• to hurt or injure sb or to damage sth
• 伤害；损害:
 »He would never harm anyone.
  他永远不会伤害任何人。
 »Pollution can harm marine life.
  污染会危及海洋生物。
 »These revelations will harm her chances of winning the election.
  这些揭露的事实将不利于她赢得选举。
--› more at fly n., hair
--› note at damage
fool∙ish / ˈfu:liʃ /
◙ adj.
1. (of actions or behaviour 作为或行为) not showing good sense or judgement
• 愚蠢的；傻的
【SYN】 silly , stupid :
 »She's just a vain, foolish woman.
  她不过是个愚蠢自负的女人。
 »I was foolish enough to believe what Jeff told me.
  我真蠢,竟相信杰夫和我说的话。
 »The accident was my fault— it would be foolish to pretend otherwise.
  这次事故是我的过失——装作没有责任那才傻呢。
 »How could she have been so foolish as to fall in love with him?
  她怎么这么傻,竟爱上了他？
 »a foolish idea / dream / mistake
  荒唐的想法/梦 / 错误
 »It was a very foolish thing to do.
  干那种事很蠢。
2. [not usually before noun] made to feel or look silly and embarrassed
• 不知所措；出丑；显得尴尬
【SYN】 silly , stupid :
 »I felt foolish and a failure.
  我自觉是个愚蠢的失败者。
 »He's afraid of looking foolish in front of his friends.
  他怕在朋友面前出丑。
♦ fool∙ish∙ly adv.:
 »We foolishly thought that everyone would speak English.
  我们真蠢,竟以为人人都会说英语。
 »Foolishly, I allowed myself to be persuaded to enter the contest.
  我竟傻乎乎地让人说服去参加比赛。
♦ fool∙ish∙ness noun [U] :
 »Jenny had to laugh at her own foolishness.
  珍妮只好拿自己的愚蠢解嘲了。
pa∙tience / ˈpeiʃns /
◙ noun [U]
1. ~ (with sb / sth) the ability to stay calm and accept a delay or sth annoying without complaining
• 耐心；忍耐力:
 »She has little patience with (= will not accept or consider) such views.
  她很难接受这类观点。
 »People have lost patience with (= have become annoyed about) the slow pace of reform.
  人们对改革的缓慢速度已经失去耐性。
 »My patience is wearing thin.
  我要忍耐不住了。
 »I have run out of patience with her.
  我对她已失去耐性了。
 »Teaching children with special needs requires patience and understanding.
  教导有特殊需要的儿童需要耐心和体谅。
2. the ability to spend a lot of time doing sth difficult that needs a lot of attention and effort
• 毅力；坚忍；恒心:
 »It takes time and patience to photograph wildlife.
  拍摄野生动物要肯花时间,要有毅力。
 »I don't have the patience to do jigsaw puzzles.
  我没有耐性做拼图游戏。
3. (BrE) (NAmE soli∙taire) a card game for only one player
• 单人纸牌游戏
【IDIOMS】
--› see Job , try v.
self∙ish / ˈselfiʃ /
◙ adj.
• caring only about yourself rather than about other people
• 自私的:
 »selfish behaviour
  自私的行为
 »Do you think I'm being selfish by not letting her go?
  你觉得我不让她走是自私吗？
 »What a selfish thing to do!
  这样做,多么自私！
 »It was selfish of him to leave all the work to you.
  他把所有的工作都推给你,真是自私。
【OPP】 unselfish , selfless
♦ self∙ish∙ly adv.:
 »She looked forward, a little selfishly, to a weekend away from her family.
  她有点自私,就盼着能够离家在外边度个周末。
♦ self∙ish∙ness noun [U]
dis∙tant / ˈdistənt /
◙ adj.
1. far away in space or time
• 遥远的；远处的；久远的:
 »the distant sound of music
  远处的音乐声
 »distant stars / planets
  遥远的恒星/行星
 »The time we spent together is now a distant memory.
  我们一起度过的时光现已成为久远的记忆。
 »(formal) The airport was about 20 kilometres distant.
  机场在大约 20 公里远的地方。
 »a star 30 000 light years distant from the Earth
  离地球 3 万光年远的恒星
 »(figurative) Peace was just a distant hope (= not very likely).
  和平只是遥不可及的希望而已。
2. ~ (from sth) not like sth else
• 不相似的；不同的
【SYN】 remote :
 »Their life seemed utterly distant from his own.
  他们的生活与他自己的生活似乎完全不同。
3. [only before noun] (of a person 人) related to you but not closely
• 远亲的；远房的:
 »a distant cousin / aunt / relative
  远房堂兄弟/姑母/亲戚
4. not friendly; not wanting a close relationship with sb
• 不友好的；冷淡的；疏远的:
 »Pat sounded very cold and distant on the phone.
  从电话里听起来帕特非常冷淡和疏远。
5. not paying attention to sth but thinking about sth completely different
• 心不在焉的；恍惚的；出神的:
 »There was a distant look in her eyes; her mind was obviously on something else.
  她眼神恍惚,显然心里在想着别的什么事儿。
♦ dis∙tant∙ly adv.:
 »Somewhere, distantly, he could hear the sound of the sea.
  他能听到在远处某个地方的海浪声。
 »We're distantly related.
  我们是远亲。
 »Holly smiled distantly.
  霍利恍惚地笑了笑。
【IDIOMS】
◘ the (ˌdim and) ˌdistant 'past
• a long time ago
• 很久以前；遥远的过去:
 »stories from the distant past
  很久以前的故事
◘ in the not too ˌdistant 'future
• not a long time in the future but fairly soon
• 在不久的将来
annoy∙ed / əˈnɔid /
◙ adj. [not usually before noun]
• ~ (with sb) (at / about sth) | ~ (that...) ~ to find, see, etc. slightly angry
• 恼怒；生气；烦恼
【SYN】 irritated :
 »He was beginning to get very annoyed with me about my carelessness.
  因为我粗心大意,他已开始恼火了。
 »I was annoyed with myself for giving in so easily.
  我气我自己那么轻易就让步了。
 »I bet she was annoyed at having to write it out again.
  我敢说她对不得不重写一遍感到恼火。
 »I was annoyed that they hadn't turned up.
  我恼怒的是他们没有如期露面。
 »He was annoyed to find himself going red.
  他因为发觉自己脸红而懊恼。
for∙bid / fəˈbid; NAmE fərˈb- /
◙ verb (for∙bade / fəˈbæd; fəˈbeid; NAmE fərˈb- / for∙bid∙den / fəˈbidn; NAmE fərˈb- / )
1. ~ sb (from doing sth) to order sb not to do sth; to order that sth must not be done
• 禁止；不准:
▪ [VN]
 »He forbade them from mentioning the subject again.
  他不准他们再提到这个问题。
 »Her father forbade the marriage.
  她的父亲不允许这桩婚事。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »You are all forbidden to leave.
  你们都不准离开。
▪ [VNN]
 »My doctor has forbidden me sugar.
  医生禁止我吃糖。
【OPP】 allow , permit
▪ [also VN -ing also V -ing]
2. (formal) to make it difficult or impossible to do sth
• 妨碍；阻碍；阻止
【SYN】 prohibit :
▪ [VN]
 »Lack of space forbids further treatment of the topic here.
  由于篇幅所限,这里不能深入阐述这个问题。
▪ [also VN to inf]
【IDIOMS】
◘ God / Heaven for'bid (that...)
• (informal) used to say that you hope that sth will not happen
• 但愿这事不发生:
 »'Maybe you'll end up as a lawyer, like me.' 'God forbid!'
  "也许你会像我一样,最终成为律师。" "但愿不会这样！"
【HELP】Some people find this use offensive.
• 有人认为此用法含冒犯意。
ado∙les∙cence / ˌædəˈlesns /
◙ noun [U]
• the time in a person's life when he or she develops from a child into an adult
• 青春期；青春
【SYN】 puberty
mis∙un∙der∙stand / ˌmisʌndəˈstænd; NAme -dərˈs- /
◙ verb
• (mis∙un∙der∙stood, mis∙un∙der∙stood / -ˈstud / ) to fail to understand sb / sth correctly
• 误解；误会:
▪ [VN]
 »I completely misunderstood her intentions.
  我完全误会了她的意图。
 »Don't misunderstand me—I am grateful for all you've done.
  别误解我的意思——我对你所做的一切都很感激。
▪ [V]
 »I thought he was her husband—I must have misunderstood.
  我以为他是她丈夫——我一定是误会了。
▪ [also V wh-]
nor∙mal / ˈnɔ:ml; NAme ˈnɔ:rml /
◙ adj.
1. typical, usual or ordinary; what you would expect
• 典型的；正常的；一般的:
 »quite / perfectly (= completely) normal
  相当/完全正常
 »Her temperature is normal.
  她的体温正常。
 »It's normal to feel tired after such a long trip.
  这样长途旅行之后感到疲劳是正常的。
 »Divorce is complicated enough in normal circumstances, but this situation is even worse.
  在一般情况下,离婚已经够复杂了,但这一次情况更糟。
 »Under normal circumstances, I would say 'yes'.
  一般情况下,我会说"行"。
 »He should be able to lead a perfectly normal life.
  他应该能够过上完全正常的生活。
 »In the normal course of events I wouldn't go to that part of town.
  通常我是不会到那个城区去的。
 »We are open during normal office hours.
  在正常上班时间内,我们都开放。
2. not suffering from any mental disorder
• 精神正常的；意识健全的:
 »People who commit such crimes aren't normal.
  犯这种罪的人心理不正常。
【OPP】 abnormal
【IDIOMS】
--› see per
◙ noun [U]
• the usual or average state, level or standard
• 常态；通常标准；一般水平:
 »above / below normal
  通常标准之上/之下
 »Things soon returned to normal.
  情况很快恢复了正常。
con∙fused / kənˈfju:zd /
◙ adj.
1. unable to think clearly or to understand what is happening or what sb is saying
• 糊涂的；迷惑的:
 »People are confused about all the different labels on food these days.
  人们如今被那些五花八门的食物标签搞得稀里糊涂。
 »He was depressed and in a confused state of mind.
  他感到沮丧,心里充满了迷惑。
 »I'm confused—say all that again.
  我被搞糊涂了,把那件事从头到尾再说一遍吧。
2. not clear or easy to understand
• 不清楚的；混乱的；难懂的:
 »The children gave a confused account of what had happened.
  孩子们把发生的事敍述得颠三倒四。
♦ con∙fused∙ly / -ədli / adv.
phys∙ic∙al / ˈfizikl /
◙ adj.
›› THE BODY 身体
1. [usually before noun] connected with a person's body rather than their mind
• 身体的；肉体的；躯体的:
 »physical fitness
  健康体魄
 »physical appearance
  外貌
 »The ordeal has affected both her mental and physical health.
  痛苦的经历损害了她的身心健康。
 »He tends to avoid all physical contact.
  他倾向于避免一切身体接触。
›› REAL THINGS 实物
2. [only before noun] connected with things that actually exist or are present and can be seen, felt, etc. rather than things that only exist in a person's mind
• 客观存在的；现实的；物质的；有形的:
 »the physical world / universe / environment
  客观世界/宇宙/环境
 »the physical properties (= the colour, weight, shape, etc.) of copper
  铜的物理性质
›› NATURE / SCIENCE 自然；科学
3. [only before noun] according to the laws of nature
• 根据自然规律的；符合自然法则的:
 »It is a physical impossibility to be in ten places at once.
  同时身处两地在自然法则上是不可能的。
4. [only before noun] connected with the scientific study of forces such as heat, light, sound, etc. and how they affect objects
• 物理学的:
 »physical laws
  物理定律
›› SEX 性
5. involving sex
• 性欲的；肉欲的:
 »physical love
  性爱
 »They are having a physical relationship.
  他们有着性关系。
›› PERSON 人
6. (informal) (of a person 人) liking to touch other people a lot
• 爱触摸他人的；爱动手动脚的:
 »She's not very physical.
  她不爱摩摩挲挲的。
›› VIOLENT 暴力
7. (informal) violent (used to avoid saying this in a direct way)
• 使用武力的；粗暴的:
 »Are you going to cooperate or do we have to get physical?
  你是合作呢,还是要我们动手？
◙ noun
• (also ˌphysical exami'nation) a medical examination of a person's body, for example, to check that they are fit enough to do a particular job
• 体检；体格检查
psy∙cho∙logic∙al / ˌsaikəˈlɔdʒikl; NAme -ˈlɑ:dʒ- /
◙ adj.
1. [usually before noun] connected with a person's mind and the way in which it works
• 心灵的；心理的；精神上的:
 »the psychological development of children
  儿童的心理发展
 »Abuse can lead to both psychological and emotional problems.
  虐待可造成心理和情绪上的问题。
 »Her symptoms are more psychological than physical (= imaginary rather than real).
  她的病症是臆想的,而不是真实的。
 »Victory in the last game gave them a psychological advantage over their opponents.
  上一场比赛的胜利使他们比对手有心理优势。
 »a psychological novel (= six that examines the minds of the characters)
  心理小说
2. [only before noun] connected with the study of psychology
• 心理学的；关于心理学的:
 »psychological research
  心理学研究
♦ psy∙cho∙logic∙al∙ly / -kli / adv.:
 »psychologically harmful
  精神上有害的
 »Psychologically, the defeat was devastating.
  就心理而言,这次失败是致命的。
【IDIOMS】
◘ the ˌpsychological 'moment
• the best time to do sth in order for it to be successful
• 最佳时机；最适当时机
tend / tend /
◙ verb
1. [V to inf] to be likely to do sth or to happen in a particular way because this is what often or usually happens
• 往往会；常常就:
 »Women tend to live longer than men.
  女人往往比男人长寿。
 »When I'm tired, I tend to make mistakes.
  我累了就容易出错。
 »It tends to get very cold here in the winter.
  这里冬天往往会很冷。
 »People tend to think that the problem will never affect them.
  人们往往认为这个问题绝不会影响到他们。
2. [V] ~ (to / towards sth) to take a particular direction or often have a particular quality
• 趋向；走向；倾向；趋于:
 »His views tend towards the extreme.
  他的观点趋于偏激。
 »Prices have tended downwards over recent years.
  近年来物价趋于下降。
3. ~ (to) sb / sth to care for sb / sth
• 照料；照管；护理:
▪ [VN]
 »a shepherd tending his sheep
  照看羊的牧人
 »Doctors and nurses tended the injured.
  医生和护士护理受伤者。
 »well-tended gardens
  精心照料的花园
▪ [V]
 »Ambulance crews were tending to the injured.
  救护车上的救护人员在照料受伤者。
4. [VN] (NAmE) to serve customers in a store, bar, etc.
• 招待,侍候,照顾,照料(商店、酒吧等的顾客):
 »He had a job tending bar in San Francisco.
  他在旧金山做酒吧服务员。
limit / ˈlimit /
◙ noun
1. ~ (to sth) a point at which sth stops being possible or existing
• 限度；限制:
 »There is a limit to the amount of pain we can bear.
  我们能忍受的疼痛是有限度的。
 »The team performed to the limit of its capabilities.
  这个队已竭尽全力。
 »She knew the limits of her power.
  她知道自己的权限。
 »to push / stretch / test sb / sth to the limit
  推/拉 / 考查某人(或某物)达到限度
 »His arrogance knew (= had) no limits.
  他极其傲慢。
2. ~ (on sth) the greatest or smallest amount of sth that is allowed
• 极限；限量；限额
【SYN】 restriction :
 »a time / speed / age limit
  时间/速度/年龄限制
 »The EU has set strict limits on levels of pollution.
  欧盟对污染程度作了严格的限制。
 »They were travelling at a speed that was double the legal limit.
  他们正以两倍于法定限速的速度行驶。
 »You can't drive—you're over the limit (= you have drunk more alcohol than is legal when driving).
  你饮酒过量,不能驾车。
3. the furthest edge of an area or a place
• (地区或地方的)境界,界限,范围:
 »We were reaching the limits of civilization.
  我们快到蛮荒地界了。
 »the city limits (= the imaginary line which officially divides the city from the area outside)
  城市境界
--› see also off-limits
【IDIOMS】
◘ be the 'limit
•(old-fashioned, informal) to be extremely annoying
• 极其令人讨厌
◘ within 'limits
• to some extent; with some restrictions
• 在某种程度上；有一定限制:
 »I'm willing to help, within limits.
  我愿意帮忙,可有一定的限度。
--› more at sky
◙ verb [VN]
1. ~ sth (to sth) to stop sth from increasing beyond a particular amount or level
• 限制；限定
【SYN】 restrict :
 »measures to limit carbon dioxide emissions from cars
  限制汽车二氧化碳排放的措施
 »The amount of money you have to spend will limit your choice.
  你要消费的金额限制着你的选择。
2. ~ yourself / sb (to sth) to restrict or reduce the amount of sth that you or sb can have or use
• 限量；减量:
 »Families are limited to five free tickets each.
  每户限发四张免费票。
 »I've limited myself to 1 000 calories a day to try and lose weight.
  我为了减肥,限定自己每天摄入 1 000 卡的热量。
【PHR V】
◘ 'limit sth to sb / sth [usually passive]
• to make sth exist or happen only in a particular place or within a particular group
• 使(某事只在某地或某群体内)存在(或发生):
 »Violent crime is not limited to big cities.
  暴力犯罪并不局限于大城市。
 »The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures.
  教授历史不应该局限于讲年代和人物。
wis∙dom / ˈwizdəm /
◙ noun [U]
1. the ability to make sensible decisions and give good advice because of the experience and knowledge that you have
• 智慧；才智；精明:
 »a woman of great wisdom
  才女
 »words of wisdom
  至理名言
2. ~ of sth / of doing sth how sensible sth is
• 明智:
 »I question the wisdom of giving a child so much money.
  我对给孩子这么多钱是否明智怀有疑问。
3. the knowledge that a society or culture has gained over a long period of time
• (社会或文化长期积累的)知识,学问:
 »the collective wisdom of the Native American people
  美洲原住民的集体智慧
【IDIOMS】
◘ conventional / received 'wisdom
• the view or belief that most people hold
• 大多数人的看法；普遍信念:
 »Conventional wisdom has it that riots only ever happen in cities.
  人们普遍认为,只有城市里才发生暴乱。
◘ in his / her / its, etc. (infinite) 'wisdom
• used when you are saying that you do not understand why sb has done sth
• (表示不理解他人的无知)以其(无限的)智慧:
 »The government in its wisdom has decided to support the ban.
  政府竟愚蠢到决定支持这项禁令。
--› more at pearl
in∙de∙pend∙ence / ˌindiˈpendəns /
◙ noun [U]
1. ~ (from sb / sth) (of a country 国家) freedom from political control by other countries
• 独立:
 »Cuba gained independence from Spain in 1898.
  古巴于 1898 年脱离西班牙而获得独立。
2. the time when a country gains freedom from political control by another country
• 独立(之日):
 »independence celebrations
  独立纪念庆典
 »the first elections since independence
  独立之后的第一次选举
3. the freedom to organize your own life, make your own decisions, etc. without needing help from other people
• 自主；自立:
 »He values his independence.
  他珍惜他的独立自主。
 »a woman's financial independence
  妇女在经济上的自立
【OPP】 dependence
bal∙ance / ˈbæləns /
◙ noun
›› EQUAL AMOUNTS 等量
1. [U, sing.] ~ (between A and B) a situation in which different things exist in equal, correct or good amounts
• 均衡；平衡；均势
--› see also imbalance :
 »Try to keep a balance between work and relaxation.
  尽量保持工作与休闲均衡。
 »This newspaper maintains a good balance in its presentation of different opinions.
  这份报纸不偏不倚地报道不同的意见。
 »Tourists often disturb the delicate balance of nature on the island.
  观光客常常破坏岛上微妙的自然生态平衡。
 »His wife's death disturbed the balance of his mind.
  妻子的离世使他心神不宁。
›› OF BODY 身体
2. [U] the ability to keep steady with an equal amount of weight on each side of the body
• 平衡能力:
 »Athletes need a good sense of balance.
  运动员要有良好的平衡感。
 »I struggled to keep my balance on my new skates.
  我穿着新溜冰鞋,努力保持平衡。
 »She cycled round the corner, lost her balance and fell off.
  她骑车拐弯时失去平衡,摔了下来。
›› MONEY 钱
3. [C, usually sing.] the amount that is left after taking numbers or money away from a total
• 余额:
 »to check your bank balance (= to find out how much money there is in your account)
  核对银行结存
4. [C, usually sing.] an amount of money still owed after some payment has been made
• 结欠:
 »The balance of $500 must be paid within 90 days.
  * 500 元结欠款必须于 90 天之内付清。
›› INSTRUMENT FOR WEIGHING 秤
5. [C] an instrument for weighing things, with a bar that is supported in the middle and has dishes hanging from each end
• 天平；秤
【IDIOMS】
◘ (on) the balance of 'evidence / proba'bility
•(formal) (considering) the evidence on both sides of an argument, to find the most likely reason for or result of sth
• (从)总的来说；(考虑)正反两方面；权衡双方证据
◘ (be / hang) in the 'balance
• if the future of sth / sb, or the result of sth is / hangs in the balance, it is uncertain
• (前途)不明朗的；(结果)未定的,悬而未决:
 »The long-term future of the space programme hangs in the balance.
  航天计划的长远前景尚未明朗。
◘ (catch / throw sb) off 'balance
1. to make sb / sth unsteady and in danger of falling
• 使失去平衡(而有跌落危险):
 »I was thrown off balance by the sudden gust of wind.
  突如其来的一阵风差点儿把我吹倒。
2. to make sb surprised and no longer calm
• 使(毫无准备而)不知所措:
 »The senator was clearly caught off balance by the unexpected question.
  参议员显然因这意想不到的问题而不知所措。
◘ on 'balance
• after considering all the information
• 总的来说:
 »On balance, the company has had a successful year.
  总的来说,公司这一年是成功的。
--› more at redress v., strike v., swing v., tip v.
◙ verb
›› KEEP STEADY 保持平衡
1. ~ (sth) (on sth) to put your body or sth else into a position where it is steady and does not fall
• 使(在某物上)保持平衡；立稳:
▪ [V]
 »How long can you balance on one leg?
  你单腿能站多久？
▪ [VN]
 »The television was precariously balanced on top of a pile of books.
  电视机摆在一堆书上面好危险。
 »She balanced the cup on her knee.
  她把杯子在膝盖上放稳。
›› BE / KEEP EQUAL (使)相等
2. ~ (sth) (out) to be equal in value, amount, etc. to sth else that has the opposite effect
• 相抵；抵消
【SYN】 offset :
▪ [VN]
 »This year's profits will balance our previous losses.
  本年度的赢利将可弥补我们之前的亏损。
 »His lack of experience was balanced by a willingness to learn.
  他的好学弥补了他经验的不足。
▪ [V]
 »The good and bad effects of any decision will usually balance out.
  任何决策的效果往往利弊互见。
3. [VN] ~ A with / and B to give equal importance to two contrasting things or parts of sth
• 同等重视(相对的两个事物或方面):
 »She tries to balance home life and career.
  她力图兼顾家庭生活和事业。
›› COMPARE 比较
4. ~ A against B to compare the relative importance of two contrasting things
• 比较(两个相对的事物)；权衡重要性:
 »The cost of obtaining legal advice needs to be balanced against its benefits.
  法律咨询的费用与其效益需通盘考虑。
›› MONEY 钱
5. [VN] (finance 财) to show that in an account the total money spent is equal to the total money received; to calculate the difference between the two totals
• 结平(账目)
last¹ / lɑ:st; NAme læst /
--› see also last ²
◙ det.
1. happening or coming after all other similar things or people
• 最后的；最末的；末尾的:
 »We caught the last bus home.
  我们赶上了回家的末班公共汽车。
 »It's the last house on the left.
  是左边尽头那栋房子。
 »She was last to arrive.
  她是最后到的。
2. [only before noun] most recent
• 最近的；上一个的:
 »last night / Tuesday / month / summer / year
  昨晚；上个星期二/月；刚过去的夏季；去年
 »her last book
  她最近出版的书
 »This last point is crucial.
  刚讲的这一点是关键的。
 »The last time I saw him was in May.
  我上次见到他是在五月份。
3. [only before noun] only remaining
• 仅剩下的；最终的
【SYN】 final :
 »This is our last bottle of water.
  这是我们最后的一瓶水了。
 »He knew this was his last hope of winning.
  他知道自己成败在此一举。
4. used to emphasize that sb / sth is the least likely or suitable
• (强调)最不可能的,最不适当的:
 »The last thing she needed was more work.
  她最不需要的就是更多的工作。
 »He's the last person I'd trust with a secret.
  我要是有什么秘密,告诉谁也不能告诉他。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be on your / its last 'legs
• to be going to die or stop functioning very soon; to be very weak or in bad condition
• 濒临死亡；奄奄一息；行将就木；快不能用了
◘ the day, week, month, etc. before 'last
• the day, week, etc. just before the most recent one; two days, weeks, etc. ago
• 前天；上上星期；上上月；两天(或两周等)以前:
 »I haven't seen him since the summer before last.
  我已有两个夏天没见过他了。
◘ every last...
• every person or thing in a group
• (某群体中的)每一个,全部:
 »We spent every last penny we had on the house.
  我们把所有的钱都花在房子上了。
◘ have the last 'laugh
• to be successful when you were not expected to be, making your opponents look stupid
• (在本未指望时)笑在最后,取得最后胜利
◘ in the last re'sort
• when there are no other possible courses of action
• 作为最后的一招
【SYN】 at a pinch :
 »In the last resort we can always walk home.
  顶多我们走回家就是了。
◘ your / the last 'gasp
• the point at which you / sth can no longer continue living, fighting, existing, etc.
• 奄奄一息；苟延残喘；临终；垂死
--› see also last-gasp
◘ the ˌlast 'minute / 'moment
• the latest possible time before an important event
• (重大事情前的)最后一刻,紧要关头:
 »They changed the plans at the last minute.
  事到临头他们却改变了计划。
 »Don't leave your decision to the last moment.
  别等到最后一刻才来做决定。
◘ a / your last re'sort
• the person or thing you rely on when everything else has failed
• 最后可依赖的人(或事物):
 »I've tried everyone else and now you're my last resort.
  其他人我都试过了,现在就靠你了。
◘ the ˌlast 'word (in sth)
• the most recent, fashionable, advanced, etc. thing
• 最新(或时髦、先进等)的事物:
 »These apartments are the last word in luxury.
  这些房间最为豪华。
--› more at analysis , breath , famous , long adj., man n., straw , thing , week , word n.
◙ adv.
1. after anyone or anything else; at the end
• 最后；最终；终结:
 »He came last in the race.
  这次赛跑他得了最后一名。
 »They arrived last of all.
  他们来得比谁都晚。
2. most recently
• 最新；最近；上一次:
 »When did you see him last?
  你最近什么时候见过他？
 »I saw him last / I last saw him in New York two years ago.
  我上一次是两年前在纽约见到他的。
 »They last won the cup in 2002.
  他们上一次获得奖杯是在 2002 年。
◘ ˌlast but not 'least
• used when mentioning the last person or thing of a group, in order to say that they are not less important than the others
• (提及最后的人或事物时说)最后但同样重要的:
 »Last but not least, I'd like to thank all the catering staff.
  最后但同样重要的是,我要感谢所有的餐饮工作人员。
◘ ˌlast 'in, ˌfirst 'out
• used, for example in a situation when people are losing their jobs, to say that the last people to be employed will be the first to go
• (形容裁员等情况)最后雇用的人最先被解雇,后来者先走
--› more at first adv., laugh v.
◙ noun the last (pl. the last)
1. the person or thing that comes or happens after all other similar people or things
• 最后来的人(或发生的事):
 »Sorry I'm late—am I the last?
  对不起,我来晚了,我是最后到的人吗？
 »They were the last to arrive.
  他们是最后到达的人。
2. ~ of sth the only remaining part or items of sth
• 仅剩下的部份(或事项):
 »These are the last of our apples.
  这是我们最后剩下的几个苹果。
◘ at (long) 'last
• after much delay, effort, etc.; in the end
• (经过长时间的延误或努力等之后)终于,最终
【SYN】 finally :
 »At last we're home!
  我们终于到家了！
 »At long last the cheque arrived.
  支票终于到了。
--› note at lastly
◘ hear / see the 'last of sb / sth
• to hear / see sb / sth for the last time
• 最后一次听见(或看见):
 »That was the last I ever saw of her.
  那是我最后一次见到她。
 »Unfortunately, I don't think we've heard the last of this affair.
  遗憾的是,我认为这件事还没有了结。
◘ the last I 'heard
• used to give the most recent news you have about sb / sth
• (提供最新消息时说)我最近听到的消息:
 »The last I heard he was still working at the garage.
  我最近听到的消息是他还在汽车修理厂工作。
◘ next / second to 'last
(BrE also ˌlast but 'one)
• the one before the last one
• 倒数第二:
 »She finished second to last.
  她得了倒数第二。
◘ to / till the 'last
• until the last possible moment, especially until death
• 直到最后一刻；(尤指)直至死亡:
 »He died protesting his innocence to the last.
  他至死都坚决辩称自己无罪。
--› more at breathe , first n.
◙ verb
1. linking verb
• [V] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to continue for a particular period of time
• 持续；继续；延续:
 »The meeting only lasted (for) a few minutes.
  会议只开了几分钟。
 »Each game lasts about an hour.
  每场比赛约一小时。
 »How long does the play last?
  那出戏要演多长时间？
2. to continue to exist or to function well
• 继续存在；持续起作用；持久:
▪ [V]
 »This weather won't last.
  这种天气持续不了多久。
 »He's making a big effort now, and I hope it lasts.
  现在他正加紧努力,我希望他能坚持下去。
▪ [VN]
 »These shoes should last you till next year.
  你这双鞋应该能穿到明年。
3. ~ (sth) (out) to survive sth or manage to stay in the same situation, despite difficulties
• (在困境等中)坚持下去；超逾(困境等):
▪ [V]
 »She won't last long in that job.
  她那份工作干不了多久。
 »Can you last (out) until I can get help?
  你能支撑到有人来帮我吗？
▪ [VN]
 »Doctors say that she probably won't last out the night (= she will probably die before the morning).
  医生都说她很可能活不过今晚。
 »He was injured early on and didn't last the match.
  他开赛后不久就受了伤,没法坚持到底。
4. ~ (sb) (out) to be enough for sb to use, especially for a particular period of time
• 够用,足够维持(尤指某段时间):
▪ [V]
 »Will the coffee last out till next week?
  咖啡够喝到下周吗？
▪ [VN]
 »We've got enough food to last us (for) three days.
  我们的食物足够维持三天。
◙ last² / lɑ:st; NAme læst / noun
• a block of wood or metal shaped like a foot, used in making and repairing shoes
• 鞋楦
--› see also last ¹
chal∙lenge / ˈtʃæləndʒ /
◙ noun
1. a new or difficult task that tests sb's ability and skill
• 挑战；艰巨任务:
 »an exciting / interesting challenge
  令人激动的/令人感兴趣的挑战
 »The role will be the biggest challenge of his acting career.
  扮演这个角色将是他演艺生涯中最大的挑战。
 »to face a challenge (= to have to deal with one)
  面临挑战
 »Destruction of the environment is six of the most serious challenges we face.
  环境的破坏是我们所面临的最严峻的挑战之一。
 »Schools must meet the challenge of new technology (= deal with it successfully).
  学校必须迎接新技术的挑战。
2. an invitation or a suggestion to sb that they should enter a competition, fight, etc.
• 挑战书；(比赛等的)邀请,提议:
 »to accept / take up a challenge
  接受挑战
 »to mount a challenge
  发起挑战
3. ~ (to sth) a statement or an action that shows that sb refuses to accept sth and questions whether it is right, legal, etc.
• 质询；质疑；提出异议:
 »It was a direct challenge to the president's authority.
  这是对主席权威的直接质疑。
 »Their legal challenge was unsuccessful.
  他们的法律质疑未获成功。
◙ verb
1. [VN] to question whether a statement or an action is right, legal, etc.; to refuse to accept sth
• 对…怀疑(或质疑)；拒绝接受
【SYN】 dispute :
 »The story was completely untrue and was successfully challenged in court.
  此案情纯属揑造,已在法庭上被揭穿。
 »She does not like anyone challenging her authority.
  她不喜欢任何人挑战她的权威。
 »This discovery challenges traditional beliefs.
  这项发现是对传统信念的冲击。
2. ~ sb (to sth) to invite sb to enter a competition, fight, etc.; to suggest strongly that sb should do sth (especially when you think that they might be unwilling to do it)
• 向(某人)挑战；(尤指在对方不情愿时)强烈建议(某人做某事):
▪ [VN]
 »Mike challenged me to a game of chess.
  迈克硬逼着要和我下一盘棋。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »The opposition leader challenged the prime minister to call an election.
  反对党领袖要求首相宣布进行大选。
3. [VN] to test sb's ability and skills, especially in an interesting way
• 考查,考验(能力和技巧):
 »The job doesn't really challenge her.
  这项工作不能真正考验出她的能力。
4. [VN] to order sb to stop and say who they are or what they are doing
• 盘问；查问:
 »We were challenged by police at the border.
  我们在边境受到警察盘问。