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hear∙ing / ˈhiəriŋ; NAme ˈhir- /
◙ noun
1. [U] the ability to hear
• 听力；听觉:
 »Her hearing is poor.
  她的听觉不灵。
 »He's hearing-impaired (= not able to hear well).
  他听觉受损。
--› see also hard of hearing
2. [C] an official meeting at which the facts about a crime, complaint, etc. are presented to the person or group of people who will have to decide what action to take
• 审讯；审理；听审；听证会:
 »a court / disciplinary hearing
  庭审；纪律聆讯
3. [sing.] an opportunity to explain your actions, ideas or opinions
• (行为、思想或意见的)解释机会,申辩机会:
 »to get / give sb a fair hearing
  得到/给予某人公正的申辩机会
 »His views may be unfashionable but he deserves a hearing.
  他的观点可能不合潮流,但他应该有机会解释。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in / within (sb's) 'hearing
• near enough to sb so that they can hear what is said
• 在(某人)听得见的范围内
【SYN】 within earshot :
 »She shouldn't have said such things in your hearing.
  她不应该在你面前说这种事情。
 »I had no reason to believe there was anyone within hearing.
  我不相信周围会有人听得见。
◘ out of 'hearing
• too far away to hear sb / sth or to be heard
• 离得太远听不见；在听力范围外:
 »She had moved out of hearing.
  她走远了,已经听不到。
raised / reizd /
◙ adj.
1. higher than the area around
• 凸起的:
 »a raised platform
  凸起的平台
2. at a higher level than normal
• 提高的；升高的:
 »the sound of raised voices
  提高嗓门的说话声
 »Smokers often have raised blood pressure.
  吸烟者往往血压高。
dot / dɔt; NAmE dɑ:t /
◙ noun
1. a small round mark, especially six that is printed
• 点；小点；小圆点:
 »There are dots above the letters i and j.
  字母 i 和 j 上面都有一点。
 »Text and graphics are printed at 300 dots per inch.
  文字和插图按每英寸 300 个点的密度打印。
 »The helicopters appeared as ten black dots on the horizon.
  直升机像两个小黑点出现在地平线上。
2. (computing 计) a symbol like a full stop / period used to separate parts of a domain name , a URL or an email address
• 点(用以分隔域名、统一资源地址、电子邮件地址的组成部份)
【IDIOMS】
◘ on the 'dot
•(informal) exactly on time or at the exact time mentioned
• 准时；在指定时刻:
 »The taxi showed up on the dot.
  出租车准时到了。
 »Breakfast is served at 8 on the dot.
  * 8 点整开早饭。
--› more at year
◙ verb (-tt-) [VN]
1. to put a dot above or next to a letter or word
• 打点于；在(字母上方、字母或单词旁边)加点:
 »Why do you never dot your i's?
  你为什么从不在字母 i 上加点呢？
2. [usually passive] to spread things or people over an area; to be spread over an area
• 星罗棋布于；遍布:
 »The countryside was dotted with small villages.
  乡间有星罗棋布的小村庄。
 »Small villages dot the countryside.
  小村庄星罗棋布于乡间。
 »There are lots of Italian restaurants dotted around London.
  伦敦到处都有意大利餐馆。
3. ~ A on / over B | ~ B with A to put very small amounts of sth in a number of places on a surface
• 布满；点缀:
 »Dot the cream all over your face.
  将乳霜均匀地搽在脸上。
 »Dot your face with the cream.
  将乳霜搽在脸上。
◘ dot your ˌi's and cross your 't's
• to pay attention to the small details when you are finishing a task
• (完成任务时)一丝不苟,注重细节
sign / sain /
◙ noun
›› SHOWING STH 显示
1. [C, U] ~ (of sth) | ~ (that...) an event, an action, a fact, etc. that shows that sth exists, is happening or may happen in the future
• 迹象；征兆；预兆
【SYN】 indication :
 »Headaches may be a sign of stress.
  头痛可能是紧张的迹象。
 »There is no sign of John anywhere.
  哪儿都没有约翰的影子。
 »Call the police at the first sign of trouble.
  一有闹事的苗头就叫警察。
 »The gloomy weather shows no sign of improving.
  阴沉的天气没有丝毫转晴的迹象。
 »Her work is showing some signs of improvement.
  她的工作出现了一些改进的迹象。
 »The fact that he didn't say 'no' immediately is a good sign.
  他没有马上拒绝,这是好征兆。
 »If an interview is too easy, it's a sure sign that you haven't got the job.
  如果面试太简单,那必定表示你没得到那份工作。
 »There was no sign of life in the house (= there seemed to be nobody there).
  那座房子没有一点住人的迹象。
 »If I had noticed the warning signs, none of this would have happened.
  如果我注意到了那些预警告征,这种事就一桩也不会发生。
›› FOR INFORMATION / WARNING 提供信息；用以提醒
2. [C] a piece of paper, wood or metal that has writing or a picture on it that gives you information, instructions, a warning, etc.
• 招牌；标牌；指示牌；标志:
 »a road / traffic sign
  道路/交通标志
 »a shop / pub sign
  商店/酒吧招牌
 »The sign on the wall said 'Now wash your hands'.
  墙上的牌子上写着"请洗手"。
 »Follow the signs for the city centre.
  照标牌的指示到市中心。
›› MOVEMENT / SOUND 动作；声音
3. [C] a movement or sound that you make to tell sb sth
• 示意的动作(或声音)；手势:
 »He gave a thumbs-up sign.
  他竖起了大拇指示意。
 »She nodded as a sign for us to sit down.
  她点头示意我们坐下。
--› see also V-sign
›› SYMBOL 符号
4. [C] a mark used to represent sth, especially in mathematics
• 符号；记号:
 »a plus / minus sign (+/–)
  加/减号
 »a dollar / pound sign ($/£)
  元/英镑的符号
›› STAR SIGN 星座
5. [C] (informal) = star sign :
 »What sign are you?
  你属什么星座？
【IDIOMS】
◘ a ˌsign of the 'times
• something that you feel shows what things are like now, especially how bad they are
• 时代特征(含贬义)
◙ verb
›› YOUR NAME 姓名
1. to write your name on a document, letter, etc. to show that you have written it, that you agree with what it says, or that it is genuine
• 签(名)；署(名)；签字；签署
▪ [V VN]
 »Sign here, please.
  请在这里签名。
 »Sign your name here, please.
  请在这里签名。
▪ [VN]
 »You haven't signed the letter.
  这封信您还没有署名。
 »to sign a cheque
  在支票上签字
 »The treaty was signed on 24 March.
  条约是 3 月 24 日签订的。
 »The player was signing autographs for a group of fans.
  这名队员正在为一群球迷签名。
▪ [VN-N]
 »He signed himself 'Jimmy'.
  他署名"吉米"。
›› CONTRACT 合同
2. to arrange for sb, for example a sports player or musician, to sign a contract agreeing to work for your company; to sign a contract agreeing to work for a company
• 和…签约(或应聘):
▪ [VN]
 »United have just signed a new goalie.
  联队最近和一名新守门员签约。
▪ [V]
 »He signed for United yesterday.
  昨天他和联队签了约。
 »The band signed with Virgin Records.
  乐队同维京唱片公司签了约。
›› MAKE MOVEMENT / SOUND 做出动作；发出声音
3. ~ (to sb) (to do sth) to make a request or tell sb to do sth by using a sign, especially a hand movement
• 示意；打手势
【SYN】 signal :
▪ [V to inf]
 »The hotel manager signed to the porter to pick up my case.
  旅馆经理示意行李工替我拿箱子。
▪ [also V that]
›› FOR DEAF PERSON 对聋人
4. to use sign language to communicate with sb
• 打手语:
▪ [V]
 »She learnt to sign to help her deaf child.
  为帮助她耳聋的孩子,她学会了手语。
▪ [VN]
 »An increasing number of plays are now being signed.
  现在越来越多的戏剧配上了手语。
♦ sign∙er noun:
 »the signers of the petition
  在请愿书上签名的人
 »signers communicating information to deaf people
  向聋人传递信息的手语译员
◘ ˌsigned and 'sealed | ◘ ˌsigned, ˌsealed and de'livered
• definite, because all the legal documents have been signed
• 签名盖章完毕的；铁定的；成定局的
◘ sign on the dotted 'line
•(informal) to sign a document to show that you have agreed to buy sth or do sth
• 在签字处签上姓名(表示同意)；签名同意:
 »Just sign on the dotted line and the car is yours.
  只要大笔一挥签个字,这车就归你了。
--› more at pledge n.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌsign sth∽a'way
• to lose your rights or property by signing a document
• 签字放弃,签字让与(权利或财产)
◘ 'sign for sth
• to sign a document to show that you have received sth
• 签收
◘ ˌsign 'in / 'out ◘ | ˌsign sb∽'in / 'out
• to write your / sb's name when you arrive at or leave an office, a club, etc.
• 签到/退；替…签到/签退:
 »All visitors must sign in on arrival.
  来客均须签到。
 »You must sign guests out when they leave the club.
  客人离开俱乐部时,你必须为他们签退。
◘ ˌsign 'off
1. (BrE) to end a letter
• 结束写信
【SYN】 finish :
 »She signed off with 'Yours, Janet'.
  她在信末写上"你的珍妮特"。
2. to end a broadcast by saying goodbye or playing a piece of music
• (以说再见或播放音乐的形式)结束广播
◘ ˌsign sth∽'off
• to give your formal approval to sth, by signing your name
• 签字认可；签名赞同
◘ ˌsign 'off on sth (NAmE, informal)
• to express your approval of sth formally and definitely
• 批准:
 »The President hasn't signed off on this report.
  这份报告总统没有批准。
◘ ˌsign 'on (BrE, informal)
• to sign a form stating that you are an unemployed person so that you can receive payment from the government
• 办理失业登记(以领取失业救济金)
◘ ˌsign 'on / 'up ◘ | ˌsign sb∽'on / 'up
• to sign a form or contract which says that you agree to do a job or become a soldier; to persuade sb to sign a form or contract like this
• (使)签约受雇(或入伍)
【SYN】 enlist :
 »He signed on for nine years in the army.
  他签了在部队服役五年的合同。
 »The company has signed up seven top models for the fashion show.
  为时装表演,公司签约聘了三名顶尖模特儿。
◘ ˌsign sth∽'over (to sb)
• to give your rights or property to sb else by signing a document
• 签字转让(权利或财产):
 »She has signed the house over to her daughter.
  她签署了转让手续,把房子过到女儿名下。
◘ ˌsign 'up (for sth)
• to arrange to do a course of study by adding your name to the list of people doing it
• 报名(参加课程)
con∙fuse / kənˈfju:z /
◙ verb [VN]
1. to make sb unable to think clearly or understand sth
• 使糊涂；使迷惑:
 »They confused me with conflicting accounts of what happened.
  他们对发生的事所作的陈述自相矛盾,使我迷惑不解。
2. ~ A and / with B to think wrongly that sb / sth is sb / sth else
• (将…)混淆,混同
【SYN】 mix up :
 »People often confuse me and my twin sister.
  人们常常把我和我的孪生妹妹搞错。
 »Be careful not to confuse quantity with quality.
  注意不要把数量与质量混淆了。
3. to make a subject more difficult to understand
• 使更难于理解:
 »His comments only served to confuse the issue further.
  他的评论只是把问题弄得更加复杂。
vase / vɑ:z; NAme veis; veiz /
◙ noun
• a container made of glass, etc., used for holding cut flowers or as a decorative object
• 花瓶；装饰瓶:
 »a vase of flowers
  一瓶花
fog / fɔɡ; NAmE fɔ:ɡ; fɑ:ɡ /
◙ noun [U, C]
1. a thick cloud of very small drops of water in the air close to the land or sea, that is very difficult to see through
• 雾:
 »Dense / thick fog is affecting roads in the north and visibility is poor.
  浓雾影响了北部的公路,能见度很低。
 »freezing fog
  寒雾
 »Patches of fog will clear by mid-morning.
  上午十时左右,部份地区的雾将散去。
 »We get heavy fogs on this coast in winter.
  这海岸冬天有大雾。
 »The town was covered in a thick blanket of fog.
  大雾笼罩了这个城镇。
 »The fog finally lifted (= disappeared).
  雾终于散了。
--› compare mist
2. a state of confusion, in which things are not clear
• 迷惘；困惑:
 »He went through the day with his mind in a fog.
  整整一天,他的头脑都是昏昏沉沉的。
◙ verb (-gg-)
1. [V VN] ~ (sth) (up) if a glass surface fogs or is fogged up, it becomes covered in steam or small drops of water so that you cannot see through
• (使)雾气笼罩
2. [VN] to make sb / sth confused or less clear
• 使迷惘；使困惑:
 »I tried to clear the confusion that was fogging my brain.
  我试图解除使我迷茫的困惑。
 »The government was trying to fog the real issues before the election.
  政府企图在选举前混淆实质问题。
mist / mist /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] a cloud of very small drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to see
• 薄雾；水汽:
 »The hills were shrouded in mist.
  这些小山被笼罩在薄雾之中。
 »Early morning mist patches will soon clear.
  清晨弥漫着的水汽很快会散尽。
 »The origins of the story are lost in the mists of time (= forgotten because it happened such a long time ago).
  这个故事的起源由于年代久远而变得模糊不清。
 »(figurative) She gazed at the scene through a mist of tears.
  她泪眼模糊,凝视着面前的景象。
--› compare fog n. (1)
--› see also misty (1)
2. [sing.] a fine spray of liquid, for example, from an aerosol can
• 液体喷雾
◙ verb
1. ~ (sth) (up) | ~ (over) when sth such as glass mists or is misted, it becomes covered with very small drops of water, so that it is impossible to see through it
• 使结满雾气(模糊不清)
▪ [VN]
 »The windows were misted up with condensation.
  窗户上凝满了水珠,一片模糊。
▪ [V]
 »As he came in from the cold, his glasses misted up.
  他从寒冷的户外进来,眼镜马上蒙上了一层雾气。
2. ~ (sth) (up) | ~ (over) if your eyes mist or sth mists them, they fill with tears
• (眼)含泪水；被泪水模糊
▪ [V]
 »Her eyes misted over as she listened to the speech.
  她听着演讲,眼中噙满了泪水。
▪ [VN]
 »Tears misted his eyes.
  泪水模糊了他的双眼。
3. [VN] to spray the leaves of a plant with very small drops of water
• 朝(植物)喷雾
fore∙cast / ˈfɔ:kɑ:st; NAmE ˈfɔ:rkæst /
◙ noun
• a statement about what will happen in the future, based on information that is available now
• 预测；预报:
 »sales forecasts
  销售预测
 »The forecast said there would be sunny intervals and showers.
  预报间晴,有阵雨。
--› see also weather forecast
◙ verb
(fore∙cast, fore∙cast) or
• (fore∙cast∙ed, fore∙cast∙ed)
• to say what you think will happen in the future based on information that you have now
• 预测；预报
【SYN】 predict :
▪ [VN]
 »Experts are forecasting a recovery in the economy.
  专家预测经济将复苏。
 »Snow is forecast for tomorrow.
  预报明天有雪。
 »Temperatures were forecast to reach 40°C.
  预报温度将达 40 摄氏度。
▪ [V that]
 »The report forecasts that prices will rise by 3% next month.
  报告预测下月物价将上涨 3%。
▪ [also V wh-]
con∙duct∙or / kənˈdʌktə(r) /
◙ noun
1. a person who stands in front of an orchestra , a group of singers etc., and directs their performance, especially sb who does this as a profession
• (管弦乐队、合唱队等的)指挥；职业指挥
2. (BrE also guard) a person who is in charge of a train and travels with it, but does not drive it
• 列车长
3. (BrE) a person whose job is to collect money from passengers on a bus or check their tickets
• (公共汽车的)售票员:
 »a bus conductor
  公共汽车售票员
4. (physics 物) a substance that allows electricity or heat to pass along it or through it
• 导体(导电或导热等的物质):
 »Wood is a poor conductor.
  木头不是良好的导体。
--› see also lightning conductor
fare / feə(r); NAmE fer /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] the money that you pay to travel by bus, plane, taxi, etc.
• 车费；船费；飞机票价:
 »bus / taxi fares
  公共汽车费；出租汽车费
 »train / rail fares
  火车票价
 »Children travel (at) half fare.
  儿童交通费减半。
 »When do they start paying full fare?
  他们什么时候开始买全票？
--› see also airfare , return fare at return n. (7)
2. [C] a passenger in a taxi
• 出租车乘客； 计程车乘客:
 »The taxi driver picked up a fare at the station.
  计程车司机在车站接了一名乘客。
3. [U] (old-fashioned) or
• (formal)
• food that is offered as a meal
• 饭菜:
 »The restaurant provides good traditional fare.
  这家餐厅提供传统风味佳馔。
◙ verb [V]
• ~ well, badly, better, etc. to be successful / unsuccessful in a particular situation
• 成功(或不成功、更好等)
【SYN】 get on :
 »The party fared very badly in the last election.
  该党上次竞选情况很糟。
foggy / ˈfɔɡi; NAmE ˈfɔ:ɡi; ˈfɑ:ɡi /
◙ adj.
• (fog∙gier, fog∙gi∙est) not clear because of fog
• 有雾的；雾茫茫的:
 »foggy conditions
  有雾的状况
 »a foggy road
  雾茫茫的道路
【IDIOMS】
◘ not have the 'foggiest (idea)
•(informal) to not know anything at all about sth
• 完全不知道；一无所知；茫无头绪:
 »'Do you know where she is?' 'Sorry, I haven't the foggiest.'
  "你知道她在哪儿吗？" "对不起,我一点也不知道。"
ob∙serve / əbˈzə:v; NAme əbˈzə:rv /
◙ verb (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (formal)
1. to see or notice sb / sth
• 看到；注意到；观察到:
▪ [VN]
 »Have you observed any changes lately?
  最近你注意到什么变化没有？
 »All the characters in the novel are closely observed (= seem like people in real life).
  小说中的人物个个栩栩如生。
▪ [VN inf]
 »The police observed a man enter the bank.
  警察注意到一个男人走进了银行。
▪ [VN -ing]
 »They observed him entering the bank.
  他们看见他走进银行。
▪ [V that]
 »She observed that all the chairs were already occupied.
  她发现所有的椅子都有人坐了。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »He was observed to follow her closely.
  有人看到他紧跟着她。
【HELP】This pattern is only used in the passive.
• 此句型仅用于被动语态。

--› note at comment , notice
2. to watch sb / sth carefully, especially to learn more about them
• 观察；注视；监视
【SYN】 monitor :
▪ [VN]
 »I felt he was observing everything I did.
  我觉得他正在注视着我做的每一件事。
 »The patients were observed over a period of several months.
  这些病人被观察了数月之久。
▪ [V wh-]
 »They observed how the parts of the machine fitted together.
  他们观看了机器零件的组装过程。
▪ [V]
 »He observes keenly, but says little.
  他观察敏锐,但言语寥寥。
--› note at look
3. (formal) to make a remark
• 说话；评论
【SYN】 comment :
▪ [V that]
 »She observed that it was getting late.
  她说天色晚了。
▪ [also V speech]
4. [VN] to obey rules, laws, etc.
• 遵守(规则、法律等):
 »Will the rebels observe the ceasefire?
  叛乱者会遵守停火协议吗？
 »The crowd observed a minute's silence (= were silent for six minute) in memory of those who had died.
  众人为死者默哀一分钟。
5. [VN] (formal) to celebrate festivals, birthdays, etc.
• 庆祝；庆贺；欢度:
 »Do they observe Christmas?
  他们过不过圣诞节？
over∙coat / ˈəuvəkəut; NAme ˈouvərkout /
◙ noun
• a long warm coat worn in cold weather
• 长大衣
glance / ɡlɑ:ns; NAmE ɡlæns /
◙ verb [V +adv. / prep.]
1. to look quickly at sth / sb
• 瞥一眼；匆匆一看；扫视:
 »She glanced at her watch.
  她匆匆看了看表。
 »He glanced around the room.
  他环视了一下房间。
 »I glanced up quickly to see who had come in.
  我迅速抬头瞥了一眼看是谁进来了。
2. ~ at / down / over / through sth to read sth quickly and not thoroughly
• 浏览；粗略地看
【SYN】 scan :
 »I only had time to glance at the newspapers.
  我只来得及浏览了一下报纸。
 »He glanced briefly down the list of names.
  他草草看了一遍名单。
 »She glanced through the report.
  她大致浏览了一下报告。
【PHR V】
◘ 'glance on / off sth (of light 光)
• to flash on a surface or be reflected off it
• 在…上闪烁(或闪耀)；从…中反射
◘ ˌglance 'off (sth)
• to hit sth at an angle and move off it in a different direction
• 击中(某物)后改变方向:
 »The ball glanced off the post into the net.
  球击中门柱后反弹入网。
◙ noun
• ~ (at sb / sth) a quick look
• 匆匆一看；一瞥；扫视:
 »to take / have a glance at the newspaper headlines
  匆匆看一眼报纸的大标题
 »a cursory / brief / casual / furtive glance
  草草的/短暂的/不经意的/偷偷的一瞥
 »The sisters exchanged glances (= looked at each other).
  姐妹们相互对视了一下。
 »She shot him a sideways glance.
  她从眼角瞥了他一眼。
 »He walked away without a backward glance.
  他头也不回地扬长而去。
 »She stole a glance (= looked secretly) at her watch.
  她偷偷看了看表。
--› note at look
【IDIOMS】
◘ at a (single) 'glance
• immediately; with only a quick look
• 立刻；一眼；(只)看一眼:
 »He could tell at a glance what was wrong.
  他一眼就看出了问题所在。
◘ at first 'glance
• when you first look at or think about sth, often rather quickly
• 乍一看；乍看之下:
 »At first glance the problem seemed easy.
  乍一看问题似乎很简单。
no∙where / ˈnəuweə(r); NAme ˈnouwer / (also 'no place especially in NAmE)
◙ adv.
• not in or to any place
• 无处；哪里都不:
 »This animal is found in Australia, and nowhere else.
  这种动物生长在澳大利亚,别处没有。
 »There was nowhere for me to sit.
  我无处可坐。
 »'Where are you going this weekend?' 'Nowhere special.'
  "这个周末你打算去哪儿？" "没什么地方可去。"
 »Nowhere is the effect of government policy more apparent than in agriculture.
  政府的政策对农业的影响最为显着。
【IDIOMS】
◘ get / go 'nowhere | ◘ get sb 'nowhere
• to make no progress or have no success; to allow sb to do this
• (让某人)毫无进展:
 »We discussed it all morning but got nowhere.
  我们就此事讨论了一上午,可是毫无进展。
 »Talking to him will get you nowhere.
  和他谈话你会一无所获。
◘ nowhere to be 'found / 'seen | ◘ nowhere in 'sight
• impossible for anyone to find or see
• 不可能找到(或看见):
 »The children were nowhere to be seen.
  根本看不到孩子们在哪儿。
 »A peace settlement is nowhere in sight (= is not likely in the near future).
  近期内看不到和平解决的可能。
--› more at lead ¹ v., middle n., near adv.
foot∙step / ˈfutstep /
◙ noun [usually pl.]
• the sound or mark made each time your foot touches the ground when you are walking or running
• 脚步声；足迹:
 »the sound of footsteps on the stairs
  楼梯上的脚步声
 »footsteps in the snow
  雪地上的足迹
【IDIOMS】
--› see follow
wher∙ever / weərˈevə(r); NAme wer- /
◙ conj.
1. in any place
• 在任何地方:
 »Sit wherever you like.
  你爱坐在哪儿就坐哪儿。
 »He comes from Boula, wherever that may be (= I don't know where it is).
  他的原籍是布拉,管它在什么地方呢。
2. in all places that
• 在…的各个地方；各处；处处
【SYN】 everywhere :
 »Wherever she goes, there are crowds of people waiting to see her.
  她所到之处都有成群的人等着见她。
3. in all cases that
• 在所有…的情况下
【SYN】 whenever :
 »Use wholegrain breakfast cereals wherever possible.
  只要有可能就用全谷物早餐食品。
【IDIOMS】
◘ or wher'ever
•(informal) or any other place
• 或其他任何地方:
 »tourists from Spain, France or wherever
  来自西班牙、法国或任何别的地方的游客
◙ adv.
• used in questions to mean 'where', expressing surprise
• (用于问句,表示惊讶)究竟在哪里,究竟到哪儿:
 »Wherever can he have gone to?
  他究竟会到哪儿去了呢？
nar∙row / ˈnærəu; NAme -rou /
◙ adj. (nar∙row∙er, nar∙row∙est)
1. measuring a short distance from one side to the other, especially in relation to length
• 狭窄的；窄小的:
 »narrow streets
  狭窄的街道
 »a narrow bed / doorway / shelf
  狭窄的牀/门口/架子
 »narrow shoulders / hips
  窄小的肩头/臀部
 »There was only a narrow gap between the bed and the wall.
  牀和墙之间只有一条窄缝。
 »(figurative) the narrow confines of prison life
  狱中生活的狭小天地
【OPP】 broad , wide
2. [usually before noun] only just achieved or avoided
• 勉强的；刚刚好的:
 »a narrow victory
  险胜
 »He lost the race by the narrowest of margins.
  他以极小的差距在赛跑中落败。
 »She was elected by a narrow majority.
  她以微弱多数当选。
 »He had a narrow escape when his car skidded on the ice.
  车在冰上打滑,他险些出事。
3. limited in a way that ignores important issues or the opinions of other people
• 狭隘的；目光短浅的:
 »narrow interests
  目光短浅的利益
 »She has a very narrow view of the world.
  她对世界的认识是非常狭隘的。
【OPP】 broad
4. limited in variety or numbers
• (种类或数目)有限的；范围小的
【SYN】 restricted :
 »The shop sells only a narrow range of goods.
  这家商店商品的种类有限。
 »a narrow circle of friends
  有限的交友圈子
【OPP】 wide
5. limited in meaning; exact
• 狭义的；严格的；准确的:
 »I am using the word 'education' in the narrower sense.
  我说的是较狭义的"教育"。
【OPP】 broad
♦ nar∙row∙ness noun [U] :
 »The narrowness of the streets caused many traffic problems.
  街道狭窄,造成很多交通问题。
 »We were surprised by the narrowness of our victory.
  我们对自己勉强获胜感到惊讶。
 »His attitudes show a certain narrowness of mind.
  他的态度显示他的思想有些狭隘。
【IDIOMS】
--› see straight adj.
◙ verb
• to become or make sth narrower
• 使窄小；变窄；缩小:
▪ [V]
 »This is where the river narrows.
  这条河就是在这里变窄的。
 »The gap between the two teams has narrowed to three points.
  两队之间的差距缩小到三分了。
 »Her eyes narrowed (= almost closed) menacingly.
  她咄咄逼人地眯起眼睛。
▪ [VN]
 »He narrowed his eyes at her.
  他向她挤了挤眼睛。
 »We need to try and narrow the health divide between rich and poor.
  我们需要设法缩小穷人和富人之间的健康差距。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌnarrow sth∽'down (to sth)
• to reduce the number of possibilities or choices
• 把(可能性或选择)缩小(到)；缩小范围:
 »We have narrowed down the list to four candidates.
  我们把范围缩小到四位候选者身上。
ap∙proach / əˈprəutʃ; NAmE əˈproutʃ /
◙ verb
›› MOVE NEAR 接近
1. to come near to sb / sth in distance or time
• (在距离或时间上)靠近,接近:
▪ [V]
 »We heard the sound of an approaching car / a car approaching.
  我们听见一辆汽车驶近的声音。
 »Winter is approaching.
  冬天就要来临。
▪ [VN]
 »As you approach the town, you'll see the college on the left.
  快到市镇时就可以看见左边的学院。
›› OFFER / ASK 建议；要求
2. [VN] ~ sb (about / for sth) | ~ sb (about doing sth) to speak to sb about sth, especially to ask them for sth or to offer to do sth
• 接洽；建议；要求:
 »She approached the bank for a loan.
  她向银行要求贷款。
 »We have been approached by a number of companies that are interested in our product.
  一些对我们的产品感兴趣的公司已和我们接洽。
 »I'd like to ask his opinion but I find him difficult to approach (= not easy to talk to in a friendly way).
  我想征求他的意见,但发现很难和他谈得拢。
›› AMOUNT / QUALITY 数量；质量
3. [VN] to come close to sth in amount, level or quality
• (在数额、水平或质量上)接近:
 »profits approaching 30 million dollars
  接近 3 000 万元的利润
 »Few writers approach his richness of language.
  他语言之丰富很少有作家能望其项背。
›› PROBLEM / TASK 问题；任务
4. [VN] to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way
• 着手处理；对付:
 »What's the best way of approaching this problem?
  什么是处理这个问题的最佳方式？
◙ noun
›› TO PROBLEM / TASK 问题；任务
1. [C] ~ (to sth) a way of dealing with sb / sth; a way of doing or thinking about sth such as a problem or a task
• (待人接物或思考问题的)方式,方法,态度:
 »The school has decided to adopt a different approach to discipline.
  学校决定采取另外一种方式解决纪律问题。
 »She took the wrong approach in her dealings with them.
  她用错误的手段和他们打交道。
›› MOVEMENT NEARER 接近
2. [sing.] movement nearer to sb / sth in distance or time
• (距离和时间上的)靠近,接近:
 »She hadn't heard his approach and jumped as the door opened.
  她没有听见他走近的声音,所以门开时吓了一跳。
 »the approach of spring
  春天的来临
›› OFFER / REQUEST 建议；要求
3. [C] the act of speaking to sb about sth, especially when making an offer or a request
• 接洽；建议；要求:
 »The club has made an approach to a local company for sponsorship.
  俱乐部已向当地一家公司寻求赞助。
 »She resented his persistent approaches.
  她对他没完没了的纠缠极为反感。
›› PATH / ROAD 小径；道路
4. [C] a path, road, etc. that leads to a place
• 通路；路径；道路:
 »All the approaches to the palace were guarded by troops.
  通往宫殿的所有道路都有军队守衞。
 »a new approach road to the port
  去港口的一条新通路
›› OF AIRCRAFT 飞机
5. [C] the part of an aircraft's flight immediately before landing
• 进场；进场着陆:
 »to begin the final approach to the runway
  开始进入跑道着陆
›› STH SIMILAR 相似事物
6. [sing.] a thing that is like sth else that is mentioned
• 相似(或近似)的事物:
 »That's the nearest approach to an apology you'll get from him.
  那是他所能作出的最似歉意的表示。
【IDIOMS】
--› see carrot
dark∙ness / ˈdɑ:knəs; NAmE ˈdɑ:rk- /
◙ noun [U]
1. the state of being dark, without any light
• 黑暗；阴暗；漆黑:
 »After a few minutes our eyes got used to the darkness.
  几分钟后我们的眼睛就适应了黑暗。
 »The house was plunged into total darkness when the electricity was cut off.
  停电后,整座房子陷入一片黑暗。
 »The sun went down and darkness fell (= it became night).
  夕阳西下,夜幕降临。
 »There is an extra hour of darkness on winter mornings.
  冬天的早晨天亮晚一个小时。
 »Parking is not allowed during the hours of darkness.
  夜间禁止停放车辆。
 »Her face was in darkness.
  她的脸处于暗处。
 »They managed to escape under cover of darkness.
  他们设法在夜色掩护下逃跑了。
2. the quality or state of being dark in colour
• 墨色；暗色；深色:
 »It depends on the darkness of your skin.
  这取决于你肤色的深浅。
3. (literary) evil
• 邪恶；罪恶:
 »the forces of darkness
  邪恶势力
hesi∙tate / ˈheziteit /
◙ verb
1. ~ (about / over sth) to be slow to speak or act because you feel uncertain or nervous
• (对某事)犹豫,迟疑不决:
▪ [V]
 »She hesitated before replying.
  她犹豫了一下才回答。
 »I didn't hesitate for a moment about taking the job.
  我毫不犹豫地接受了那份工作。
▪ [also V speech]
2. [V to inf] to be worried about doing sth, especially because you are not sure that it is right or appropriate
• 顾虑；疑虑:
 »Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any queries.
  如果有疑问就请尽管和我联系。
♦ hesi∙ta∙tion / ˌheziˈteiʃn / noun [U, C] :
 »She agreed without the slightest hesitation.
  她毫不犹豫地同意了。
 »I have no hesitation in recommending her for the job.
  我毫不犹豫地推荐她做这项工作。
 »He spoke fluently and without unnecessary hesitations.
  他说得很流畅,毫不支吾。
【IDIOMS】
◘ he who 'hesitates (is 'lost)
•(saying) if you delay in doing sth you may lose a good opportunity
• 当断不断(,反受其乱)；优柔寡断者坐失良机
grasp / ɡrɑ:sp; NAmE ɡræsp /
◙ verb
1. [VN] to take a firm hold of sb / sth
• 抓紧；抓牢
【SYN】 grip :
 »He grasped my hand and shook it warmly.
  他热情地抓住我的手握了起来。
 »Kay grasped him by the wrist.
  凯紧紧抓住他的手腕。
--› note at hold
2. to understand sth completely
• 理解；领会；领悟；明白:
▪ [VN]
 »They failed to grasp the importance of his words.
  他们没有理解他的话的重要性。
▪ [V wh-]
 »She was unable to grasp how to do it.
  她弄不明白这事该怎么做。
▪ [V that]
 »It took him some time to grasp that he was now a public figure.
  他过了些时候才意识到自己已是个公众人物了。
--› note at understand
3. [VN] ~ a chance / an opportunity to take an opportunity without hesitating and use it
• 急忙抓住,毫不犹豫地抓住(机会):
 »I grasped the opportunity to work abroad.
  我毫不犹豫地抓住了去国外工作的机会。
【IDIOMS】
◘ grasp the 'nettle
(BrE)
• to deal with a difficult situation firmly and without hesitating
• 果断地处理棘手问题
--› more at straw
【PHR V】
◘ 'grasp at sth
1. to try to take hold of sth in your hands
• 尽力抓住某物:
 »She grasped at his coat as he rushed past her.
  他从她身边冲过去时,她使劲地向他的上衣抓去。
2. to try to take an opportunity
• 抓住机会
◙ noun [usually sing.]
1. a firm hold of sb / sth or control over sb / sth
• 紧抓；紧握；控制
【SYN】 grip :
 »I grabbed him, but he slipped from my grasp.
  我紧抓着他,可他还是从我手里溜掉了。
 »She felt a firm grasp on her arm.
  她感到手臂被紧紧地抓住了。
 »Don't let the situation escape from your grasp.
  别让局面失去控制。
2. a person's understanding of a subject or of difficult facts
• 理解(力)；领会:
 »He has a good grasp of German grammar.
  他德语语法掌握得很好。
 »These complex formulae are beyond the grasp of the average pupil.
  这些复杂的公式是一般小学生不能理解的。
3. the ability to get or achieve sth
• 能力所及:
 »Success was within her grasp.
  她有把握获得成功。
stare / steə(r); NAme ster /
◙ verb [V]
• ~ (at sb / sth) to look at sb / sth for a long time
• 盯着看；凝视；注视:
 »I screamed and everyone stared.
  我尖叫一声,众人都盯着我看。
 »I stared blankly at the paper in front of me.
  我茫然地看着面前这张纸。
 »He sat staring into space (= looking at nothing).
  他坐在那儿凝视着前方。
 »She looked at them with dark staring eyes.
  她那双深色的眼睛专注地看着他们。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be staring sb in the 'face
1. to be obvious or easy to see
• 明摆着；显而易见:
 »The answer was staring us in the face.
  答案明摆在我们面前。
2. to be certain to happen
• 必定发生:
 »Defeat was staring them in the face.
  他们必遭失败。
◘ be staring sth in the 'face
• to be unable to avoid sth
• 不可避免:
 »They were staring defeat in the face.
  对他们来说,失败不可避免。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌstare sb 'out (BrE) (also ˌstare sb 'down NAmE, BrE)
• to look into sb's eyes for a long time until they feel embarrassed and are forced to look away
• 盯得某人转移目光(或慌了神)
◙ noun
• an act of looking at sb / sth for a long time, especially in a way that is unfriendly or that shows surprise
• (尤指不友好或吃惊的)盯,凝视,注视:
 »She gave him a blank stare.
  她面无表情地看了他一眼。
--› note at look
beard / biəd; NAmE bird /
◙ noun [C, U]
• hair that grows on the chin and cheeks of a man's face; similar hair that grows on some animals
• (人的)胡须,络腮胡子；(动物的)颔毛,须:
 »He has decided to grow a beard and a moustache.
  他已经决定留起络腮胡子和髭。
 »a week's growth of beard
  一星期未刮的胡子
 »a goat's beard
  山羊的胡子
--› compare moustache
♦ beard∙ed adj.:
 »a bearded face / man
  有胡子的脸/男子
◙ verb [VN]
【IDIOMS】
◘ to beard the lion in his 'den
• to go to see an important or powerful person to tell them that you disagree with them, that you want sth, etc.
• 进狮穴捋狮须(敢于触犯有权势者)
cross∙roads / ˈkrɔsrəudz; NAmE ˈkrɔ:sroudz /
◙ noun (pl. cross∙roads)
• a place where ten roads meet and cross each other
• 十字路口:
 »At the next crossroads, turn right.
  在下一个十字路口向右拐。
 »(figurative) He has reached a career crossroads (= he must decide which way to go next in his career).
  他的事业发展到了一个十字路口。
--› see also intersection , junction
【IDIOMS】
◘ at a / the 'crossroads
• at an important point in sb's life or development
• (人生或发展)处于关键时刻；在紧要关头
anx∙ious / ˈæŋkʃəs /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (about sth) | ~ (for sb) feeling worried or nervous
• 焦虑；忧虑；担心:
 »He seemed anxious about the meeting.
  他似乎对这次会议忧心忡忡。
 »Parents are naturally anxious for their children.
  父母自然为儿女担心。
--› note at worried
2. causing anxiety; showing anxiety
• 令人焦虑的；流露出忧虑的:
 »There were a few anxious moments in the baseball game.
  那场棒球赛中有些时刻令人焦虑不安。
 »an anxious look / face / expression
  忧虑的目光/面容/表情
3. ~ to do sth | ~ for sth | ~ for sb to do sth | ~ that... wanting sth very much
• 渴望；非常希望:
 »She was anxious to finish school and get a job.
  她渴望毕业找一份工作。
 »There are plenty of graduates anxious for work.
  有大量毕业生渴求工作。
 »He was anxious not to be misunderstood.
  他希望不被人误解。
 »I'm anxious for her to do as little as possible.
  我盼她尽量少干。
 »She was anxious that he should meet her father.
  她盼望他见她父亲。
♦ anx∙ious∙ly adv.:
 »to ask / look / wait anxiously
  忧虑地问/瞧 / 等待
 »Residents are anxiously awaiting a decision.
  居民焦虑地期待决定。
firm∙ly / ˈfə:mli; NAmE ˈfə:rm- /
◙ adv.
• in a strong or definite way
• 坚定地；坚固地:
 »'I can manage,' she said firmly.
  "我应付得了。"她坚定地说。
 »It is now firmly established as six of the leading brands in the country.
  现在它已稳稳地确立为国内主要品牌之一。
 »Keep your eyes firmly fixed on the road ahead.
  密切注视路的前方。
grate∙ful / ˈɡreitfl /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (to sb) (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that ...) feeling or showing thanks because sb has done sth kind for you or has done as you asked
• 感激的；表示感谢的:
 »I am extremely grateful to all the teachers for their help.
  我非常感谢所有老师的帮助。
 »We would be grateful for any information you can give us.
  如能提供信息我们将感激不尽。
 »She seems to think I should be grateful to have a job at all.
  她似乎认为我有份工作就该谢天谢地了。
 »He was grateful that she didn't tell his parents about the incident.
  他感到庆幸的是她未将此事告诉他父母。
 »Grateful thanks are due to the following people for their help...
  向下列给予过帮助的人表示衷心的感谢…
 »Kate gave him a grateful smile.
  凯特感激地对他笑了笑。
2. used to make a request, especially in a letter or in a formal situation
• (尤用于书信或正式场合提出请求)感激不尽,请:
 »I would be grateful if you could send the completed form back as soon as possible.
  请尽快将表格填好寄回。
♦ grate∙ful∙ly / -fəli / adv.:
 »He nodded gratefully.
  他感激地点了点头。
 »All donations will be gratefully received.
  如蒙捐助,定将报以衷心的感谢。
【IDIOMS】
--› see small adj.
【word family】
grateful adj. ( ≠ ungrateful )
gratitude n. ( ≠ ingratitude )
help∙er / ˈhelpə(r) /
◙ noun
• a person who helps sb to do sth
• 帮手；助手:
 »a willing helper
  自愿帮忙者
aid / eid /
◙ noun
1. [U] money, food, etc. that is sent to help countries in difficult situations
• 援助；救援物资；援助款项:
 »economic / humanitarian / emergency aid
  经济/人道主义/紧急援助
 »An extra £10 million in foreign aid has been promised.
  额外的 1 000 万英镑外国援助款项已得到保证。
 »aid agencies (= organizations that provide help)
  救援机构
 »medical aid programmes
  医疗援助计划
--› see also financial aid , legal aid
2. [U] help that you need to perform a particular task
• (完成某工作所需的)帮助,助手,辅助物:
 »He was breathing only with the aid of a ventilator.
  他只有靠呼吸器呼吸。
 »This job would be impossible without the aid of a computer.
  这项工作不用计算机是不行的。
3. [U] (formal) help that is given to a person
• 帮助；援助:
 »One of the staff saw he was in difficulty and came to his aid (= helped him).
  一名工作人员见他有困难,便过来帮忙。
--› see also first aid
4. [C] an object, a machine, etc. that you use to help you do sth
• 辅助设备:
 »a hearing aid
  助听器
 »Photos make useful teaching aids.
  照片可以成为有用的教具。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in aid of sth / sb
(BrE)
• in order to help sb / sth
• 为了帮助某事物/人:
 »collecting money in aid of charity
  为资助慈善事业的募捐
◘ what's... in aid of?
• (BrE) used to ask why sth is happening
• …究竟是为啥(发生)；…是做什么用的:
 »What's all this crying in aid of?
  这哭叫声究竟是为啥？
◙ verb
• ~ (sb / sth) (in sth / in doing sth) | ~ sb (with sth) (formal) to help sb / sth to do sth, especially by making it easier
• 帮助；援助
【SYN】 assist :
▪ [V]
 »The new test should aid in the early detection of the disease.
  新的化验应该有助于早早检查出这种疾病。
▪ [VN]
 »This feature is designed to aid inexperienced users.
  这个特色装置是为帮助没有经验的用户而设计的。
 »They were accused of aiding his escape.
  他们被控帮助他逃跑。
 »They were accused of aiding him in his escape.
  他们被控帮助他逃跑。
 »Aided by heat and strong winds, the fire quickly spread.
  借助高温和大风,火势迅速蔓延。
▪ [also VN to inf]
◘ ˌaid and a'bet
(law 律)
• to help sb to do sth illegal or wrong
• 伙同作案；同谋:
 »She stands accused of aiding and abetting the crime.
  她被控协同犯罪。
re∙lief / riˈli:f /
◙ noun
›› REMOVAL OF ANXIETY / PAIN 焦虑/痛苦的消除
1. [U, sing.] the feeling of happiness that you have when sth unpleasant stops or does not happen
• (不快过后的)宽慰,轻松；解脱:
 »a sense of relief
  解脱感
 »We all breathed a sigh of relief when he left.
  他走了以后,我们大家都如释重负地松了口气。
 »She sighed with relief.
  她松了口气。
 »Much to my relief the car was not damaged.
  令我非常庆幸的是车并没有损坏。
 »News of their safety came as a great relief.
  他们平安的消息给大家带来了巨大的安慰。
 »It was a relief to be able to talk to someone about it.
  能和别人谈谈这件事,感到舒心多了。
 »What a relief !
  可轻松了！
2. [U] ~ (from / of sth) the act of removing or reducing pain, anxiety, etc.
• (焦虑、痛苦等的)减轻,消除,缓和:
 »modern methods of pain relief
  现代消除疼痛的办法
 »the relief of suffering
  痛苦的消除
›› HELP 帮助
3. [U] food, money, medicine, etc. that is given to help people in places where there has been a war or natural disaster
• (给灾区或交战地区人民提供的)救济,救援物品
【SYN】 aid :
 »famine relief
  饥荒救济物资
 »a relief agency / organization / worker
  救助机构/组织/工作者
4. [U] (especially NAmE) financial help given by the government to people who need it
• 救济金
›› ON TAX 税收
5. [U] = tax relief :
 »relief on mortgage interest payments
  支付按揭利息的税收减免
›› STH DIFFERENT 变化
6. [U, sing.] ~ (from sth) something that is interesting or enjoyable that replaces sth boring, difficult or unpleasant for a short period of time
• (暂时替代单调乏味事物的)调剂,轻松场面:
 »a few moments of light relief in an otherwise dull performance
  沉闷的表演中几处轻松的情节
 »There was little comic relief in his speech.
  他的演讲少有轻松幽默的地方。
 »The calm of the countryside came as a welcome relief from the hustle and bustle of city life.
  离开喧嚣忙碌的城市生活,来到宁静的乡村,是一种令人愉快的调剂。
›› WORKERS 工人
7. [C + sing. / pl. v.] (often used as an adjective 常用作形容词) a person or group of people that replaces another when they have finished working for the day or when they are sick
• 替班者；接替人；换班者:
 »The next crew relief comes on duty at 9 o'clock.
  下一批换班的员工 9 点钟接班。
 »relief drivers
  换班的司机
›› FROM ENEMY 从敌人手中
8. [sing.] ~ of... the act of freeing a town, etc. from an enemy army that has surrounded it
• (被困城镇等的)解困,解围
›› IN ART 艺术
9. [U, C] a way of decorating wood, stone, etc. by cutting designs into the surface of it so that some parts stick out more than others; a design that is made in this way
• 浮雕；浮雕法；浮雕作品:
 »The column was decorated in high relief (= with designs that stick out a lot) with scenes from Greek mythology.
  柱子上饰有描述希腊神话中的场面的高浮雕。
 »The bronze doors are covered with sculpted reliefs.
  青铜门上覆有浮雕。
›› MAKING STH NOTICEABLE 使醒目
10. [U] the effect of colours, light, etc. that makes an object more noticeable than others around it
• (光和色彩等产生的)醒目效果；醒目；光彩夺目:
 »The snow-capped mountain stood out in sharp relief against the blue sky.
  冰雪覆盖的高山在蓝天的映衬下格外醒目。
11. [U] the quality of a particular situation, problem, etc. that makes it more noticeable than before
• 突出的品质；令人注目的特征:
 »Their differences have been thrown into sharp relief by the present crisis.
  目前的危机使得他们的分歧更加引人注目。
lorry / ˈlɔri; NAme ˈlɔ:ri / (BrE)
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
• (also truck NAmE, BrE) a large vehicle for carrying heavy loads by road
• 卡车；货运汽车:
 »a lorry driver
  卡车司机
 »Emergency food supplies were brought in by lorry.
  应急食物是用卡车运来的。
 »a lorry load of frozen fish
  装满一卡车的冷冻鱼
【IDIOMS】
--› see back n.
pave∙ment / ˈpeivmənt /
◙ noun
1. [C] (BrE) (NAmE side∙walk) a flat part at the side of a road for people to walk on
• (马路边的)人行道:
 »a pavement cafe
  马路咖啡馆
2. [C, U] (BrE) any area of flat stones on the ground
• 石板铺的地面:
 »a mosaic pavement
  马赛克地面
3. [U] (NAmE) the surface of a road
• 路面:
 »Two cars skidded on the icy pavement.
  两辆汽车在结冰的路面上打滑。
re∙duce / riˈdju:s; NAme -ˈdu:s /
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ sth (from sth) (to sth) | ~ sth (by sth) to make sth less or smaller in size, quantity, price, etc.
• 减少,缩小(尺寸、数量、价格等):
 »Reduce speed now (= on a sign).
  减速行驶。
 »Costs have been reduced by 20% over the past year.
  过去一年,各项费用已经减少了 20%。
 »Giving up smoking reduces the risk of heart disease.
  戒烟会减少得心脏病的风险。
 »The number of employees was reduced from 40 to 25.
  雇员人数从 40 人减少到了 25 人。
 »The skirt was reduced to £10 in the sale.
  在大减价期间,这条裙子减价到 10 英镑。
2. [VN , V] if you reduce a liquid or a liquid reduces, you boil it so that it becomes less in quantity
• (使)蒸发
3. [V] (NAmE, informal) to lose weight by limiting the amount and type of food that you eat
• 减轻体重；节食:
 »a reducing plan
  节食计划
4. [VN] (chemistry 化) to add one or more electrons to a substance or to remove oxygen from a substance
• 使还原；去氧；脱氧
--› compare oxidize
【IDIOMS】
◘ reˌduced 'circumstances
• the state of being poorer than you were before. People say 'living in reduced circumstances' to avoid saying 'poor'.
• (委婉说法,与 poor 同义)境况不济
【PHR V】
◘ re'duce sb / sth (from sth) to sth / to doing sth [usually passive]
• to force sb / sth into a particular state or condition, usually a worse one
• 使陷入(更坏的)境地；使沦落；使陷入窘境:
 »a beautiful building reduced to rubble
  已化为残垣断壁的漂亮建筑
 »She was reduced to tears by their criticisms.
  他们的批评使她流下了眼泪。
 »They were reduced to begging in the streets.
  他们沦落到沿街乞讨。
◘ re'duce sth to sth
• to change sth to a more general or more simple form
• 将…概括成(或简化为):
 »We can reduce the problem to two main issues.
  我们可以将这个问题概括成两个要点。
vol∙un∙teer / ˌvɔlənˈtiə(r); NAme ˌvɑ:lənˈtir /
◙ noun
1. a person who does a job without being paid for it
• 义务工作者；志愿者:
 »volunteer helpers
  无偿援助者
 »Schools need volunteers to help children to read.
  学校需要义务工作者帮助儿童阅读。
2. a person who offers to do sth without being forced to do it
• 自告奋勇者；主动做某事的人:
 »Are there any volunteers to help clear up?
  有自愿帮助清扫的人吗？
3. a person who chooses to join the armed forces without being forced to join
• 志愿兵；义勇兵
--› compare conscript n.
◙ verb
1. ~ (sth) (for / as sth) to offer to do sth without being forced to do it or without getting paid for it
• 自愿做；义务做；无偿做:
▪ [V to inf]
 »Jill volunteered to organize a petition.
  吉尔自告奋勇组织请愿。
▪ [V]
 »Several staff members volunteered for early retirement.
  几位职员自愿提前退休。
▪ [VN]
 »He volunteered his services as a driver.
  他自愿服务充当司机。
2. to suggest sth or tell sb sth without being asked
• 主动建议(或告诉):
▪ [VN]
 »to volunteer advice
  主动提出忠告
▪ [also V speech]
3. ~ (for sth) to join the army, etc. without being forced to
• 自愿参军；当志愿兵:
▪ [V]
 »to volunteer for military service
  自愿服兵役
▪ [also V to inf]
4. ~ sb (for / as sth) to suggest sb for a job or an activity, even though they may not want to do it
• (未经当事人同意)举荐:
▪ [VN]
 »They volunteered me for the job of interpreter.
  他们擅自指定由我担任口头翻译。
▪ [also VN to inf]
sniff / snif /
◙ verb
1. [V] to breathe air in through your nose in a way that makes a sound, especially when you are crying, have a cold, etc.
• 抽鼻子(尤指哭泣、患感冒等时出声地用鼻子吸气):
 »We all had colds and couldn't stop sniffing and sneezing.
  我们都感冒了,一个劲地抽鼻子,打喷嚏。
2. ~ (at) (sth) to breathe air in through the nose in order to discover or enjoy the smell of sth
• (吸着气)嗅,闻
【SYN】 smell :
▪ [VN]
 »sniffing the fresh morning air
  吸着早晨的新鲜空气
 »to sniff glue
  吸胶毒
▪ [V]
 »The dog sniffed at my shoes.
  那条狗嗅我的鞋。
--› see also glue-sniffing
3. to say sth in a complaining or disapproving way
• 抱怨；不以为然地说:
▪ [V speech]
 »'It's hardly what I'd call elegant,' she sniffed.
  "要我说,这很难称得上雅致。"她不以为然地说。
▪ [also V VN]
【IDIOMS】
◘ not to be 'sniffed at
•(informal) good enough to be accepted or considered seriously
• 值得认真对待；不可轻视:
 »In those days, $20 was not a sum to be sniffed at.
  那时候,20 元不能不当回事。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌsniff a'round / 'round (informal)
• to try to find out information about sb / sth, especially secret information
• 探查,打探,访查(秘密信息):
 »We don't want journalists sniffing around.
  我们不需要四处打探的记者。
◘ 'sniff around / round sb [no passive] (especially BrE)
• to try to get sb as a lover, employee, etc.
• 追求,寻求聘用(某人):
 »Hollywood agents have been sniffing around him.
  一些好莱坞的经纪人一直追着想要他。
◘ 'sniff at sth
• to show no interest in or respect for sth
• 对…嗤之以鼻(或不屑一顾)
◘ ˌsniff sb / sth∽'out
1. to discover or find sb / sth by using your sense of smell
• 嗅出:
 »The dogs are trained to sniff out drugs.
  这些狗是经过训练的嗅毒犬。
2. (informal) to discover or find sb / sth by looking
• 看出；觉察出:
 »Journalists are good at sniffing out a scandal.
  做记者的善于发现丑闻。
◙ noun
1. [C] an act or the sound of sniffing
• 吸气(声)；抽鼻子(声)；嗅；闻:
 »She took a deep sniff of the perfume.
  她使劲闻了闻香水。
 »My mother gave a sniff of disapproval.
  我母亲哼了一声,表示不同意。
 »His sobs soon turned to sniffs.
  不多时,他的呜咽变成了啜泣。
2. [sing.] ~ of sth an idea of what sth is like or that sth is going to happen
• 感觉；察觉:
 »The sniff of power went to his head.
  权力在握的感觉使他得意忘形。
 »They make threats but back down at the first sniff of trouble.
  他们起先气势汹汹,但一看情形不妙立刻软了下来。
3. [sing.] ~ of sth a small chance of sth
• 微小的可能性:
 »She didn't get even a sniff at a medal.
  她根本不可能拿到奖牌。
◘ have a (good) ˌsniff a'round
• to examine a place carefully
• 仔细检查(某处)
ana∙lyse (BrE) (NAmE ana∙lyze) / ˈænəlaiz /
◙ verb
1. to examine the nature or structure of sth, especially by separating it into its parts, in order to understand or explain it
• 分析:
▪ [VN]
 »The job involves gathering and analysing data.
  这项工作包括搜集和分析资料。
 »He tried to analyse his feelings.
  他试图分析自己的感情。
▪ [V wh-]
 »We need to analyse what went wrong.
  我们需要分析是什么出了差错。
2. [VN] = psychoanalyse
rec∙og∙nize (BrE also -ise) / ˈrekəɡnaiz /
◙ verb (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)
1. [VN] ~ sb / sth (by / from sth) to know who sb is or what sth is when you see or hear them, because you have seen or heard them or it before
• 认识；认出；辨别出:
 »I recognized him as soon as he came in the room.
  他一进屋我就认出了他。
 »Do you recognize this tune?
  你能听出这是哪支曲子吗？
 »I recognized her by her red hair.
  我从她的红头发认出了她。
--› note at identify
2. ~ sth (as sth) to admit or to be aware that sth exists or is true
• 承认；意识到
【SYN】 acknowledge :
▪ [VN]
 »They recognized the need to take the problem seriously.
  他们承认需要严肃对待这个问题。
 »Drugs were not recognized as a problem then.
  那时候还没有把毒品看成严重问题。
▪ [V wh-]
 »Nobody recognized how urgent the situation was.
  谁也没意识到形势有多么紧急。
▪ [V that]
 »We recognized that the task was not straightforward.
  我们意识到这个任务并非轻而易举。
▪ [VN that]
 »It was recognized that this solution could only be temporary.
  人们意识到这只是个临时的解决方案。
▪ [also VN to inf]
3. ~ sb / sth (as sth) to accept and approve of sb / sth officially
• (正式)认可,接受,赞成:
▪ [VN]
 »recognized qualifications
  获得承认的资格
 »The UK has refused to recognize the new regime.
  英国已拒绝承认这个新的政权。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »He is recognized to be their natural leader.
  人们都承认他是他们的当然领袖。
【HELP】This pattern is usually used in the passive.
• 此句型通常用于被动语态。
4. [VN] be recognized (as sth) to be thought of as very good or important by people in general
• 赞赏；赏识；看重；公认:
 »The book is now recognized as a classic.
  这本书现在是一部公认的经典着作。
 »She's a recognized authority on the subject.
  她在这个学科上被奉为权威。
5. [VN] to give sb official thanks for sth that they have done or achieved
• 正式向…致谢；正式感谢:
 »His services to the state were recognized with the award of a knighthood.
  他被封为爵士,以表彰他对国家的贡献。
puz∙zle / ˈpʌzl /
◙ noun
1. a game, etc. that you have to think about carefully in order to answer it or do it
• 谜；智力游戏:
 »a crossword puzzle
  纵横字谜
 »a book of puzzles for children
  儿童谜语书
2. (especially NAmE) = jigsaw (1)
3. [usually sing.] something that is difficult to understand or explain
• 不解之谜；疑问
【SYN】 mystery
◙ verb [VN]
• to make sb feel confused because they do not understand sth
• 迷惑；使困惑
【SYN】 baffle :
 »What puzzles me is why he left the country without telling anyone.
  令我不解的是,他为什么悄悄地离开了这个国家。
♦ puz∙zling / ˈpʌzliŋ / adj.:
 »one of the most puzzling aspects of the crime
  这桩罪案最费解的一面
【PHR V】
◘ 'puzzle over / about sth
• to think hard about sth in order to understand or explain it
• 苦苦思索；仔细琢磨
◘ ˌpuzzle sth∽'out
• to find the answer to a difficult or confusing problem by thinking carefully
• 琢磨出…的答案
【SYN】 work out
▪ [+ wh- ]
 »He was trying to puzzle out why he had been brought to the house.
  他想弄明白自己为何被带到这所房子。
ig∙nore / iɡˈnɔ:(r) /
◙ verb [VN]
1. to pay no attention to sth
• 忽视；对…不予理会
【SYN】 disregard :
 »He ignored all the 'No Smoking' signs and lit up a cigarette.
  他无视所有"禁止吸烟"的警示,点了香烟。
 »I made a suggestion but they chose to ignore it.
  我提了个建议,但他们不予理会。
 »We cannot afford to ignore their advice.
  我们不能不考虑他们的劝告。
2. to pretend that you have not seen sb or that sb is not there
• 佯装未见；不予理睬
【SYN】 take no notice of :
 »She ignored him and carried on with her work.
  她没理他,继续干她的活。
pole / pəul; NAme poul /
◙ noun
1. a long thin straight piece of wood or metal, especially one with the end placed in the ground, used as a support
• 柱子；杆子；棍；杖:
 »a tent pole
  帐篷支柱
 »a ski pole
  滑雪杖
 »a curtain pole
  窗帘杆
--› see also bargepole , flagpole , telegraph pole , totem pole
2. either of the two points at the opposite ends of the line on which the earth or any other planet turns
• (行星的)极；地极:
 »the North / South Pole
  北极；南极
3. (physics 物) either of the two ends of a magnet , or the positive or negative points of an electric battery
• 磁极；电极
4. either of two opposite or contrasting extremes
• (对立或相反的)任何一方；极端:
 »Their opinions were at opposite poles of the debate.
  他们的意见在辩论中截然相反。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be 'poles apart
• to be widely separated; to have no interests that you share
• 天南地北；南辕北辙；截然相反
◘ up the 'pole
•(old-fashioned, BrE, informal) crazy
• 发狂的；疯狂的
--› more at greasy , touch v.
◙ verb [VN V +adv. / prep.]
• to move a boat by pushing on the bottom of a river, etc. with a pole
• 用篙撑船；摆船
boot / bu:t /
◙ noun
1. a strong shoe that covers the foot and ankle and often the lower part of the leg
• 靴子:
 »(BrE) walking boots
  便靴
 »(NAmE) hiking boots
  旅行靴
 »a pair of black leather boots
  一双黑皮靴
 »cowboy boots
  牛仔靴
--› see also desert boot , football boot , wellington
2. (BrE) (NAmE trunk) the space at the back of a car that you put bags, cases, etc. in
• (汽车后部的)行李箱:
 »I'll put the luggage in the boot.
  我去把行李放进行李箱里。
--› see also car boot sale
3. [usually sing.] (informal) a quick hard kick
• 猛踢:
 »He gave the ball a tremendous boot.
  他抽起脚猛踢了一下球。
4. (NAmE) = clamp n. (2)
【IDIOMS】
◘ be given the 'boot | ◘ get the 'boot
•(informal) to be told that you must leave your job or that a relationship you are having with sb is over
• 被解雇；被抛弃；(和某人的关系)被解除
◘ the boot is on the other 'foot
• (BrE) (NAmE the shoe is on the other 'foot) used to say that a situation has changed so that sb now has power or authority over the person who used to have power or authority over them
• 情况正好相反；宾主易位
◘ put / stick the 'boot in
(BrE, informal)
1. to kick sb very hard, especially when they are on the ground
• 猛踢(倒地的人)
2. to attack sb by criticizing them when they are in a difficult situation
• 乘人之危抨击某人
◘ to boot
• (old-fashioned or humorous) used to add a comment to sth that you have said
• (用作附带评述)而且,另外,加之:
 »He was a vegetarian, and a fussy six to boot.
  他是个素食主义者,而且过于讲究。
--› more at big adj., fill v., lick v., tough adj.
◙ verb
1. [VN +adv. / prep.] to kick sb / sth hard with your foot
• 猛踢:
 »He booted the ball clear of the goal.
  他一个大脚把球踢离了球门。
2. [V VN] ~ (sth) (up) (computing 计) to prepare a computer for use by loading its operating system ; to be prepared in this way
• 装入操作系统；启动(计算机)
3. [VN] be / get booted (NAmE, informal) if you or your car is booted, a piece of equipment is fixed to the car's wheel so that you cannot drive it away, usually because the car is illegally parked
• 在(通常为非法停放的汽车)车轮上装制动装置
--› see also clamp v. (3)
【PHR V】
◘ ˌboot sb∽'out (of sth) (informal)
• to force sb to leave a place or job
• 赶走；解雇
【SYN】 throw out
sweat / swet /
◙ noun
›› LIQUID ON SKIN 汗水
1. [U] drops of liquid that appear on the surface of your skin when you are hot, ill / sick or afraid
• 汗
【SYN】 perspiration :
 »beads of sweat
  汗珠
 »She wiped the sweat from her face.
  她擦去脸上的汗水。
 »By the end of the match, the sweat was pouring off him.
  到比赛结束时,他已经大汗淋漓了。
--› see also sweaty
2. [usually sing.] the state of being covered with sweat
• 出汗；流汗；一身汗:
 »I woke up in a sweat.
  我醒来时浑身是汗。
 »She completed the routine without even working up a sweat.
  她完成了一套常规动作,连汗都没出。
 »He breaks out in a sweat just at the thought of flying.
  他一想到飞行,就浑身冒汗。
 »He started having night sweats.
  他开始夜间盗汗。
--› see also cold sweat
›› HARD WORK 繁重的工作
3. [U] hard work or effort
• 繁重的工作；艰苦的劳动；累活儿；艰苦努力: (informal)
 »Growing your own vegetables sounds like a lot of sweat.
  自己种菜吃,这恐怕很累吧。
 »(literary) She achieved success by the sweat of her brow (= by working very hard).
  她靠吃苦流汗获得了成功。
›› CLOTHES 衣服
4. sweats [pl.] (informal, especially NAmE) a sweatsuit or sweatpants
• 运动服；运动裤:
 »I hung around the house all day in my sweats.
  我穿着运动服在家里晃荡了一整天。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be / get in a 'sweat (about sth)
• to be / become anxious or frightened about sth
• (为某事)担心,焦虑,害怕
◘ break 'sweat
(BrE) (NAmE break a 'sweat) (informal)
• to use a lot of physical effort
• 花大力气；苦干:
 »He hardly needed to break sweat to reach the final.
  他几乎不费劲儿就取得了决赛权。
◘ no 'sweat
• (informal) used to tell sb that sth is not difficult or a problem when they thank you or ask you to do sth
• (回答致谢或请求)没什么,小事一桩:
 »'Thanks for everything.' 'Hey, no sweat!'
  "谢谢你帮了这么多忙。" "嗨,没什么！"
--› more at blood n.
◙ verb
›› PRODUCE LIQUID ON SKIN / SURFACE 皮肤或表面渗出液体
1. when you sweat, drops of liquid appear on the surface of your skin, for example when you are hot, ill / sick or afraid
• 出汗；流汗
【SYN】 perspire :
▪ [V]
 »to sweat heavily
  汗流浃背
▪ [VN]
 »He was sweating buckets (= a lot).
  他大汗淋漓。
2. [V] if sth sweats, the liquid that is contained in it appears on its surface
• (物体表面)渗出水分,结水珠:
 »The cheese was beginning to sweat.
  奶酪开始出水了。
›› WORK HARD 努力工作
3. [V] ~ (over sth) to work hard at sth
• 艰苦努力；辛苦地干:
 »Are you still sweating over that report?
  你还在为那篇报道伤脑筋吗？
›› WORRY 担心
4. [V] (informal) to worry or feel anxious about sth
• 担心；焦虑；不安:
 »They really made me sweat during the interview.
  面试过程中,他们的确使我忐忑不安。
›› HEAT FOOD 烹调
5. [VN V] (BrE) if you sweat meat or vegetables or let them sweat, you heat them slowly with a little fat in a pan that is covered with a lid
• 焖
◘ don't 'sweat it
• (NAmE, informal) used to tell sb to stop worrying about sth
• 别担心；别发愁
◘ don't sweat the 'small stuff
• (NAmE, informal) used to tell sb not to worry about small details or unimportant things
• 不要为鸡毛蒜皮的事伤脑筋
◘ sweat 'blood
•(informal) to work very hard
• 苦干；卖命地工作
--› more at gut n.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌsweat sth∽'off
• to lose weight by doing a lot of hard exercise to make yourself sweat
• 通过排汗减轻体重
◘ ˌsweat it 'out (informal)
• to be waiting for sth difficult or unpleasant to end, and be feeling anxious about it
• 熬过；焦急地等待到最后
dis∙tance / ˈdistəns /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] the amount of space between two places or things
• 距离；间距:
 »a short / long distance
  短/长距离
 »the distance of the earth from the sun
  太阳到地球的距离
 »a distance of 200 kilometres
  * 200 公里的距离
 »What's the distance between New York City and Boston / from New York City to Boston?
  纽约市离波士顿有多远？
 »In the US, distance is measured in miles.
  在美国,测量距离以英里作单位。
 »The beach is within walking distance of my house (= you can walk there easily).
  海滩离我家很近,走几步路就到了。
 »Paul has to drive very long distances as part of his job.
  开长途车是保罗工作的一部份。
 »Our parents live some distance away (= quite far away).
  我们的父母住的地方相当远。
--› see also long-distance , middle distance , outdistance
2. [U] being far away in space or in time
• (空间的)遥远；(时间的)久远,间隔:
 »Distance is no problem on the Internet.
  在互联网上距离已不成为问题。
3. [sing.] a point that is a particular amount of space away from sth else
• 远方；远处:
 »You'll never get the ball in from that distance.
  你绝不可能从那么远的地方把球投进去。
4. [C, usually sing., U] a difference or lack of a connection between two things
• (两事物之间的)差异,无关:
 »The distance between fashion and art remains as great as ever.
  时尚与艺术之间的差别之大依然如故。
 »The government is keen to put some distance between itself and these events (= show that there is no connection between them).
  政府急于表示本身与这些事件无关。
 »(BrE) Eddie is, by some distance (= by a great amount), the funniest character in the show.
  埃迪显然是这个节目中最有趣的人物。
5. [U, C] a situation in which there is a lack of friendly feelings or of a close relationship between two people or groups of people
• 冷淡；疏远:
 »The coldness and distance in her voice took me by surprise.
  她话语中透出的冷淡和疏远使我感到意外。
【IDIOMS】
◘ at / from a 'distance
• from a place or time that is not near; from far away
• 离一段距离；从远处；遥远地；久远地:
 »She had loved him at a distance for years.
  她曾经暗暗爱了他好多年。
◘ go the (full) 'distance
• to continue playing in a competition or sports contest until the end
• (比赛)打完全场,赛足全局:
 »Nobody thought he would last 15 rounds, but he went the full distance.
  谁都以为他坚持不到 15 个回合,可是他却打完了全场。
◘ in / into the 'distance
• far away but still able to be seen or heard
• 在远处；在远方:
 »We saw lights in the distance.
  我们看到了远处的点点灯光。
 »Alice stood staring into the distance.
  艾丽斯站着凝视远方。
◘ keep sb at a 'distance
• to refuse to be friendly with sb; to not let sb be friendly towards you
• 对…冷淡；同…疏远；与…保持一定距离
◘ keep your 'distance (from sb / sth)
1. to make sure you are not too near sb / sth
• (与…)保持距离
2. to avoid getting too friendly or involved with a person, group, etc.
• 疏远；避免(与…)亲近；避免介入:
 »She was warned to keep her distance from Charles if she didn't want to get hurt.
  有人告诫她说,如果不想受到伤害,就与查尔斯离得远一点。
--› more at shouting , spit v., strike v.
◙ verb [VN]
• ~ yourself / sb / sth (from sb / sth) to become, or to make sb / sth become, less involved or connected with sb / sth
• 拉开距离；与…疏远:
 »When he retired, he tried to distance himself from politics.
  退休后,他便尽量使自己置身于政治之外。
 »It's not always easy for nurses to distance themselves emotionally.
  对护士来说,使自己不动感情并非总是很容易。
thun∙der / ˈθʌndə(r) /
◙ noun [U]
1. the loud noise that you hear after a flash of lightning , during a storm
• 雷；雷声:
 »the rumble of distant thunder
  远处雷声隆隆
 »a clap / crash / roll of thunder
  一声霹雳；一声巨雷；雷声隆隆
 »Thunder crashed in the sky.
  霹雳在空中炸响。
2. a loud noise like thunder
• 雷鸣般的响声；轰隆声:
 »the thunder of hooves
  隆隆的马蹄声
【IDIOMS】
--› see face n., steal v.
◙ verb
1. [V] when it thunders, there is a loud noise in the sky during a storm
• 打雷
2. [V] to make a very loud deep noise
• 发出雷鸣般响声；轰隆隆地响
【SYN】 roar :
 »A voice thundered in my ear.
  我耳边响起了雷鸣般的说话声。
 »thundering traffic
  轰隆隆的来往车辆
3. [V +adv. / prep.] to move very fast and with a loud deep noise
• 轰隆隆地快速移动
【SYN】 roar :
 »Heavy trucks kept thundering past.
  重型卡车不断地隆隆驶过。
4. [VN +adv. / prep.] (informal) to make sth move somewhere very fast
• 使快速移动:
 »Figo thundered the ball past the goalie.
  菲戈砰地一脚将球踢过了守门员。
5. (literary) to shout, complain, etc. very loudly and angrily
• 怒喝；大声斥责:
▪ [V]
 »He thundered against the evils of television.
  他大声谴责电视的种种坏处。
▪ [V speech]
 »'Sit still!' she thundered.
  "坐着别动！"她怒喝道。
▪ [also VN]
light∙ning / ˈlaitniŋ /
◙ noun [U]
• a flash, or several flashes, of very bright light in the sky caused by electricity
• 闪电:
 »a flash of lightning
  一道闪电
 »a violent storm with thunder and lightning
  夹着雷鸣电闪的暴风雨
 »He was struck by lightning and killed.
  他被闪电击中而死。
 »(NAmE) Lightning strikes caused scores of fires across the state.
  雷击给整个州造成了数十起火灾。
【IDIOMS】
◘ lightning never strikes (in the same place) twice
•(saying) an unusual or unpleasant event is not likely to happen in the same place or to the same people twice
• 倒霉的事不可能在同一场所(或同一人身上)重复发生；一事不过二
◘ like (greased) 'lightning
• very fast
• 闪电般；飞快地；一溜烟地
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• very fast or sudden
• 闪电般的；飞快的；突然的
tri∙angle / ˈtraiæŋɡl /
◙ noun
1. a flat shape with three straight sides and three angles; a thing in the shape of a triangle
• 三角形；三角形物体:
 »(BrE) a right-angled triangle
  直角三角形
 »(NAmE) a right triangle
  直角三角形
 »Cut the sandwiches into triangles.
  把三明治切成三角形。
2. a simple musical instrument that consists of a long piece of metal bent into the shape of a triangle, that you hit with another piece of metal
• 三角铁(打击乐器)
3. a situation involving three people in a complicated relationship
• 三角关系:
 »a love triangle
  三角恋爱
--› see also eternal triangle
4. (NAmE) = set square
wave / weiv /
◙ noun
›› OF WATER 水
1. [C] a raised line of water that moves across the surface of the sea, ocean, etc.
• 海浪；波浪；波涛:
 »Huge waves were breaking on the shore.
  巨浪拍打着海岸。
 »Surfers flocked to the beach to ride the waves.
  冲浪者集聚到海滩去冲浪。
 »the gentle sound of waves lapping
  波浪轻轻拍打的声音
 »Children were playing in the waves.
  孩子们在海浪中嬉戏。
 »Seagulls bobbed on the waves.
  海鸥随浪花一起一伏地漂浮在水面。
 »The wind made little waves on the pond.
  风吹得池水起了涟漪。
--› see also tidal wave (1)
›› OF ACTIVITY / FEELING 活动；感觉
2. [C] a sudden increase in a particular activity or feeling
• 汹涌的行动(或思想)态势；心潮；风潮:
 »a wave of opposition / protest / violence, etc.
  反对、抗议、暴力等的浪潮
 »a crime wave
  犯罪潮
 »A wave of fear swept over him.
  一阵恐惧传遍他的全身。
 »Guilt and horror flooded her in waves.
  歉疚和恐惧一阵阵涌上她的心头。
 »A wave of panic spread through the crowd.
  一阵恐慌传遍人群。
--› see also brainwave , heatwave
›› LARGE NUMBER 大量
3. [C] a large number of people or things suddenly moving or appearing somewhere
• 涌现的人(或事物)；涌动的人(或物):
 »Wave after wave of aircraft passed overhead.
  一批又一批飞机从上空掠过。
--› see also new wave
›› MOVEMENT OF ARM / HAND / BODY 臂/手 / 身体的动作
4. [C] a movement of your arm and hand from side to side
• 挥臂；挥手；招手；摆手:
 »She declined the offer with a wave of her hand.
  她摆了摆手谢绝了这一提议。
 »He gave us a wave as the bus drove off.
  公共汽车开走时他向我们挥了挥手。
5. the wave [sing.] (NAmE) = Mexican wave
›› OF HEAT / SOUND / LIGHT 热；声；光
6. [C] the form that some types of energy such as heat, sound, light, etc. take as they move
• 波；波状运动:
 »radio / sound / ultrasonic waves
  无线电波；声波；超声波
--› see also airwaves , long wave , medium wave , microwave n. (2), shock wave (1), short wave , sound wave
›› IN HAIR 头发
7. [C] if a person's hair has a wave or waves, it is not straight but curls slightly
• 拳曲；波纹
--› see also permanent wave
›› SEA 海洋
8. the waves [pl.] (literary) the sea
• 大海
--› see also wavy
【IDIOMS】
◘ make 'waves
•(informal) to be very active in a way that makes people notice you, and that may sometimes cause problems
• 咋咋呼呼；大肆张扬
--› more at crest n., ride v.
◙ verb
›› MOVE HAND / ARM 挥动手/臂
1. ~ (at / to sb) | ~ sth (at sb) | ~ sth (about / around) to move your hand or arm from side to side in the air in order to attract attention, say hello, etc.
• 挥手；招手；摆手；挥臂:
▪ [V]
 »The people on the bus waved and we waved back.
  公共汽车上的人挥手致意,我们也向他们挥手。
 »Why did you wave at him?
  你为什么向他招手？
▪ [VN]
 »A man in the water was shouting and waving his arms around frantically.
  水里有个人大喊大叫,拚命摆动着双臂。
▪ [VNN VN]
 »My mother was crying as I waved her goodbye.
  我向母亲挥手告别时她哭了。
 »My mother was crying as I waved goodbye to her.
  我向母亲挥手告别时她哭了。
2. [+adv. / prep.] to show where sth is, show sb where to go, etc. by moving your hand in a particular direction
• 挥手指引,挥手示意(方向):
▪ [V]
 »She waved vaguely in the direction of the house.
  她含糊地朝房子的方向挥了挥手。
▪ [VN]
 »'He's over there,' said Ali, waving a hand towards some trees.
  "他在那儿。"阿里说着朝几棵树挥了挥手。
 »I showed my pass to the security guard and he waved me through.
  我向保安员出示了通行证,他挥手让我通过。
3. [VN , usually +adv. / prep.] to hold sth in your hand and move it from side to side
• 挥舞,挥动(手中之物):
 »Crowds lined the route, waving flags and cheering.
  人群沿路线排成行,挥舞着旗子欢呼。
 »'I'm rich!' she exclaimed, waving the money under his nose.
  "我发财了！"她在他的鼻子下面舞动着钞票喊道。
›› MOVE FREELY 自由移动
4. [V] to move freely and gently, for example in the wind, while one end or side is held in position
• (一端固定地)飘扬,飘动,摇晃,起伏:
 »The flag waved in the breeze.
  旗子在微风中飘扬。
›› HAIR 头发
5. [V] to curl slightly
• 略呈波形；拳曲:
 »His hair waves naturally.
  他天生一头鬈发。
6. [VN] to make sb's hair curl slightly
• 使…略呈波形；烫(发):
 »She's had her hair waved.
  她烫发了。
◘ like waving a red flag in front of a 'bull
(US) = a red rag to a bull at red adj.
--› more at flag n.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌwave sth∽a'side / a'way
• to not accept sth because you do not think it is necessary or important
• 对…置之不理；不理会
【SYN】 dismiss :
 »My objections to the plan were waved aside.
  我对这项计划的反对意见未被理会。
◘ ˌwave sth / sb∽'down
• to signal to a vehicle or its driver to stop by waving your hand
• 对(汽车或司机)挥手示意停下；挥手叫停
◘ ˌwave sb∽'off
• to wave goodbye to sb as they are leaving
• 挥手送别
over∙head
◙ adv.
• / ˌəuvəˈhed; NAme ˌouvərˈhed / above your head; in the sky
• 在头上方；在空中:
 »Planes flew overhead constantly.
  飞机不断从头顶上飞过。
 »Thunder boomed in the sky overhead.
  雷声在天空中隆隆作响。
◙ adj. / ˈəuvəhed; NAme ˈouvərhed /
1. above your head; raised above the ground
• 头上方的；地面以上的；高架的:
 »overhead power lines
  高架输电线
2. [only before noun] connected with the general costs of running a business or an organization, for example paying for rent or electricity
• 经费的；管理费用的:
 »overhead costs
  营运开支
◙ noun
[U] (especially NAmE) = overheads
tap / tæp /
◙ verb (-pp-)
1. to hit sb / sth quickly and lightly
• 轻敲；轻拍；轻叩:
▪ [V]
 »Someone tapped at the door.
  有人轻轻叩门。
 »He was busy tapping away at his computer.
  他埋头敲着电脑键盘。
▪ [VN]
 »Ralph tapped me on the shoulder.
  拉尔夫轻轻地拍了拍我的肩膀。
2. if you tap your fingers, feet, etc. or they tap, you hit them gently against a table, the floor, etc., for example to the rhythm of music
• (用…)轻轻叩击
▪ [VN]
 »He kept tapping his fingers on the table.
  他不停地用手指轻轻敲着桌子。
▪ [V]
 »The music set everyone's feet tapping.
  乐曲使得每个人都用脚轻轻打起拍子来。
3. ~ (into) sth to make use of a source of energy, knowledge, etc. that already exists
• 利用,开发,发掘(已有的资源、知识等):
▪ [VN]
 »We need to tap the expertise of the people we already have.
  我们需要利用我们现有人员的专业知识。
▪ [V]
 »The movie seems to tap into a general sentimentality about animals.
  这部电影似乎在激发人们对动物的普遍怜惜之情。
4. [VN] (especially BrE) to fit a device to a telephone so that sb's calls can be listened to secretly
• (在电话上)安装窃听器,搭线窃听:
 »He was convinced his phone was being tapped.
  他确信自己的电话在被人窃听。
--› see also wiretapping
5. [VN] to cut into a tree in order to get liquid from it
• 在(树)上切口(导出液体)
6. [VN] [usually passive] (NAmE) to choose sb to do a particular job
• 委任；指定(某人做某事):
 »Richards has been tapped to replace the retiring chairperson.
  理查兹获得委任接替行将退任的主席。
7. [VN] (phonetics 语音) to produce a tap n. (6)
【SYN】 flap
• 发轻拍音
【PHR V】
◘ 'tap sb for sth (BrE, informal)
• to persuade sb to give you sth, especially money
• 向…索要,向…乞讨(尤指钱)
◘ ˌtap sth∽'in / 'out
• to put information, numbers, letters, etc. into a machine by pressing buttons
• 输入,输出(信息、数字、字母等):
 »Tap in your PIN number.
  输入你的个人身分识别号码。
◘ ˌtap sth∽'out
1. to hit a surface gently to the rhythm of music
• (跟着音乐节奏)轻轻打拍子:
 »She tapped out the beat on the table.
  她轻击桌面打着拍子。
2. to write sth using a computer or a mobile phone / cellphone
• (用计算机或移动电话)写,敲出,键入:
 »I tapped out a text message to Mandy.
  我给曼迪发了一条短信。
◙ noun
1. (especially BrE) (NAmE usually fau∙cet) [C] a device for controlling the flow of water from a pipe into a bath / bathtub or sink
• 水龙头；旋塞:
 »bath taps
  浴缸水龙头
 »the hot / cold tap (= the tap that hot / cold water comes out of)
  热水/冷水龙头
 »Turn the tap on / off.
  打开/关上龙头。
 »Don't leave the tap running.
  别把水龙头开着白白流水。
 »the sound of a dripping tap
  水龙头滴答的漏水声
--› see also tap water
2. [C] a device for controlling the flow of liquid or gas from a pipe or container
• 龙头；旋塞:
 »a gas tap
  煤气阀门
 »beer taps
  啤酒旋塞
3. [C] a light hit with your hand or fingers
• 轻击；轻拍；轻敲；轻扣:
 »a tap at / on the door
  轻轻的叩门
 »He felt a tap on his shoulder and turned round.
  他觉得有人轻轻拍他的肩膀便转过身来。
4. [C] an act of fitting a device to a telephone so that sb's telephone calls can be listened to secretly
• 电话窃听；搭线窃听:
 »a phone tap
  电话窃听
5. [U] = tap-dancing at tap dance
6. [C] (phonetics 语音) a speech sound which is produced by striking the tongue quickly and lightly against the part of the mouth behind the upper front teeth. The / t / in later in American English and the / r / in very in some British accents are examples of taps.
【SYN】 flap
• 轻拍音
【IDIOMS】
◘ on 'tap
1. available to be used at any time
• 可随时使用的:
 »We have this sort of information on tap.
  我们可随时向您提供这种资料。
2. beer that is on tap is in a barrel with a tap on it
• (啤酒)装在有旋塞的桶里的,散装的
3. (NAmE) something that is on tap is being discussed or prepared and will happen soon
• 协商中；准备中；即将发生
suit / su:t; BrE also sju:t /
◙ noun
1. a set of clothes made of the same cloth, including a jacket and trousers / pants or a skirt
• 西服；西装；套装:
 »a business suit
  公务装
 »a pinstripe suit
  一套细条纹西装
 »a two- / three-piece suit (= of two / three pieces of clothing)
  一套两件/三件式西装
--› see also dinner suit , jumpsuit , leisure suit , lounge suit , sailor suit , shell suit , sweatsuit , tracksuit , trouser suit
2. a set of clothing worn for a particular activity
• (从事特定活动时穿的)成套服装:
 »a diving suit
  潜水服
 »a suit of armour
  一套盔甲
--› see also boiler suit , spacesuit , swimsuit , wetsuit
3. any of the four sets that form a pack / deck of cards
• (扑克牌中)所有同花色的牌:
 »The suits are called hearts, clubs, diamonds and spades.
  扑克牌的四种花色分别叫红桃、梅花、方块和黑桃。
4. = lawsuit :
 »to file / bring a suit against sb
  起诉；控告某人
 »a divorce suit
  离婚诉讼
--› see also paternity suit
5. [usually pl.] (informal) a person with an important job as a manager in a company or organization, especially one thought of as being mainly concerned with financial matters or as having a lot of influence
• (具影响力的)高级行政人员(尤指财务方面的)
【IDIOMS】

—more at birthday , follow , strong
◙ verb [no passive] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)
1. to be convenient or useful for sb
• 对(某人)方便；满足(某人)需要；合(某人)心意:
▪ [VN]
 »Choose a computer to suit your particular needs.
  选一台适合你个人需要的电脑。
 »If we met at 2, would that suit you?
  我们两点钟见面,你方便吗？
 »If you want to go by bus, that suits me fine.
  要是你想坐公共汽车走,那对我也合适。
 »He can be very helpful, but only when it suits him.
  有时候他非常肯帮忙,不过那得他觉得合适。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »It suits me to start work at a later time.
  对我来说,最好晚一点再开始工作。
2. [VN] (especially of clothes, colours, etc. 尤指服装、颜色等) to make you look attractive
• 相配；合身:
 »Blue suits you. You should wear it more often.
  你适合穿蓝色。你该多穿蓝色衣服。
 »I don't think this coat really suits me.
  我觉得这件大衣不大适合我穿。
3. (especially BrE)
• [VN] (usually used in negative sentences 通常用于否定句) to be right or good for sb / sth
• 适合；适宜；有利于:
 »This hot weather doesn't suit me.
  天这么热,我真受不了。
◘ suit your / sb's book
(BrE, informal)
• to be convenient or useful for you / sb
• 对某人方便(或有用)
◘ suit sb ˌdown to the 'ground
(BrE, informal)
• to be very convenient or acceptable for sb
• 对某人非常方便；很合某人心意:
 »This job suits me down to the ground.
  这份工作我非常满意。
◘ ˌsuit your'self
(informal)
1. to do exactly what you would like
• 随自己的意愿:
 »I choose my assignments to suit myself.
  我根据自己的喜好选任务。
2. usually used in orders to tell sb to do what they want, even though it annoys you
• (表示听凭对方的意愿)自便,随便:
 »'I think I'll stay in this evening.' 'Suit yourself!'
  "今晚我就不出去了。" "随你的便！"
【PHR V】
◘ 'suit sth to sth / sb
• to make sth appropriate for sth / sb
• 使适合(或适应)某事物(或人):
 »He can suit his conversation to whoever he's with.
  无论跟谁说话,他都能说到一块儿。
at∙tach / əˈtætʃ /
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ sth (to sth) to fasten or join one thing to another
• 把…固定,把…附(在…上):
 »Attach the coupon to the front of your letter.
  把优惠券附在信的正面。
 »I attach a copy of my notes for your information.
  我附上笔记一份供你参考。
 »I attach a copy of the spreadsheet (= send it with an email).
  我随电子邮件附上电子表格一份。
 »(figurative) They have attached a number of conditions to the agreement (= said that the conditions must be part of the agreement).
  他们在协议上附加了一些条件。
--› compare detach (1)
2. [VN] ~ importance, significance, value, weight, etc. (to sth) to believe that sth is important or worth thinking about
• 认为有重要性(或意义、价值、分量等)；重视:
 »I attach great importance to this research.
  我认为这项研究十分重要。
3. [VN] ~ yourself to sb to join sb for a time, sometimes when you are not welcome or have not been invited
• (有时不受欢迎或未受邀请而)参加,和…在一起,缠着:
 »He attached himself to me at the party and I couldn't get rid of him.
  在聚会上他老是缠着我,我简直无法摆脱他。
4. ~ to sb / sth (formal) to be connected with sb / sth; to connect sth to sth
• (使)与…有联系；与…有关连:
▪ [V]
 »No one is suggesting that any health risks attach to this product.
  没有人指出这个产品可能会危害健康。
 »No blame attaches to you.
  你一点责任也没有。
▪ [VN]
 »This does not attach any blame to you.
  这事你一点责任也没有。
dis∙abil∙ity / ˌdisəˈbiləti /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [C] a physical or mental condition that means you cannot use a part of your body completely or easily, or that you cannot learn easily
• (某种)缺陷,障碍:
 »a physical / mental disability
  生理缺陷；心理障碍
 »people with severe learning disabilities
  具有严重学习障碍的人
2. [U] the state of not being able to use a part of your body completely or easily; the state of not being able to learn easily
• (指状态、身心、学习等方面的)缺陷,障碍:
 »He qualifies for help on the grounds of disability.
  他因身有残疾有资格得到帮助。
--› note at disabled
hope∙ful / ˈhəupfl; NAme ˈhoup- /
◙ adj.
1. [not usually before noun] ~ (that...) | ~ (about sth) (of a person 人) believing that sth you want will happen
• 抱有希望；满怀希望
【SYN】 optimistic :
 »I feel hopeful that we'll find a suitable house very soon.
  我对很快找到合适的房子抱有希望。
 »He is not very hopeful about the outcome of the interview.
  他对面试的结果不抱很大希望。
 »(BrE) She is hopeful of returning to work soon.
  她希望很快回去工作。
【OPP】 pessimistic
2. [only before noun] (of a person's behaviour 人的行为) showing hope
• 表现出希望的:
 »a hopeful smile
  充满希望的微笑
3. (of a thing 事物) making you believe that sth you want will happen; bringing hope
• 给人以希望的
【SYN】 promising :
 »The latest trade figures are a hopeful sign.
  最新贸易数字令人鼓舞。
 »The future did not seem very hopeful.
  前景似乎不太乐观。
♦ hope∙ful∙ness noun [U]
◙ noun
• a person who wants to succeed at sth
• 希望成功的人；雄心勃勃的人:
 »50 young hopefuls are trying for a place in the England team.
  * 50 名雄心勃勃的年轻人亟欲跻身英格兰队。
whis∙per / ˈwispə(r) /
◙ verb
1. to speak very quietly to sb so that other people cannot hear what you are saying
• 耳语；低语；私语；小声说
【SYN】 murmur :
▪ [V]
 »Don't you know it's rude to whisper?
  难道你不知道窃窃私语是不礼貌的吗？
 »What are you two whispering about?
  你们两人在低声说些什么？
▪ [V speech]
 »'Can you meet me tonight?' he whispered.
  "你今晚能和我见面吗？"他小声问。
▪ [VN]
 »She leaned over and whispered something in his ear.
  她探过身去附耳跟他说了些什么。
▪ [V that]
 »He whispered to me that he was afraid.
  他低声对我说他害怕。
2. [often passive] to say or suggest sth about sb / sth in a private or secret way
• 私下说；秘密告诉；悄声暗示:
▪ [VN that]
 »It was whispered that he would soon die and he did.
  有人私下说他将不久于人世,他果然死了。
▪ [also V that]
3. [V] (literary) (of leaves, the wind, etc. 叶子、风等) to make a soft, quiet sound
• 沙沙作响；发飒飒声
◙ noun
1. a low quiet voice or the sound it makes
• 耳语(声)；低语(声)；私语(声)
【SYN】 murmur :
 »They spoke in whispers.
  他们在交头接耳。
 »Her voice dropped to a whisper.
  她压低声音小声说话。
--› see also stage whisper
2. (also whis∙per∙ing) (literary) a soft sound
• 轻柔的声音
【SYN】 murmur :
 »I could hear the whispering of the sea.
  我听见大海在轻声诉说。
3. a piece of news that is spread by being talked about but may not be true
• 传言；谣传
【SYN】 rumour :
 »I've heard whispers that he's leaving.
  我听人传说他要走。
bite / bait /
◙ verb
(bit / bit / , bit∙ten / ˈbitn / )
›› uSə ðəəðH 用牙齿
1. ~ (into / through / off sth) to use your teeth to cut into or through sth
• 咬:
▪ [VN]
 »She was bitten by the family dog.
  她被家里的狗咬伤了。
 »Stop biting your nails!
  别咬指甲了！
▪ [V]
 »She bit into a ripe juicy pear.
  她咬了一口熟透了的多汁的梨。
 »Does your dog bite?
  你的狗咬人吗？
 »Come here! I won't bite! (= you don't need to be afraid)
  过来吧！我不会咬人的！
 »He bit off a large chunk of bread / He bit a large chunk of bread off.
  他咬下了一大块麪包。
›› OF INSECT / SNAKE 昆虫；蛇
2. to wound sb by making a small hole or mark in their skin
• 叮；蜇；咬:
▪ [VN]
 »We were badly bitten by mosquitoes.
  我们被蚊子咬得不行。
▪ [V]
 »Most European spiders don't bite.
  大多数欧洲蜘蛛不咬人。
›› OF FISH 鱼
3. [V] if a fish bites, it takes food from the hook of a fishing line and may get caught
• 咬饵；上鈎
›› HAVE EFFECT 产生影响
4. [V] to have an unpleasant effect
• 产生不良影响:
 »The recession is beginning to bite.
  经济衰退开始产生不良影响。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be bitten by sth
• to develop a strong interest in or enthusiasm for sth
• 对某事物着迷；热衷于某事物:
 »He's been bitten by the travel bug.
  他迷上了旅游。
◘ bite the 'bullet
•(informal) to start to deal with an unpleasant or difficult situation which cannot be avoided
• 硬着头皮对付不愉快的(或艰难的)情况；咬紧牙关应付
【ORIGIN】From the custom of giving soldiers a bullet to bite on during a medical operation without anaesthetic.
• 源自战地手术习惯。战士们在无麻醉剂的情况下咬住子弹接受手术。

◘ bite the 'dust
(informal)
1. to fail, or to be defeated or destroyed
• 失败；被打败；被摧毁:
 »Thousands of small businesses bite the dust every year.
  每年有数以千计的小企业倒闭。
2. (humorous) to die
• 死
◘ bite the hand that 'feeds you
• to harm sb who has helped you or supported you
• 伤害恩人；恩将仇报
◘ bite your 'lip
• to stop yourself from saying sth or from showing an emotion
• 忍住话；抑制情感的流露
◘ bite off more than you can 'chew
• to try to do too much, or sth that is too difficult
• 想一口吃成胖子；不自量力
◘ bite your 'tongue
• to stop yourself from saying sth that might upset sb or cause an argument, although you want to speak
• 隐忍不言(避免祸从口出):
 »I didn't believe her explanation but I bit my tongue.
  我不相信她的解释,但我忍着没有说出来。
◘ I, etc. could have bitten my / his / her 'tongue out / off
• used when sb says sth stupid or embarrassing and immediately wishes they had not said it
• (表示后悔说出愚蠢的或令人尴尬的话)
--› more at head n., once adv.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌbite 'back (at sb / sth)
• to react angrily, especially when sb has criticized or harmed you
• 反击；反驳
◘ ˌbite sth∽'back
• to stop yourself from saying sth or from showing your feelings
• 忍住不说出某事；不流露情感:
 »She bit back her anger.
  她按捺住怒火。
◘ ˌbite 'into sth
• to cut into the surface of sth
• 咬(或切、陷等)入某物:
 »The horses' hooves bit deep into the soft earth.
  马蹄深深地陷进了松软的土里。
◙ noun
›› USING TEETH 用牙齿
1. [C] an act of biting
• 咬:
 »The dog gave me a playful bite.
  狗闹着玩地咬了我一下。
 »He has to wear a brace to correct his bite (= the way the upper and lower teeth fit together).
  他得戴着牙箍矫正牙齿的咬合。
›› FOOD 食物
2. [C] a small piece of food that you can bite from a larger piece
• (咬下的)一口:
 »She took a couple of bites of the sandwich.
  她咬了两口三明治。
 »He didn't eat a bite of his dinner (= he ate nothing).
  他一口饭也没吃。
3. a ~ (to eat) [sing.] (informal) a small amount of food; a small meal
• 小量食物；简单的一餐:
 »How about a bite of lunch?
  简单吃点午饭好吗？
 »We just have time for a bite to eat before the movie.
  电影开演之前,我们只有匆匆吃一点东西的时间。
›› OF INSECT / ANIMAL 昆虫；动物
4. [C] a wound made by an animal or insect
• 咬伤；叮伤；蜇伤:
 »Dog bites can get infected.
  狗咬的伤口会感染。
 »a mosquito / snake bite
  蚊子叮伤；蛇咬伤
›› STRONG TASTE 浓郁的味道
5. [U] a pleasant strong taste
• 浓香:
 »Cheese will add extra bite to any pasta dish.
  干酪会增加麪食的香味。
›› COLD 冷
6. [sing.] a sharp cold feeling
• 寒冷；凛冽:
 »There's a bite in the air tonight.
  今晚寒气刺骨。
›› POWERFUL EFFECT 强烈影响
7. [U] a quality that makes sth effective or powerful
• 影响力；感染力:
 »The performance had no bite to it.
  这次演出毫无感染力。
›› OF FISH 鱼
8. [C] the act of a fish biting food on a hook
• 咬饵；上鈎
--› see also frostbite , love bite , sound bite
◘ a bite at / of the 'cherry
(BrE)
• an opportunity to do sth
• 做某事的机会(或时机):
 »They were eager for a second bite of the cherry.
  他们渴望能得到第二次机会。
--› more at bark n.
shark / ʃɑ:k; NAme ʃɑ:rk /
◙ noun
1. a large sea fish with very sharp teeth and a pointed fin on its back. There are several types of shark, some of which can attack people swimming.
• 鲨鱼
2. (informal, disapproving) a person who is dishonest in business, especially sb who gives bad advice and gets people to pay too much for sth
• 坑蒙拐骗的人；诈骗者
--› see also loan shark
jaw / dʒɔ: /
◙ noun
1. [C] either of the ten bones at the bottom of the face that contain the teeth and move when you talk or eat
• 颌:
 »the top / upper jaw
  上颌
 »the bottom / lower jaw
  下颌
2. [sing.] the lower part of the face; the lower jaw
• 下巴；下颌:
 »He has a strong square jaw.
  他长着一副结实的方下巴。
 »The punch broke my jaw.
  这一拳打坏了我的下巴。
3. jaws [pl.] the mouth and teeth of a person or an animal
• 口部；嘴:
 »The alligator's jaws snapped shut.
  钝吻鳄的嘴吧嗒一声闭上了。
4. jaws [pl.] the parts of a tool or machine that are used to hold things tightly
• (工具或机器的)钳夹部份,钳口:
 »the jaws of a vice
  虎钳口
【IDIOMS】
◘ sb's 'jaw dropped / fell / sagged
• used to say that sb suddenly looked surprised, shocked or disappointed
• (突然吃惊或失望得)张口结舌,目瞪口呆,垂头丧气
◘ the jaws of 'death, de'feat, etc.
• (literary) used to describe an unpleasant situation that almost happens
• 鬼门关；失败的险境:
 »The team snatched victory from the jaws of defeat.
  这个队翻盘而得险胜。
◘ the jaws of a tunnel, etc.
• the narrow entrance to a tunnel, etc., especially six that looks dangerous
• (隧道等处尤指看起来危险的)狭窄入口
◙ verb [V]
• (informal, often disapproving) to talk, especially to talk a lot or for a long time
• 唠唠叨叨；喋喋不休
bull / bul /
◙ noun
1. [C] the male of any animal in the cow family
• 公牛:
 »a bull neck (= a short thick neck like a 's">bull's )
  (公牛般的)短粗脖子
--› compare bullock , cow n. (1), ox , steer
2. [C] the male of the elephant , whale and some other large animals
• (象、鲸等动物的)雄兽
--› compare cow n. (2)
3. [C] (finance 财) a person who buys shares in a company, hoping to sell them soon afterwards at a higher price
• (预期证券价格上升的)买空者,多头
--› compare bear n. (2)
4. [C] an official order or statement from the Pope (= the head of the Roman Catholic Church)
• 教宗诏书；教宗训谕:
 »a papal bull
  教宗训谕
5. [U] (slang) = bullshit :
 »That's a load of bull!
  那是胡说八道！
6. [C] = bullseye
--› see also cock and bull story
【IDIOMS】
◘ a bull in a 'china shop
• a person who is careless, or who moves or acts in a rough or awkward way, in a place or situation where skill and care are needed
• (不顾环境)笨拙莽撞的人,冒失鬼
◘ take the bull by the 'horns
• to face a difficult or dangerous situation directly and with courage
• 勇敢面对困境(或险境)
--› more at red adj., shoot v.
con∙trary¹ / ˈkɔntrəri; NAmE ˈkɑ:ntreri /
--› see also contrary ²
◙ adj.
1. ~ to sth different from sth; against sth
• 与之相异的；相对立的；相反的:
 »Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk.
  与普通的看法相反,许多猫不喜欢牛奶。
 »The government has decided that the publication of the report would be 'contrary to the public interest'.
  政府认为发表这份报告将会"违背公众的利益"。
2. [only before noun] completely different in nature or direction
• (在性质或方向上)截然不同的,完全相反的
【SYN】 opposite :
 »contrary advice / opinions / arguments
  完全相反的建议/观点/论点
 »The contrary view is that prison provides an excellent education—in crime.
  截然不同的看法是监狱在犯罪方面提供极好的教育。
◙ noun the contrary [sing.]
• the opposite fact, event or situation
• 相反的事实(或事情、情况):
 »In the end the contrary was proved true: he was innocent and she was guilty.
  最后证明事实正好相反:他是无辜的,而她则有罪。
【IDIOMS】
◘ on the 'contrary
• used to introduce a statement that says the opposite of the last one
• 与此相反；恰恰相反:
 »'It must have been terrible.' 'On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.'
  "那一定是很糟糕。" "恰恰相反,我非常喜欢。"
◘ ˌquite the 'contrary
• used to emphasize that the opposite of what has been said is true
• 恰恰相反；正相反:
 »I don't find him funny at all. Quite the contrary.
  正相反,我觉得他一点儿也不可笑。
◘ to the 'contrary
• showing or proving the opposite
• 相反的；相反地:
 »Show me some evidence to the contrary (= proving that sth is not true).
  给我看看有什么相反的证据吧。
 »I will expect to see you on Sunday unless I hear anything to the contrary (= that you are not coming).
  我星期天等你,除非你说不来了。
◙ con∙trary² / kənˈtreəri; NAmE -ˈtreri / adj.
• (formal, disapproving) (usually of children 通常指小孩) behaving badly; choosing to do or say the opposite of what is expected
• 乖戾的；好与人作对的；逆反的；犟的:
 »She was such a contrary child—it was impossible to please her.
  这孩子老跟人作对,没法让她高兴。
--› see also contrary ¹ ▲
con∙trar∙ily adv.
♦ con∙trari∙ness noun [U]
flesh / fleʃ /
◙ noun
1. [U] the soft substance between the skin and bones of animal or human bodies
• (动物或人的)肉:
 »The trap had cut deeply into the rabbit's flesh.
  捕夹深深嵌入了兔子的肉里。
 »Tigers are flesh-eating animals.
  虎是食肉动物。
 »the smell of rotting flesh
  腐肉的气味
2. [U] the skin of the human body
• (人体的)皮肤:
 »His fingers closed around the soft flesh of her arm.
  他握住了她柔软的手臂。
 »flesh-coloured (= the colour of white people's skin)
  白人肤色的
3. [U] the soft part of fruit and vegetables, especially when it is eaten
• 蔬菜的可食部份；果肉
4. the flesh [sing.] (literary) the human body when considering its physical and sexual needs, rather than the mind or soul
• 肉体；肉欲；情欲:
 »the pleasures / sins of the flesh
  肌肤之乐；肉欲之罪
【IDIOMS】
◘ ˌflesh and 'blood
• when you say that sb is flesh and blood, you mean that they are a normal human with needs, emotions and weaknesses
• 血肉之躯(有常人的需要、感情和缺点):
 »Listening to the cries was more than flesh and blood could stand.
  听这种哭喊非常人所能忍受。
◘ your (ˌown) ˌflesh and 'blood
• a person that you are related to
• 亲骨肉；亲人
◘ in the 'flesh
• if you see sb in the flesh, you are in the same place as them and actually see them rather than just seeing a picture of them
• 活生生地；亲自；本人
◘ make your 'flesh creep
• to make you feel afraid or full of disgust
• 使起鸡皮疙瘩；令人毛骨悚然；使人十分厌恶
◘ put flesh on (the bones of) sth
• to develop a basic idea, etc. by giving more details to make it more complete
• 充实；加细节于:
 »The strength of the book is that it puts flesh on the bare bones of this argument.
  本书的优点是对这个论点的基本事实有翔实的论述。
--› more at pound n., press v., spirit n., thorn , way n.
◙ verb
【PHR V】
◘ ˌflesh sth∽'out
• to add more information or details to a plan, an argument, etc.
• 充实(计划、论据等的内容):
 »These points were fleshed out in the later parts of the speech.
  这几点在演讲的后面部份已得到充实。
jew∙el∙lery (BrE) (NAmE jew∙el∙ry) / ˈdʒu:əlri /
◙ noun [U]
• objects such as rings and necklaces that people wear as decoration
• 珠宝；首饰:
 »silver / gold jewellery
  银/金首饰
 »She has some lovely pieces of jewellery.
  她有几件漂亮的首饰。
--› see also costume jewellery
at∙tract / əˈtrækt /
◙ verb [VN]
1. [usually passive] ~ sb (to sb / sth) if you are attracted by sth, it interests you and makes you want it; if you are attracted by sb, you like or admire them
• 吸引；使喜爱；引起…的好感(或爱慕):
 »I had always been attracted by the idea of working abroad.
  我总是向往去国外工作。
 »What first attracted me to her was her sense of humour.
  她首先吸引我的是她的幽默感。
2. ~ sb / sth (to sth) to make sb / sth come somewhere or take part in sth
• 招引:
 »The warm damp air attracts a lot of mosquitoes.
  温暖潮湿的空气招来了大量蚊子。
 »The exhibition has attracted thousands of visitors.
  展览吸引了成千上万的参观者。
3. to make people have a particular reaction
• 引起(反应):
 »This proposal has attracted a lot of interest.
  这个提案引起了很大的兴趣。
 »His comments were bound to attract criticism.
  他的说话必然会招致批评。
 »She tried to attract the attention of the waiter.
  她试图引起服务员的注意。
4. (physics 物) if a magnet or gravity attracts sth, it makes it move towards it
• 吸引
【OPP】 repel
【IDIOMS】
--› see opposite n.
calm / kɑ:m /
◙ adj. (calm∙er, calm∙est)
1. not excited, nervous or upset
• 镇静的；沉着的:
 »It is important to keep calm in an emergency.
  情况紧急的时候,保持镇静是重要的。
 »Try to remain calm.
  尽量保持冷静。
 »Her voice was surprisingly calm.
  她的声音出人意料地平静。
 »The city is calm again (= free from trouble and fighting) after yesterday's riots.
  昨天的骚乱过后,城里又恢复了平静。
2. (of the sea 海洋) without large waves
• 风平浪静的
3. (of the weather 天气) without wind
• 无风的:
 »a calm, cloudless day
  晴朗无风的一天
♦ calm∙ly adv.:
 »'I'll call the doctor,' he said calmly.
  "我去请医生。"他镇定地说。
♦ calm∙ness noun [U]
◙ verb [VN]
• to make sb / sth become quiet and more relaxed, especially after strong emotion or excitement
• 使平静；使镇静:
 »Have some tea; it'll calm your nerves.
  喝点茶吧,这会使你紧张的神经松弛下来。
 »His presence had a calming influence.
  有他在场对大家的情绪起到了稳定作用。
--› see also traffic calming
【PHR V】
◘ ˌcalm 'down ◘ | ˌcalm sb / sth∽'down
• to become or make sb become calm
• (使)平静,镇静,安静:
 »Look, calm down! We'll find her.
  喂,镇静一点！我们会找到她的。
 »We waited inside until things calmed down.
  我们待在室内,直到一切都恢复了平静。
 »He took a few deep breaths to calm himself down.
  他深深地吸了几口气,使自己平静下来。
◙ noun [C, U]
1. a quiet and peaceful time or situation
• 平静的时期；宁静的状态:
 »the calm of a summer evening
  夏日夜晚的宁静
 »The police appealed for calm.
  警察要求大家保持安静。
2. a quiet and relaxed manner
• 泰然自若:
 »Her previous calm gave way to terror.
  她先前的泰然自若已变为惊恐。
【IDIOMS】
◘ the calm before the storm
• a calm time immediately before an expected period of violent activity or argument
• 暴风雨(或大动荡、激烈辩论)前的平静
panic / ˈpænik /
◙ noun [U, C, usually sing.]
1. a sudden feeling of great fear that cannot be controlled and prevents you from thinking clearly
• 惊恐；恐慌:
 »a moment of panic
  一时惊慌
 »They were in a state of panic.
  他们惊恐万状。
 »Office workers fled in panic as the fire took hold.
  起火时,办公室人员惊慌逃出。
 »There's no point getting into a panic about the exams.
  对考试惊惶失措是没有用的。
 »a panic attack (= a condition in which you suddenly feel very anxious, causing your heart to beat faster, etc.)
  一阵心慌意乱
 »a panic decision (= six that is made when you are in a state of panic )
  慌乱中作出的决定
2. a situation in which people are made to feel very anxious, causing them to act quickly and without thinking carefully
• 人心惶惶的局面；惶恐不安:
 »News of the losses caused (a) panic among investors.
  亏损的消息令投资者人心惶惶。
 »Careful planning at this stage will help to avoid a last-minute panic.
  现在精心规划,就会避免事到临头手忙脚乱。
 »There's no panic (= we do not need to rush), we've got plenty of time.
  不用着急,我们有的是时间。
 »panic buying / selling (= the act of buying / selling things quickly and without thinking carefully because you are afraid that a particular situation will become worse)
  恐慌购买/抛售
【IDIOMS】
◘ 'panic stations
(BrE, informal)
• a situation in which people feel anxious and there is a lot of confused activity, especially because there is a lot to do in a short period of time
• 慌乱的状态；(尤指)忙乱的状况
◙ verb
• (-ck-) to suddenly feel frightened so that you cannot think clearly and you say or do sth stupid, dangerous, etc.; to make sb do this
• (使)惊慌,惊慌失措:
▪ [V]
 »I panicked when I saw smoke coming out of the engine.
  我看见发动机冒烟时,吓得手足无措。
▪ [VN]
 »The gunfire panicked the horses.
  枪声惊吓到马匹。
【PHR V】
◘ 'panic sb into doing sth [usually passive]
• to make sb act too quickly because they are afraid of sth
• 使仓惶行事；使仓促行动
fist / fist /
◙ noun
• a hand when it is tightly closed with the fingers bent into the palm
• 拳；拳头:
 »He punched me with his fist.
  他用拳头猛击我。
 »She clenched her fists to stop herself trembling.
  她紧握双拳,克制颤抖。
 »He got into a fist fight in the bar.
  他在酒吧与人挥拳斗殴。
--› see also ham-fisted , tight-fisted
【IDIOMS】
◘ make a better, good, poor, etc. fist of sth
(BrE, old-fashioned, informal)
• to make a good, bad, etc. attempt to do sth
• 试图把(或未能把)某事做得很成功
--› more at iron adj., money
like∙ly / ˈlaikli /
◙ adj.
(like∙lier, like∙li∙est)
【HELP】More likely and most likely are the usual forms.
• 常用 more likely 和 most likely。
1. ~ (to do sth) | ~ (that...) probable or expected
• 可能的；预料的；有希望的:
 »the most likely outcome
  最可能的结果
 »Tickets are likely to be expensive.
  入场券可能很贵。
 »It's more than likely that the thieves don't know how much it is worth.
  盗贼很可能不知道此物的价值。
 »They might refuse to let us do it, but it's hardly likely.
  他们也许会不让我们做这工作,但这可能性太小。
2. seeming suitable for a purpose
• 似乎合适的；彷佛恰当的
【SYN】 promising :
 »She seems the most likely candidate for the job.
  这项工作,她似乎是最适宜的人选了。
【IDIOMS】
◘ a 'likely story
• (informal, ironic) used to show that you do not believe what sb has said
• (表示不相信某人的话)说得好像真有这回事似的,像煞有介事
◙ adv.
◘ as ˌlikely as 'not | ◘ most / very 'likely
• very probably
• 很可能:
 »As likely as not she's forgotten all about it.
  她很可能把这事忘得一干二净了。
◘ not 'likely!
• (informal, especially BrE) used to disagree strongly with a statement or suggestion
• (表示坚决不同意)决不可能,绝对不会:
 »Me? Join the army? Not likely!
  我？参军入伍？没门儿！
pi∙geon / ˈpidʒin /
◙ noun
• a fat grey and white bird with short legs. Pigeons are common in cities and also live in woods and fields where people shoot them for sport or food.
• 鸽子:
 »the sound of pigeons cooing
  鸽子咕咕的叫声
--› compare dove ¹(1)
--› see also carrier pigeon , clay pigeon shooting , homing pigeon , wood pigeon
【IDIOMS】
◘ be sb's pigeon
•(old-fashioned, BrE) to be sb's responsibility or business
• 是某人的职责(或事情)
--› more at cat
sol∙dier / ˈsəuldʒə(r); NAme ˈsoul- /
◙ noun
• a member of an army, especially one who is not an officer
• 军人；(尤指)士兵:
 »soldiers in uniform
  穿军装的士兵
 »soldiers on duty
  值勤的士兵
--› see also foot soldier (1)
◙ verb
【PHR V】
◘ ˌsoldier 'on
• to continue with what you are doing or trying to achieve, especially when this is difficult or unpleasant
• 坚持；硬挺着
roll / rəul; NAme roul /
◙ noun
›› OF PAPER / CLOTH, ETC. 纸、织物等
1. [C] ~ (of sth) a long piece of paper, cloth, film, etc. that has been wrapped around itself or a tube several times so that it forms the shape of a tube
• 卷；卷轴:
 »a roll of film
  一卷胶卷
 »Wallpaper is sold in rolls.
  壁纸论卷销售。
--› see also toilet roll
›› OF SWEETS / CANDY 糖果
2. [C] ~ (of sth) (NAmE) a paper tube wrapped around sweets / candy, etc.
• 一管:
 »a roll of mints
  一管薄荷糖
›› BREAD 麪包
3. (also ˌbread 'roll) əɔ] a small loaf of bread for one person
• 小麪包条；小圆麪包:
 »Soup and a roll: £1.50
  汤和一小条麪包:1.50 英镑
 »a chicken / cheese, etc. roll (= filled with chicken / cheese, etc.)
  鸡肉卷、奶酪卷等
--› compare bun (2)
--› see also sausage roll , spring roll , Swiss roll
›› OF BODY 身体
4. [sing.] an act of rolling the body over and over
• 翻滚；打滚:
 »The kittens were enjoying a roll in the sunshine.
  那些小猫在阳光下嬉戏打滚。
5. [C] a physical exercise in which you roll your body on the ground, moving your back and legs over your head
• 滚翻；翻跟头:
 »a forward / backward roll
  前/后滚翻
›› OF SHIP / PLANE 船只；飞机
6. [U] the act of moving from side to side so that one side is higher than the other
• 摇晃；振荡
--› compare pitch n. (8)
›› OF FAT 脂肪
7. [C] an area of too much fat on your body, especially around your waist
• 脂肪堆积的部位,肥胖的部位(尤指腰部):
 »Rolls of fat hung over his belt.
  一堆肥肉坠在他的腰带上。
›› LIST OF NAMES 名单
8. [C] an official list of names
• 花名册；名单:
 »the electoral roll (= a list of all the people who can vote in an election)
  选民名册
 »The chairman called / took the roll (= called out the names on a list to check that everyone was present).
  主席点了名。
--› see also payroll (1)
›› SOUND 声音
9. [C] ~ (of sth) a deep continuous sound
• 隆隆声；持续的轰鸣声:
 »the distant roll of thunder
  远处隆隆的雷声
 »a drum roll
  咚咚的鼓声
›› OF DICE 骰子
10. [C] an act of rolling a dice
• 掷骰子:
 »The order of play is decided by the roll of a dice.
  比赛顺序是通过掷骰子决定的。
›› PHONETICS 语音学
11. = trill n. (3)
【IDIOMS】
◘ be on a 'roll
•(informal) to be experiencing a period of success at what you are doing
• 连连获胜；连续交好运:
 »Don't stop me now—I'm on a roll!
  现在别阻止我——我正鸿运当头呢！
◘ a ˌroll in the 'hay
•(informal) an act of having sex with sb
• 性交
◙ verb
›› TURN OVER 翻转
1. [+adv. / prep.] to turn over and over and move in a particular direction; to make a round object do this
• (使)翻滚,滚动:
▪ [V]
 »The ball rolled down the hill.
  球滚下了山。
 »We watched the waves rolling onto the beach.
  我们注视着波浪涌向海滩。
▪ [VN]
 »Delivery men were rolling barrels across the yard.
  送货人正把桶滚到院子一边。
2. [usually +adv. / prep.] to turn over and over or round and round while remaining in the same place; to make sth do this
• (使)原地转圈,原地打转:
▪ [V]
 »a dog rolling in the mud
  在泥浆里打滚的狗
▪ [VN]
 »He was rolling a pencil between his fingers.
  他用手指捻动着铅笔。
▪ [V VN]
 »Her eyes rolled.
  她那双眼睛滴溜溜地转动。
 »She rolled her eyes upwards (= to show surprise or disapproval).
  她翻着白眼。
3. ~ (sb / sth) over (onto sth) | ~ (sb / sth) (over) onto sth to turn over to face a different direction; to make sb / sth do this
• (使)翻身,翻转:
▪ [V]
 »She rolled over to let the sun brown her back.
  她翻了个身,让太阳把她的背晒黑点。
 »He rolled onto his back.
  他翻过身来仰面躺着。
▪ [VN]
 »I rolled the baby over onto its stomach.
  我让婴儿翻过身去趴着。
 »(NAmE) to roll a dice / die (= in a game)
  掷骰子
 »She rolled her car in a 100 mph crash.
  她在时速 100 英里时翻了车。
▲MOVE (AS IF) ON WHEELS
• 滚动
4. [usually +adv. / prep.] to move smoothly (on wheels or as if on wheels); to make sth do this
• (使)滚动:
▪ [V]
 »The car began to roll back down the hill.
  汽车开始倒着往山下滑。
 »The traffic rolled slowly forwards.
  车流缓缓地向前挪动。
 »Mist was rolling in from the sea.
  薄雾从海上涌来。
▪ [VN]
 »He rolled the trolley across the room.
  他推着手推车穿过房间。
›› MAKE BALL / TUBE 做成球/管
5. ~ (sth) (up) (into sth) to make sth / yourself into the shape of a ball or tube
• 使…成球状(或管状):
▪ [VN]
 »I rolled the string into a ball.
  我把线绳儿绕成了一个球。
 »We rolled up the carpet.
  我们把地毯卷了起来。
 »a rolled-up newspaper
  卷成卷的报纸
 »I always roll my own (= make my own cigarettes).
  我总是自己卷烟抽。
▪ [V]
 »The hedgehog rolled up into a ball.
  刺猬团成了一个球。
--› compare unroll (1)
›› FOLD CLOTHING 叠衣服
6. [VN +adv. / prep.] ~ sth (up) to fold the edge of a piece of clothing, etc. over and over on itself to make it shorter
• 把(衣服的边)卷起来:
 »Roll up your sleeves.
  把你的袖子挽起来。
 »She rolled her jeans to her knees.
  她把牛仔裤卷到了膝盖处。
›› MAKE STH FLAT 使平坦
7. [VN] to make sth flat by pushing sth heavy over it
• 使平坦；压平:
 »Roll the pastry on a floured surface.
  在撒了麪粉的板面上将油酥麪团擀平。
›› WRAP UP 包裹
8. [VN] ~ sb / sth / yourself (up) in sth to wrap or cover sb / sth / yourself in sth
• (用某物)包裹,覆盖:
 »Roll the meat in the breadcrumbs.
  用麪包屑将肉裹起来。
 »He rolled himself up in the blanket.
  他把自己裹在毯子里。
›› OF SHIP / PLANE / WALK 船只；飞机；行走
9. to move or make sth move from side to side
• (使)摇摆,摇晃:
▪ [V]
 »He walked with a rolling gait.
  他摇摇晃晃地走着。
 »The ship was rolling heavily to and fro.
  轮船剧烈地颠簸着。
▪ [also VN]
--› compare pitch v. (6)
›› MAKE SOUND 发出声音
10. to make a long continuous sound
• 发出持续的声音:
▪ [V]
 »rolling drums
  咚咚的鼓声
 »Thunder rolled.
  雷声隆隆。
▪ [VN]
 »to roll your r's (= by letting your tongue vibrate with each 'r' sound)
  发 r 的舌尖颤音
›› MACHINE 机器
11. when a machine rolls or sb rolls it, it operates
• 启动；开动
▪ [V]
 »They had to repeat the scene because the cameras weren't rolling.
  他们只好重新拍摄这个镜头,因为摄影机没有启动。
▪ [VN]
 »Roll the cameras!
  开拍！
◘ be 'rolling in money / it
•(informal) to have a lot of money
• 非常富有；财源滚滚；腰缠万贯
◘ let's 'roll
• (informal, especially NAmE) used to suggest to a group of people that you should all start doing sth or going somewhere
• 咱们开始干吧；咱们动身吧
◘ rolled into 'one
• combined in one person or thing
• 融为一体；集于一身:
 »Banks are several businesses rolled into one.
  银行集数种商业活动于一身。
◘ ˌrolling in the 'aisles
•(informal) laughing a lot
• 大笑；笑声不断:
 »She soon had us rolling in the aisles.
  她很快就让我们笑个不停。
◘ a rolling 'stone gathers no 'moss
•(saying) a person who moves from place to place, job to job, etc. does not have a lot of money, possessions or friends but is free from responsibilities
• 滚石不生苔,频迁不聚财
◘ 'roll on...!
• (BrE, informal) used to say that you want sth to happen or arrive soon
• …赶快到来吧:
 »Roll on Friday!
  星期五快来吧！
◘ roll up your 'sleeves
• to prepare to work or fight
• 捋起袖子；准备动手；摩拳擦掌
◘ roll with the 'punches
• to adapt yourself to a difficult situation
• 使自己适应艰苦环境
--› more at ball n., grave ¹ n., head n., ready adj., tongue n.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌroll a'round (BrE also ˌroll a'bout)
• to be laughing so much that you can hardly control yourself
• 大笑不止
◘ ˌroll sth∽'back
1. to turn or force sth back or further away
• 击退；使后退:
 »to roll back the frontiers of space
  拓展太空领域
2. to reduce prices, etc.
• 降低,削减(价格等):
 »to roll back inflation
  减低通货膨胀
◘ ˌroll sth∽'down
1. to open sth by turning a handle
• 摇开；旋开:
 »He rolled down his car window and started shouting at them.
  他摇下车窗,朝他们大声喊起来。
2. to make a rolled piece of clothing, etc. hang or lie flat
• 展开,铺开,摊开(卷状物):
 »to roll down your sleeves
  捋下袖子
◘ ˌroll 'in (informal)
1. to arrive in great numbers or amounts
• 大量涌入；滚滚而来:
 »Offers of help are still rolling in.
  仍然不断有人表示愿意提供援助。
2. to arrive late at a place, without seeming worried or sorry
• 姗姗来迟:
 »Steve rolled in around lunchtime.
  到午饭时分,史蒂夫才慢吞吞地来了。
◘ ˌroll sth∽'out
1. to make sth flat by pushing sth over it
• 将…轧平:
 »Roll out the pastry.
  将油酥麪团擀平。
2. to officially make a new product available or start a new political campaign
• 正式推出(新产品)；开展(新的政治运动)
【SYN】 launch :
 »The new model is to be rolled out in July.
  这种新型号将在七月份推向市场。
--› related noun roll-out
◘ ˌroll 'over (informal)
• to be easily defeated without even trying
• 不战自败；轻易认输:
 »We can't expect them to just roll over for us.
  我们不能指望他们会乖乖地向我们认输。
◘ ˌroll sb∽'over (BrE, informal)
• to defeat sb easily
• 轻易打败某人:
 »They rolled us over in the replay.
  他们在重赛中轻而易举地战胜了我们。
◘ ˌroll sth∽'over (technical 术语)
• to allow money that sb owes to be paid back at a later date
• 将(债务)转期；允许延期偿还(欠款):
 »The bank refused to roll over the debt.
  银行拒不允许延期偿还借款。
--› related noun rollover (1)
◘ ˌroll 'up (informal)
• to arrive
• 到达:
 »Bill finally rolled up two hours late.
  比尔最终迟到了两个小时。
 »Roll up! Roll up! (= used to invite people who are passing to form an audience)
  快来看哪！快来看哪！
◘ ˌroll sth∽'up
• to close sth by turning a handle
• (转动把手)关闭:
 »She rolled up all the windows.
  她摇上了所有的窗户。
loose / lu:s /
◙ adj. (loos∙er, loos∙est)
›› NOT FIXED / TIED 不固定；未系住
1. not firmly fixed where it should be; able to become separated from sth
• 未固定牢的；可分开的:
 »a loose button / tooth
  松动的钮扣/牙齿
 »Check that the plug has not come loose.
  检查一下别让插头松脱了。
2. not tied together; not held in position by anything or contained in anything
• 未系(或捆)在一起的；未固定的；零散的:
 »She usually wears her hair loose.
  她通常披散着头发。
 »The potatoes were sold loose, not in bags.
  土豆是散装而不是袋装出售。
3. [not usually before noun] free to move around without control; not tied up or shut in somewhere
• 不受约束；未束缚；自由:
 »The sheep had got out and were loose on the road.
  那些羊跑出来在路上自由自在地走动。
 »The horse had broken loose (= escaped) from its tether.
  那匹马挣脱繮绳跑了。
 »During the night, somebody had cut the boat loose from its moorings.
  有人在夜间砍断了泊船的缆绳。
›› CLOTHES 衣服
4. not fitting closely
• 宽松的:
 »a loose shirt
  宽大的衬衣
【OPP】 tight
›› NOT SOLID / HARD 不结实；不坚固
5. not tightly packed together; not solid or hard
• 疏松的；不结实的；不坚固的:
 »loose soil
  疏松的土壤
 »a fabric with a loose weave
  编织稀疏的织物
›› NOT STRICT / EXACT 不严格；不精确
6. not strictly organized or controlled
• 组织不严密的；未严加控制的:
 »a loose alliance / coalition / federation
  松散的联盟/同盟/联邦
7. not exact; not very careful
• 不精确的；不严谨的；不周密的:
 »a loose translation
  不准确的译文
 »loose thinking
  不严密的思想
›› IMMORAL 不道德
8. [usually before noun] (old-fashioned) having or involving an attitude to sexual relationships that people consider to be immoral
• 放荡的；淫荡的:
 »a young man of loose morals
  生活放荡的年轻人
›› BALL 球
9. (sport 体) not in any player's control
• 无球员控制的:
 »He pounced on a loose ball.
  他猛然扑向一个无人控制的球。
›› BODY WASTE 人体粪便
10. having too much liquid in it
• 稀的:
 »a baby with loose bowel movements
  患腹泻的婴儿
♦ loose∙ness noun [U]
【IDIOMS】
◘ break / cut / tear (sb / sth) 'loose from sb / sth
• to separate yourself or sb / sth from a group of people or their influence, etc.
• (使)摆脱,挣脱:
 »The organization broke loose from its sponsors.
  那家机构摆脱了赞助商。
 »He cut himself loose from his family.
  他摆脱了家庭的束缚。
◘ hang / stay 'loose
•(informal, especially NAmE) to remain calm; to not worry
• 保持镇静；不着急:
 »It's OK—hang loose and stay cool.
  没事儿,你要镇定,要冷静。
◘ have a loose 'tongue
• to talk too much, especially about things that are private
• (尤指对隐私)多嘴,饶舌
◘ let 'loose
(BrE) (NAmE cut 'loose) (informal)
• to do sth or to happen in a way that is not controlled
• 不受控制；自在发生:
 »Teenagers need a place to let loose.
  青少年需要一个可纵情嬉闹的地方。
◘ let 'loose sth
• to make a noise or remark, especially in a loud or sudden way
• (尤指大声或突然)发出,喊出,发表:
 »She let loose a stream of abuse.
  她破口大骂起来。
◘ let sb / sth 'loose
1. to free sb / sth from whatever holds them / it in place
• 让…自由；释放；放开:
 »She let her hair loose and it fell around her shoulders.
  她的头发一解开,便顺着肩膀垂了下来。
 »Who's let the dog loose?
  谁把狗放出来了？
2. to give sb complete freedom to do what they want in a place or situation
• 任(某人)自由行动；使随心所欲；放任:
 »He was at last let loose in the kitchen.
  终于放手让他干厨房里的活儿了。
 »A team of professionals were let loose on the project.
  有一组专业人员在放心大胆地做这个项目。
--› more at fast adv., hell , screw n.
◙ verb [VN]
• (formal)
›› RELEASE 释放
1. ~ sth (on / upon sb / sth) to release sth or let it happen or be expressed in an uncontrolled way
• 释放；放任；不受约束地表达:
 »His speech loosed a tide of nationalist sentiment.
  他的讲话表露出一种强烈的民族主义情绪。
›› MAKE STH LOOSE 松开
2. to make sth loose, especially sth that is tied or held tightly
• 松开,放开(尤指束紧或紧握的东西)
【SYN】 loosen :
 »He loosed the straps that bound her arms.
  他松开了绑在她手臂上的带子。
›› FIRE BULLETS 射子弹
3. ~ sth (off) (at sb / sth) to fire bullets, arrows, etc.
• 射出(子弹、箭等)
【HELP】Do not confuse this verb with to lose = 'to be unable to find sth'.
• 不要将此动词与 to lose ('to be unable to find sth') 混淆。
◙ noun
◘ on the 'loose
(of a person or an animal 人或动物) having escaped from somewhere; free
• 已逃出；自由
【SYN】 at large :
 »Three prisoners are still on the loose.
  有三名囚犯仍然在逃。
em∙ploy / imˈplɔi /
◙ verb
1. ~ sb (as sth) to give sb a job to do for payment
• 雇用:
▪ [VN]
 »How many people does the company employ?
  这个公司雇用了多少人？
 »For the past three years he has been employed as a firefighter.
  三年来他一直受雇当消防员。
▪ [VN to inf]
 »A number of people have been employed to deal with the backlog of work.
  已雇来一些人处理积压的工作。
--› see also self-employed , unemployed
2. [VN] (formal) to use sth such as a skill, method, etc. for a particular purpose
• 应用；运用；使用:
 »He criticized the repressive methods employed by the country's government.
  他指责了这个国家政府采取的镇压手段。
 »The police had to employ force to enter the building.
  警察不得不强行进入大楼。
【IDIOMS】
◘ be employed in doing sth
• if a person or their time is employed in doing sth, the person spends time doing that thing
• 从事于,忙于(做某事):
 »She was employed in making a list of all the jobs to be done.
  她忙着把要做的所有工作列一个清单。
◙ noun
[U]
◘ in sb's em'ploy | ◘ in the em'ploy of sb
•(formal) working for sb; employed by sb
• 替某人工作；为某人所雇用
com∙pass / ˈkʌmpəs /
◙ noun
1. (also magˌnetic 'compass) əɔ] an instrument for finding direction, with a needle that always points to the north
• 罗盘；罗经；指南针；罗盘仪:
 »a map and compass
  地图和指南针
 »the points of the compass (= N, S, E, W, etc.)
  罗经方位点(东、南、西、北等)
2. [C] (also com∙passes [pl.]) an instrument with ten long thin parts joined together at the top, used for drawing circles and measuring distances on a map
• 圆规；两脚规:
 »a pair of compasses
  一副圆规
3. [sing.] (formal) a range or an extent, especially of what can be achieved in a particular situation
• 范围；范畴；界限:
 »the compass of a singer's voice (= the range from the lowest to the highest note that he or she can sing)
  歌手的音域
un∙like / ˌʌnˈlaik /
◙ prep.
1. different from a particular person or thing
• 不像；与…不同:
 »Music is quite unlike any other art form.
  音乐与其他艺术形式迥然不同。
 »The sound was not unlike that of birds singing.
  这声音有点像鸟鸣。
2. used to contrast sb / sth with another person or thing
• (用于对比)与…不同:
 »Unlike most systems, this one is very easy to install.
  本系统与多数系统不同,极易安装。
3. not typical of sb / sth
• 非…的特征:
 »It's very unlike him to be so late.
  迟到这么久可实在不像他平时的作风。
【OPP】 like
◙ adj. [not before noun]
• (of two people or things 两个人或事物) different from each other
• 不同；不像；相异:
 »They are both teachers. Otherwise they are quite unlike.
  他们两位都是教师；除此之外他们迥然不同。
--› compare alike adj., like adj.