m5u2
econ∙omy / iˈkɔnəmi; NAmE iˈkɑ:n- /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. (often the economy) [C] the relationship between production, trade and the supply of money in a particular country or region
• 经济；经济情况；经济结构:
 »The economy is in recession.
  经济处于衰退之中。
 »the world economy
  世界经济
 »a market economy (= six in which the price is fixed according to both cost and demand)
  市场经济
2. [C] a country, when you are thinking about its economic system
• (就经济体制而言)国家；经济制度:
 »Ireland was six of the fastest-growing economies in Western Europe in the 1990s.
  在 20 世纪 90 年代爱尔兰是西欧经济发展最快的国家之一。
3. [C, U] the use of the time, money, etc. that is available in a way that avoids waste
• 节约；节省；节俭:
 »We need to make substantial economies.
  我们需要厉行节约。
 »It's a false economy to buy cheap clothes (= it seems cheaper but it is not really since they do not last very long).
  买便宜衣服实际上划不来。
 »She writes with a great economy of words (= using only the necessary words).
  她写作文字非常简炼。
 »(BrE) We're on an economy drive at home (= trying to avoid waste and spend as little money as possible).
  我们正在家里实行勤俭节约。
 »Buy the large economy pack (= the six that gives you better value for money) !
  买这大包的实惠装吧！
 »to fly economy (class) (= by the cheapest class of air travel)
  乘坐经济舱
 »an economy fare (= the cheapest)
  经济舱票价
--› see spokesman
con∙sult∙ant / kənˈsʌltənt /
◙ noun
1. ~ (on sth) a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people
• 顾问:
 »a firm of management consultants
  管理咨询公司
 »the President's consultant on economic affairs
  总统的经济事务顾问
2. (BrE) a hospital doctor of the highest rank who is a specialist in a particular area of medicine
• 高级顾问医师；会诊医师:
 »a consultant in obstetrics
  产科顾问医师
 »a consultant surgeon
  外科顾问医师
--› compare registrar (3)
de∙bate / diˈbeit /
◙ noun [C, U] ~ (on / about / over sth)
1. a formal discussion of an issue at a public meeting or in a parliament. In a debate two or more speakers express opposing views and then there is often a vote on the issue.
• (在公共集会上或议会里就某问题进行的、常以表决结束的)辩论:
 »a debate on abortion
  关于堕胎的辩论
 »The minister opened the debate (= was the first to speak).
  部长在辩论时率先发言。
 »The motion under debate (= being discussed) was put to a vote.
  辩论中的动议已付诸表决。
 »After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal.
  经过长时间辩论,国会通过了这项提议。
2. an argument or discussion expressing different opinions
• (各自发表不同意见的)争论,辩论,讨论:
 »a heated / wide-ranging / lively debate
  激烈的/广泛的/热烈的争论
 »the current debate about tax
  目前关于税收的讨论
 »There had been much debate on the issue of childcare.
  人们对儿童保育问题议论纷纷。
 »Whether he deserves what has happened to him is open to debate / a matter for debate (= cannot be certain or decided yet).
  他是否罪有应得还有待于讨论。
 »The theatre's future is a subject of considerable debate.
  剧院的前途是一个颇有争议的问题。
◙ verb
1. to discuss sth, especially formally, before making a decision or finding a solution
• (尤指正式)讨论,辩论
【SYN】 discuss :
▪ [VN]
 »Politicians will be debating the bill later this week.
  政界将在本周晚些时候讨论这个议案。
 »The question of the origin of the universe is still hotly debated (= strongly argued about) by scientists.
  关于宇宙起源问题,科学家仍进行着激烈辩论。
▪ [V wh-]
 »The committee will debate whether to lower the age of club membership to 16.
  委员会将讨论是否将参加俱乐部的年龄限制放宽到 16 岁。
▪ [also V]
2. ~ (with yourself) to think carefully about sth before making a decision
• 仔细考虑；思考；盘算:
 »She debated with herself for a while, and then picked up the phone.
  她仔细琢磨了一会儿,然后拿起了电话。
▪ [V wh-]
 »We're debating whether or not to go skiing this winter.
  我们盘算着今年冬天是否去滑雪。
▪ [also V -ing]
♦ de∙bat∙ing noun [U] :
 »a debating society at a school
  学校的辩论学会
flow / fləu; NAmE flou /
◙ noun [C, usually sing., U]
›› CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT 流动
1. ~ (of sth / sb) the steady and continuous movement of sth / sb in six direction
• 流；流动:
 »She tried to stop the flow of blood from the wound.
  她试图止住伤口流血。
 »an endless flow of refugees into the country
  难民源源不断流入这个国家
 »to improve traffic flow (= make it move faster)
  改善交通流量
 »to control the direction of flow
  控制流向
›› PRODUCTION / SUPPLY 生产；供应
2. ~ (of sth) the continuous production or supply of sth
• 持续生产；不断供应:
 »the flow of goods and services to remote areas
  商品和服务对边远地区源源不断的供应
 »to encourage the free flow of information
  鼓励信息自由交流
 »data flow
  数据流
--› see also cash flow
›› OF SPEECH / WRITING 言语；文字
3. continuous talk by sb
• 滔滔不绝:
 »You've interrupted my flow—I can't remember what I was saying.
  你打断了我的话——我记不得我在说什么了。
 »As usual, Tom was in full flow.
  汤姆如常地口若悬河。
4. ~ of sth the way that words and ideas are linked together in speech or writing
• 连贯；流畅:
 »Too many examples can interrupt the smooth flow of the text.
  例子太多会使行文不流畅。
›› OF THE SEA 海
5. the movement of the sea towards the land
• 涨潮:
 »the ebb and flow of the tide
  潮涨潮落
【IDIOMS】
◘ go with the 'flow
•(informal) to be relaxed and not worry about what you should do
• 随遇而安
--› more at ebb n.
◙ verb [V]
›› MOVE CONTINUOUSLY 不断移动
1. ~ (back / down, etc.) | ~ (into, through, etc. sth) (of liquid, gas or electricity 液体、气体或电) to move steadily and continuously in six direction
• 流；流动:
 »It's here that the river flows down into the ocean.
  这条河就在这里汇入海洋。
 »Blood flowed from a cut on her head.
  血从她头上的伤口处流出来。
 »This can prevent air from flowing freely to the lungs.
  这可以防止空气任意流入肺部。
 »She lost control and the tears began to flow.
  她禁不住泪如泉涌。
2. [V , usually +adv. / prep.] (of people or things 人或事物) to move or pass continuously from six place or person to another, especially in large numbers or amounts
• 涌流；流动:
 »Constant streams of traffic flowed past.
  车流不断通过。
 »Election results flowed in throughout the night.
  整夜不断传来选举的结果。
›› OF IDEAS / CONVERSATION 思想；交谈
3. to develop or be produced in an easy and natural way
• 流畅:
 »Conversation flowed freely throughout the meal.
  席间大家一直谈笑甚欢。
›› BE AVAILABLE EASILY 有的是
4. to be available easily and in large amounts
• 有的是；大量供应:
 »It was obvious that money flowed freely in their family.
  显然他们家族有的是钱。
 »The party got livelier as the drink began to flow.
  开始尽兴畅饮时,聚会的气氛活跃起来。
›› OF FEELING 感觉
5. [+adv. / prep.] to be felt strongly by sb
• 强烈感到:
 »Fear and excitement suddenly flowed over me.
  我突然感到又恐惧又兴奋。
›› OF CLOTHES / HAIR 衣服；头发
6. ~ (down / over sth) to hang loosely and freely
• 飘垂；飘拂:
 »Her hair flowed down over her shoulders.
  她的头发垂到肩上。
 »long flowing skirts
  飘逸长裙
›› OF THE SEA 海
7. (of the tide in the sea / ocean 海潮) to come in towards the land
• 涨；涨潮
【OPP】 ebb v.
【PHR V】
◘ 'flow from sth (formal)
• to come or result from sth
• 来自；由…引起
bil∙lion / ˈbiljən /
◙ number (plural verb 复数动词)
1. (abbr. bn) 1 000 000 000; one thousand million
• 十亿:
 »Worldwide sales reached 2.5 billion.
  全球销售额达到了 25 亿。
 »half a billion dollars
  五亿元
 »They have spent billions on the problem (= billions of dollars, etc.).
  他们花了几十亿元解决这个问题。
【HELP】You say a, one, two, several, etc. billion without a final 's' on 'billion'. Billions (of...) can be used if there is no number or quantity before it. Always use a plural verb with billion or billions, except when an amount of money is mentioned.
• 说 a, one, two, several, etc. billion 时, billion 后面不加 s。若前面没有数目或数量,可用 billions (of …)。除非指金额,billion 和 billions 均用复数动词:
Two billion (people) worldwide are expected to watch the game.
• 预计全世界将有 20 亿人观看这场比赛。
 »Two billion (dollars) was withdrawn from the account.
  从该账户提取了 20 亿元。 There are more examples of how to use numbers at the entry for hundred.
• 更多数词用法示例见 hundred 条。
2. a billion or billions (informal) a very large amount
• 数以十亿计；大量:
 »Our immune systems are killing billions of germs right now.
  我们的免疫系统正在杀死数以十亿计的细菌。
3. (old-fashioned, BrE) 1 000 000 000 000; one million million
• 一万亿
【SYN】 trillion
duty / ˈdju:ti; NAmE ˈdu:ti /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [C, U] something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal responsibility
• 责任；义务；本分:
 »It is my duty to report it to the police.
  把这事报告给警方是我的责任。
 »Local councillors have a duty to serve the community.
  地方议员有义务为社区服务。
 »I don't want you to visit me simply out of a sense of duty.
  我希望你不只是出于责任感才来看我。
 »your duties as a parent
  你作为父母的责任
 »to do your duty for your country
  为祖国尽己任
2. [U] the work that is your job
• 上班；值班:
 »Report for duty at 8 a.m.
  早上 8 点钟报到上班。
--› see also night duty
3. duties [pl.] tasks that are part of your job
• 职责；任务:
 »I spend a lot of my time on administrative duties.
  我在行政管理事务上花了大量时间。
 »Your duties will include setting up a new computer system.
  你的职责将包括建立一个新的计算机系统。
--› see also heavy-duty
--› note at task
4. [C, U] ~ (on sth) a tax that you pay on things that you buy, especially those that you bring into a country
• 税；(尤指进口货品)关税:
 »customs / excise / import duties
  关税；消费税；进口税
 »duty on wine and beer
  葡萄酒和啤酒税
--› see also death duty , stamp duty
--› note at tax
【IDIOMS】
◘ on / off duty
(of nurses, police officers, etc. 护士、警官等)
• working / not working at a particular time
• 值(或下)班；值(或不值)勤:
 »Who's on duty today?
  今天谁值班？
 »What time do you go off duty?
  你什么时候下班？
--› see also off-duty
--› more at bounden , line n.
pro∙duc∙tion / prəˈdʌkʃn /
◙ noun
1. [U] the process of growing or making food, goods or materials, especially large quantities
• 生产；制造；制作:
 »wheat / oil / car, etc. production
  小麦、石油、汽车等的生产
 »land available for food production
  可用于食品生产的土地
 »The new model will be in production by the end of the year.
  新型号将于年底投产。
 »Production of the new aircraft will start next year.
  新飞机的生产将于明年开始。
 »The car went out of production in 2002.
  这种汽车已于 2002 年停产。
 »production costs
  生产成本
 »a production process
  生产工序
--› see also mass production at mass-produce
2. [U] the quantity of goods that is produced
• 产量:
 »a decline / an increase in production
  产量的下降/上升
 »It is important not to let production levels fall.
  重要的是别让产量滑落。
3. [U] the act or process of making sth naturally
• (自然的)产生,分泌:
 »drugs to stimulate the body's production of hormones
  刺激身体分泌荷尔蒙的药物
4. [C, U] a film / movie, a play or a broadcast that is prepared for the public; the act of preparing a film or a play, etc.
• (电影、戏剧或广播节目的)上映,上演,播出,制作:
 »a new production of 'King Lear'
  新制作的《李尔王》
 »He wants a career in film production.
  他想从事电影制作。
【IDIOMS】
◘ on production of sth
•(formal) when you show sth
• 经出示(某物):
 »Discounts only on production of your student ID card.
  须出示学生证方可打折。
re∙cycle / ˌri:ˈsaikl /
◙ verb [VN]
1. to treat things that have already been used so that they can be used again
• 回收利用；再利用:
 »Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper.
  丹麦的纸张回收率达 85%。
 »recycled paper
  再生纸
2. to use the same ideas, methods, jokes, etc. again
• 再次应用,重新使用(概念、方法、玩笑等):
 »He recycled all his old jokes.
  他把那些老掉牙的笑话又说了一遍。
♦ re∙cyc∙ling noun [U] :
 »the recycling of glass
  玻璃的回收利用
 »a recycling plant
  废品回收加工厂
pipe / paip /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] a tube through which liquids and gases can flow
• 管子；管道:
 »hot and cold water pipes
  冷、热水管
 »lead / plastic pipes
  铅/塑料管子
 »a leaking gas pipe
  漏气的煤气管
 »Copper pipe is sold in lengths.
  铜管按长度出售。
 »a burst pipe
  有破洞的管子
--› see also drainpipe , exhaust n. (2), waste pipe , windpipe
2. [C] a narrow tube with a bowl at six end, used for smoking tobacco
• 烟斗；烟袋:
 »to smoke a pipe
  抽烟斗
 »He puffed on his pipe.
  他吸着烟斗。
 »pipe tobacco
  烟斗丝
3. [C] a musical instrument in the shape of a tube, played by blowing
• 管乐器
--› see also pan pipes
4. [C] any of the tubes from which sound is produced in an organ
• (管风琴的)音管
5. pipes [pl.] = bagpipes
◙ verb
1. [VN] to send water, gas, oil, etc. through a pipe from six place to another
• 用管道输送:
 »to pipe oil across the desert
  用管子把石油输送过沙漠
 »Water is piped from the reservoir to the city.
  水用管子从水库输送到城市。
2. [VN] [usually passive] to send sounds or signals through a wire or cable from six place to another
• 用线路系统传输(或传送):
 »The speech was piped over a public address system.
  讲话经广播系统传送出去。
3. to play music on a pipe or the bagpipes , especially to welcome sb who has arrived
• 用管乐器演奏(尤指迎宾曲):
▪ [VN]
 »Passengers were piped aboard ship at the start of the cruise.
  游客在管乐迎宾曲中登船开始水上游。
▪ [V]
 »a prize for piping and drumming
  笛鼓演奏奖
4. to speak or sing in a high voice or with a high sound
• 尖声地说(或唱)；尖声啼鸣:
▪ [V]
 »Outside a robin piped.
  外面有一只知更鸟在啼鸣。
▪ [also V speech]
5. [VN] to decorate food, especially a cake, with thin lines of icing , etc. by squeezing it out of a special bag or tube
• 裱花(用裱花袋把糖霜等裱在糕点上):
 »The cake had 'Happy Birthday' piped on it.
  蛋糕上裱了"生日快乐"的字样。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌpipe 'down (informal)
• used especially in orders, to tell sb to stop talking or to be less noisy
• 安静些；别说话；别嚷嚷
◘ ˌpipe 'up (with sth) (informal)
• to begin to speak
• 开始说；说起来:
 »The person next to me piped up with a silly comment.
  我旁边那位愚蠢地评论起来。
▪ [+ speech ]
 »'I know the answer,' piped up a voice at the back of the room.
  "我知道答案。"房间后边有个声音叫起来。
greedy / ˈɡri:di /
◙ adj.
• (greed∙ier, greedi∙est) ~ (for sth) wanting more money, power, food, etc. than you really need
• 贪婪的；贪心的；贪吃的；渴望的:
 »You greedy pig! You've already had ten helpings!
  你这个馋嘴！你已经吃了两份了！
 »The shareholders are greedy for profit.
  股东们都利欲熏心。
 »He stared at the diamonds with greedy eyes.
  他眼巴巴地盯着这些钻石。
♦ greed∙ily adv.:
 »She ate noisily and greedily.
  她吧嗒着嘴狼吞虎咽地吃。
【IDIOMS】
◘ 'greedy ˌguts
• (BrE, informal) used to refer to sb who eats too much
• 贪吃的家伙
busi∙ness∙man / ˈbiznəsmæn; -mən / , busi∙ness∙woman / ˈbiznəswumən /
◙ noun (pl. -men / -men / , -women / -wimin / )
1. a person who works in business, especially at a high level
• (尤指上层)商界人员；企业家
2. a person who is skilful in business and financial matters
• 商界能手；善做生意的人:
 »I should have got a better price for the car, but I'm not much of a businessman.
  那辆车我本应卖个更好的价钱,但我不大会做生意。
re∙spon∙si∙bil∙ity / riˌspɔnsəˈbiləti; NAme -ˌspɑ:n- /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [U, C] ~ (for sth / for doing sth) | ~ (to do sth) a duty to deal with or take care of sb / sth, so that you may be blamed if sth goes wrong
• 责任；负责:
 »We are recruiting a sales manager with responsibility for the European market.
  我们正在招聘负责欧洲市场的销售经理。
 »They have responsibility for ensuring that the rules are enforced.
  他们有责任确保制度的执行。
 »It is their responsibility to ensure that the rules are enforced.
  他们有责任确保制度的执行。
 »to take / assume overall responsibility for personnel
  对职员全面负责
 »parental rights and responsibilities
  父母的权利和义务
 »I don't feel ready to take on new responsibilities.
  我不愿意承担新的责任。
 »to be in a position of responsibility
  身居要位
 »I did it on my own responsibility (= without being told to and being willing to take the blame if it had gone wrong).
  我做的这件事,由我自己负责。
2. [U] ~ (for sth) blame for sth bad that has happened
• 事故责任:
 »The bank refuses to accept responsibility for the mistake.
  银行拒绝为这一错误承担责任。
 »Nobody has claimed responsibility for the bombing.
  没有人声称对爆炸事件负责。
--› see also diminished responsibility
3. [U, C] ~ (to / towards sb) | ~ (to do sth) a duty to help or take care of sb because of your job, position, etc.
• 职责；义务；任务:
 »She feels a strong sense of responsibility towards her employees.
  她对雇员有很强的责任感。
 »I think we have a moral responsibility to help these countries.
  我认为我们在道义上有责任帮助这些国家。
be∙lief / biˈli:f /
◙ noun
1. [U] ~ (in sth / sb) a strong feeling that sth / sb exists or is true; confidence that sth / sb is good or right
• 相信；信心:
 »I admire his passionate belief in what he is doing.
  我佩服他对自己的工作所抱的坚定信心。
 »belief in God / democracy
  对上帝/民主的笃信
2. [sing., U] ~ (that...) an opinion about sth; sth that you think is true
• 看法；信念:
 »She acted in the belief that she was doing good.
  她这么做是因为她认定自己是在做好事。
 »Contrary to popular belief (= in spite of what people may think), he was not responsible for the tragedy.
  与大家的看法相反,他对这出悲剧没有责任。
 »There is a general belief that things will soon get better.
  大家普遍认为情况很快就会好转。
3. [C, usually pl.] something that you believe, especially as part of your religion
• 信仰；宗教信仰:
 »religious / political beliefs
  宗教/政治信仰
--› compare disbelief , unbelief
【IDIOMS】
◘ beyond be'lief
• (in a way that is) too great, difficult, etc. to be believed
• 令人难以置信:
 »Dissatisfaction with the government has grown beyond belief.
  对政府的不满已经达到令人难以置信的程度。
 »icy air that was cold beyond belief
  冷得令人无法相信的冰冷空气
--› more at beggar v., best n.
en∙vir∙on∙men∙tal / inˌvairənˈmentl /
◙ adj. [usually before noun]
1. connected with the natural conditions in which people, animals and plants live; connected with the environment
• 自然环境的；生态环境的；有关环境的:
 »the environmental impact of pollution
  污染对环境的影响
 »environmental issues / problems
  环境问题
 »an environmental group / movement (= that aims to improve or protect the natural environment)
  环境保护组织/运动
 »environmental damage
  环境破坏
2. connected with the conditions that affect the behaviour and development of sb / sth
• (影响个体或事物行为或发展的)环境的:
 »environmental influences
  环境影响
 »an environmental health officer
  环境衞生检查官员
♦ en∙vir∙on∙men∙tal∙ly / -təli / adv.:
 »an environmentally sensitive area (= one that is easily damaged or that contains rare animals, plants, etc.)
  生态环境脆弱的地区
 »environmentally damaging
  对环境有害的
op∙er∙ate / ˈɔpəreit; NAme ˈɑ:p- /
◙ verb
›› MACHINE 机器
1. [V] to work in a particular way
• 运转；工作
【SYN】 function :
 »Most domestic freezers operate at below –18°C.
  多数家用冰柜能制冷到零下 18 摄氏度以下。
 »Solar panels can only operate in sunlight.
  太阳能电池板只能在日光下起作用。
 »(figurative) Some people can only operate well under pressure.
  有些人只有在压力下才工作得好。
2. [VN] to use or control a machine or make it work
• 操作；控制；使运行:
 »What skills are needed to operate this machinery?
  操作这种机器需要什么技能？
›› SYSTEM / PROCESS / SERVICE 系统；过程；服务
3. to be used or working; to use sth or make it work
• (被)使用；(使)运转:
▪ [V]
 »A new late-night service is now operating.
  现在推出一项新的深夜服务。
 »The regulation operates in favour of married couples.
  这一规定的实施有利于已婚夫妇。
▪ [VN]
 »The airline operates flights to 25 countries.
  这家航空公司经营飞往 25 个国家的航班。
 »France operates a system of subsidized loans to dairy farmers.
  法国对奶农实行补贴贷款制度。
›› OF BUSINESS / ORGANIZATION 企业；机构
4. [V] to work in a particular way or from a particular place
• (以某方式或从某地方)经营,营业:
 »They plan to operate from a new office in Edinburgh.
  他们计划由爱丁堡的新办事处经营。
 »Illegal drinking clubs continue to operate in the city.
  非法饮酒俱乐部继续在城内营业。
›› MEDICAL 医疗
5. [V] ~ (on sb) (for sth) to cut open sb's body in order to remove a part that has a disease or to repair a part that is damaged
• 动手术:
 »The doctors operated last night.
  医生昨夜做手术了。
 »We will have to operate on his eyes.
  我们得给他的眼睛动手术。
›› OF SOLDIERS 士兵
6. [V] to be involved in military activities in a place
• (在某地)采取军事行动:
 »Troops are operating from bases in the north.
  部队正从北部基地发动军事行动。
credit / ˈkredit /
◙ noun
›› BUY NOW–PAY LATER 赊购
1. [U] an arrangement that you make, with a shop / store for example, to pay later for sth you buy
• 赊购；赊欠:
 »to get / refuse credit
  允许/拒绝赊购
 »We bought the dishwasher on credit.
  我们赊购了一台洗碗机。
 »to offer interest-free credit (= allow sb to pay later, without any extra charge)
  提供免息赊购
 »a credit agreement
  信贷协定
 »credit facilities / terms
  信贷业务；赊欠期
 »Your credit limit is now £2 000.
  你的信用额度现在为 2 000 英镑。
 »He's a bad credit risk (= he is unlikely to pay the money later).
  他有欠账不还的危险。
--› compare hire purchase
›› MONEY BORROWED 借款
2. [U, C] money that you borrow from a bank; a loan
• (从银行借的)借款；贷款:
 »The bank refused further credit to the company.
  银行拒绝再给那家公司提供贷款。
3. [U] the status of being trusted to pay back money to sb who lends it to you
• (借钱偿还的)信誉,信用:
 »Her credit isn't good anywhere now.
  她借钱不还,弄得声名狼藉。
›› MONEY IN BANK 银行存款
4. [U] if you or your bank account are in credit, there is money in the account
• 结余
5. [C, U] a sum of money paid into a bank account; a record of the payment
• (付入银行账户的)存款金额,贷记:
 »a credit of £50
  * 50 英镑的贷记
 »You'll be paid by direct credit into your bank account.
  给你的付款将直接贷记你方银行账户。
【OPP】 debit
›› MONEY BACK 返回的钱
6. [C, U] (technical 术语) a payment that sb has a right to for a particular reason
• 有权索要的款项:
 »a tax credit
  课税扣除
›› PRAISE 赞扬
7. [U] ~ (for sth) praise or approval because you are responsible for sth good that has happened
• 赞扬；称赞；认可:
 »He's a player who rarely seems to get the credit he deserves.
  他这个选手好像很少得到应得的赞扬。
 »I can't take all the credit for the show's success—it was a team effort.
  演出成功不能都算成我一个人的功劳,这是集体努力的结果。
 »We did all the work and she gets all the credit!
  工作都是我们干的,而功劳却都归了她！
 »Credit will be given in the exam for good spelling and grammar.
  考试中拼写和语法出色者将受到表扬。
 »At least give him credit for trying (= praise him because he tried, even if he did not succeed).
  至少该表扬他尝试过。
--› compare blame , discredit
8. [sing.] ~ to sb / sth a person or thing whose qualities or achievements are praised and who therefore earns respect for sb / sth else
• 为…赢得荣誉的人(或事物)；因…受到尊重的人(或事物):
 »She is a credit to the school.
  她为学校赢得了荣誉。
›› ON MOVIE / TV PROGRAMME 电影；电视节目
9. [C, usually pl.] the act of mentioning sb who worked on a project such as a film / movie or a television programme
• (电影或电视节目演职人员的)片头字幕,片尾字幕:
 »She was given a programme credit for her work on the costumes for the play.
  她为这出戏准备服装,被列入剧目制作人员名单。
 »The credits (= the list of all the people involved) seemed to last almost as long as the film!
  演职人员字幕持续的时间几乎与这部电影一样长！
›› UNIT OF STUDY 学习单元
10. [C] a unit of study at a college or university (in the US, also at a school); the fact of having successfully completed a unit of study
• (大学,以及美国中小学的)学习单元；学分:
 »My math class is worth three credits.
  我的数学课为三个学分。
【IDIOMS】
◘ do sb credit | ◘ do credit to sb / sth
• if sth does credit to a person or an organization, they deserve to be praised for it
• 使值得赞扬(或表扬):
 »Your honesty does you great credit.
  你的诚实值得大大表扬。
◘ have sth to your credit
• to have achieved sth
• 完成；取得:
 »He's only 30, and he already has four novels to his credit.
  他年仅 30 岁,却已着有四部小说。
◘ on the 'credit side
• used to introduce the good points about sb / sth, especially after the bad points have been mentioned
• (尤用于提及缺点之后)就优点方面而言
◘ to sb's credit
• making sb deserve praise or respect
• 使值得赞扬；使受尊重:
 »To his credit, Jack never told anyone exactly what had happened.
  杰克对所发生的事守口如瓶,值得赞扬。
◙ verb
›› PUT MONEY IN BANK 往银行存钱
1. [VN] ~ A (with B) | ~ B (to A) to add an amount of money to sb's bank account
• (给银行账户)存入金额；把…记入贷方；贷记(银行账户):
 »Your account has been credited with $50 000.
  已把 5 万元存入你的账户。
 »$50 000 has been credited to your account.
  已把 5 万元存入你的账户。
【OPP】 debit
›› WITH ACHIEVEMENT 成就
2. [VN] [usually passive] ~ A with B | ~ B to A to believe or say that sb is responsible for doing sth, especially sth good
• 认为是…的功劳；把…归于:
 »The company is credited with inventing the industrial robot.
  发明工业机器人是那家公司的功劳。
 »The invention of the industrial robot is credited to the company.
  工业机器人的发明应归功于那家公司。
 »All the contributors are credited on the title page.
  所有撰稿人的姓名均刊登在扉页上。
›› WITH QUALITY 品质
3. [VN] ~ A with B to believe that sb / sth has a particular good quality or feature
• 认为…有(良好的品质或特点):
 »I credited you with a little more sense.
  我认为你更有见识。
4. [VN] [usually passive] ~ sb / sth as sth to believe that sb / sth is of a particular type or quality
• 认为…属(某种类或性质):
 »The cheetah is generally credited as the world's fastest animal.
  普遍认为猎豹是世界上跑得最快的动物。
›› BELIEVE 相信
5. (BrE) (used mainly in questions and negative sentences 主要用于疑问句和否定句) to believe sth, especially sth surprising or unexpected
• 相信(尤指令人惊奇或意外的事物):
▪ [VN]
 »He's been promoted—would you credit it?
  他被提升了,你相信吗？
▪ [also V wh- also V that]
quan∙tity / ˈkwɔntəti; NAme ˈkwɑ:n- /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [C, U] an amount or a number of sth
• 数量；数额；数目:
 »a large / small quantity of sth
  大量/小量的…
 »enormous / vast / huge quantities of food
  大量的食物
 »a product that is cheap to produce in large quantities
  可以大批廉价生产的产品
 »Is it available in sufficient quantity?
  这东西能不能足量供应？
2. [U] the measurement of sth by saying how much of it there is
• 量；数量:
 »The data is limited in terms of both quality and quantity.
  这份资料在质量和数量上都很有限。
3. [C, U] a large amount or number of sth
• 大量；大批；众多；大宗:
 »The police found a quantity of drugs at his home.
  警察在他家发现了大量毒品。
 »It's cheaper to buy goods in quantity.
  大宗购物比较便宜。
 »I was overwhelmed by the sheer quantity of information available.
  仅已有的信息量就大得令我不知所措。
【IDIOMS】
--› see unknown adj.
raw / rɔ: /
◙ adj.
›› FOOD 食物
1. not cooked
• 生的；未烹制的；未煮的:
 »raw meat
  生肉
 »These fish are often eaten raw.
  这些鱼常常生吃。
›› MATERIALS 材料
2. [usually before noun] in its natural state; not yet changed, used or made into sth else
• 未经加工的；自然状态的:
 »raw sugar
  原糖
›› INFORMATION 信息
3. [usually before noun] not yet organized into a form in which it can be easily used or understood
• 未经处理的；未经分析的；原始的:
 »This information is only raw data and will need further analysis.
  这些资料只是原始数据,还需要进一步进行分析。
›› EMOTIONS / QUALITIES 情感；品质
4. [usually before noun] powerful and natural; not controlled or trained
• 未经训练的；粗犷的:
 »songs full of raw emotion
  充满原始情感的歌曲
 »He started with nothing but raw talent and determination.
  他起家时只有天生的才能和决心。
›› PART OF BODY 身体部位
5. red and painful because the skin has been damaged
• 红肿疼痛的；皮肤破损的；擦伤的:
 »There were raw patches on her feet where the shoes had rubbed.
  她的双脚被鞋子磨破了好几块皮。
--› note at painful
›› PERSON 人
6. [usually before noun] new to a job or an activity and therefore without experience or skill
• 工作生疏的；不熟练的；无经验的:
 »a raw beginner
  没有经验的新手
 »raw recruits (= for example, in the army)
  未经训练的新兵
›› WEATHER 天气
7. very cold
• 寒冷的；严寒的:
 »a raw north wind
  寒冷的北风
 »It had been a wet raw winter.
  那是一个寒冷潮湿的冬天。
›› DESCRIPTION 描述
8. honest, direct and sometimes shocking
• 真实的；反映真实情况的:
 »a raw portrayal of working-class life
  工人阶级生活的真实写照
 »(NAmE) raw language (= containing many sexual details)
  粗鲁的语言
♦ raw∙ness noun [U]
【IDIOMS】
◘ a raw 'deal
• the fact of sb being treated unfairly
• 不公平的待遇；不公正的对待:
 »Older workers often get a raw deal.
  年纪大的工人经常受到不公正的对待。
◙ noun
◘ catch / touch sb on the 'raw
(BrE) to upset sb by reminding them of sth they are particularly sensitive about
• 触到某人的痛处；揭某人的疮疤
◘ in the 'raw
1. in a way that does not hide the unpleasant aspects of sth
• 质朴的；不加掩饰的:
 »He spent a couple of months on the streets to experience life in the raw.
  他花了几个月时间走街串巷,体验真实的生活。
2. (especially NAmE) with no clothes on
• 赤条条；赤身裸体；一丝不挂
【SYN】 naked
--› more at nerve n.
ˌraw ma'terial
◙ noun [C, U]
• a basic material that is used to make a product
• 原料:
 »We have had problems with the supply of raw materials to the factory.
  我们在工厂的原料供应方面遇到过问题。
 »These trees provide the raw material for high-quality paper.
  这些树是制造优质纸张的原料。
 »(figurative) The writer uses her childhood as raw material for this novel.
  作者将她的童年时代作为这部小说的素材。
sea∙food / ˈsi:fu:d /
◙ noun [U]
• fish and sea creatures that can be eaten, especially shellfish
• 海味,海鲜(尤指甲壳类):
 »a seafood restaurant
  海鲜馆
 »a seafood cocktail
  海味冷盘
will∙ing / ˈwiliŋ /
◙ adj.
1. [not usually before noun] ~ (to do sth) not objecting to doing sth; having no reason for not doing sth
• 愿意；乐意:
 »They keep a list of people (who are) willing to work nights.
  他们有一份愿意夜间工作的人的名单。
 »I'm perfectly willing to discuss the problem.
  我十分乐意讨论这个问题。
2. [usually before noun] ready or pleased to help and not needing to be persuaded; done or given in an enthusiastic way
• 自愿的；乐于相助的；积极肯干的:
 »willing helpers / volunteers
  主动帮忙的人；志愿工作者
 »willing support
  自愿的支持
 »She's very willing.
  她非常积极肯干。
【OPP】 unwilling
♦ will∙ing∙ly adv.:
 »People would willingly pay more for better services.
  有好一些的服务,人们是愿意多花钱的。
 »'Will you help me?' 'Willingly.'
  "请帮帮我好吗？" "当然可以。"
♦ will∙ing∙ness noun [U, sing.]
【IDIOMS】
--› see god , show v., spirit n.
tax / tæks /
◙ noun [C, U]
• ~ (on sth) money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. People pay tax according to their income and businesses pay tax according to their profits. Tax is also often paid on goods and services.
• 税；税款:
 »to raise / cut taxes
  增加/削减税收
 »tax increases / cuts
  税款的增加/削减
 »changes in tax rates
  税率的变化
 »to pay over £1 000 in tax
  缴纳 1 000 多英镑的税款
 »profits before / after tax
  税前/税后利润
 »a tax on cigarettes
  香烟税
--› see also corporation tax , council tax , inheritance tax , poll tax , road tax , sales tax , stealth tax , value added tax , withholding tax
◙ verb [VN]
1. to put a tax on sb / sth; to make sb pay tax
• 对…征税；课税；使纳税:
 »Any interest payments are taxed as part of your income.
  利息所得作为你收入的一部份要予以征税。
 »His declared aim was to tax the rich.
  他宣布他的目的是向富人征税。
2. (BrE) to pay tax on a vehicle so that you may use it on the roads
• 缴纳车辆牌照税:
 »The car is taxed until July.
  这辆汽车的牌照税缴纳到了七月。
3. to need a great amount of physical or mental effort
• 使负重担；使受压力；使大伤脑筋:
 »The questions did not tax me.
  那些问题没有让我费脑筋。
 »The problem is currently taxing the brains of the nation's experts (= making them think very hard).
  目前这个问题使得全国的专家大伤脑筋。
【PHR V】
◘ 'tax sb with sth (formal)
• to accuse sb of doing sth wrong
• (就某事)指责,责备,谴责…:
 »I taxed him with avoiding his responsibility as a parent.
  我指责他逃避做父亲的责任。
goods / ɡudz /
◙ noun [pl.]
1. things that are produced to be sold
• 商品；货品:
 »cheap / expensive goods
  便宜的/昂贵的商品
 »leather / cotton / paper goods
  皮革/棉织/纸质商品
 »electrical / sports goods
  电器商品；体育器材
 »perishable / durable goods
  易腐/耐用商品
 »increased tax on goods and services
  增加了的商品及劳务税
--› see also consumer goods
--› note at product
2. possessions that can be moved
• 动产；私人财产:
 »stolen goods
  赃物
 »The plastic bag contained all his worldly goods (= everything he owned).
  这塑料袋里装着他的全部家当。
--› note at thing
3. (BrE) things (not people) that are transported by rail or road
• (铁路或公路)运载的货物:
 »a goods train
  货运列车
 »a heavy goods vehicle
  重型货车
--› compare freight
【IDIOMS】
◘ be the 'goods
(BrE, informal)
• to be very good or impressive
• 非常好；给人以深刻印象
◘ deliver the 'goods | ◘ come up with the 'goods
•(informal) to do what you have promised to do or what people expect or want you to do
• 履行诺言；不负所望:
 »We expected great things of the England team, but on the day they simply failed to deliver the goods.
  我们本指望英格兰队大获全胜,可那天他们真是有负众望。
pump / pʌmp /
◙ noun
1. a machine that is used to force liquid, gas or air into or out of sth
• 抽水机；泵；打气筒:
 »She washed her face at the pump in front of the inn.
  她在客栈前的水泵旁洗了洗脸。
 »(BrE) a petrol pump
  汽油泵
 »(NAmE) a gas pump
  煤气泵
 »a foot / hand pump (= that you work by using your foot or hand)
  脚踏/手摇泵
 »a bicycle pump
  自行车打气筒
--› see also stomach pump
2. (BrE) = plimsoll
3. (especially NAmE) = court shoe
4. (BrE) a light soft shoe that you wear for dancing or exercise
• 轻软舞鞋；轻便帆布鞋:
 »ballet pumps
  芭蕾舞鞋
【IDIOMS】

—more at hand n., prime v.
◙ verb
1. to make water, air, gas, etc. flow in a particular direction by using a pump or sth that works like a pump
• 用泵(或泵样器官等)输送
▪ [VN]
 »The engine is used for pumping water out of the mine.
  这台发动机是用来从矿井中抽水的。
 »The heart pumps blood around the body.
  心脏把血液输送到全身。
▪ [VN-ADJ]
 »The lake had been pumped dry.
  湖水已被抽干。
▪ [also V]
2. [V +adv. / prep.] (of a liquid 液体) to flow in a particular direction as if it is being forced by a pump
• 涌出；涌流；奔流:
 »Blood was pumping out of his wound.
  血从他的伤口喷出。
3. [VN] to move sth quickly up and down or in and out
• 上下(或内外)快速摇动；急速摇晃:
 »He kept pumping my hand up and down.
  他不停地摇动着我的手。
 »I pumped the handle like crazy.
  我拚命地来回摇动手柄。
4. [V] to move quickly up and down or in and out
• 快速上下(或内外)运动:
 »She sprinted for the line, legs pumping.
  她双腿紧蹬,奔向终点线。
 »My heart was pumping with excitement.
  我激动得心里怦怦直跳。
5. [VN] ~ sb (for sth) (informal) to try to get information from sb by asking them a lot of questions
• 盘问；追问；一再探问:
 »See if you can pump him for more details.
  看你能不能向他再探问出些细节来。
◘ pump 'bullets, 'shots, etc. into sb
• to fire a lot of bullets into sb
• 向…连续发射
◘ pump sb full of sth
• to fill sb with sth, especially drugs
• 给…大量(服用药物等):
 »They pumped her full of painkillers.
  他们净让她服止痛药。
◘ pump 'iron
•(informal) to do exercises in which you lift heavy weights in order to make your muscles stronger
• 举重(锻炼)
◘ pump sb's 'stomach
• to remove the contents of sb's stomach using a pump, because they have swallowed sth harmful
• 给…洗胃
【PHR V】
◘ ˌpump sth 'into sth ◘ | ˌpump sth 'in
• to put a lot of money into sth
• 向…大量投资；注入大量资金:
 »He pumped all his savings into the business.
  他把全部积蓄都投入了该企业。
◘ ˌpump sth 'into sb
• to force a lot of sth into sb
• 强行向…灌输:
 »It's difficult to pump facts and figures into tired students.
  把事实和数字硬灌输给疲惫的学生太难了。
◘ ˌpump sth∽'out (informal)
• to produce sth in large amounts
• 大量生产(或制造):
 »loudspeakers pumping out rock music
  大播摇滚乐的扩音器
 »Our cars pump out thousands of tonnes of poisonous fumes every year.
  我们的汽车每年排放出成千上万吨的有毒尾气。
◘ ˌpump sb∽'up əusually passive]
• to make sb feel more excited or determined
• 给(某人)打气；鼓励
◘ ˌpump sth∽'up
1. to fill a tyre, etc. with air using a pump
• 为(轮胎等)充气；打气
2. (informal) to increase the amount, value or volume of sth
• 增加…的量(或价值、体积等)；提高:
 »Interest rates were pumped up last week.
  上周利率提高了。
madam / ˈmædəm /
◙ noun
1. [sing.] (formal) used when speaking or writing to a woman in a formal or business situation
• 夫人；女士:
 »Can I help you, madam?
  要帮忙吗,夫人？
 »Dear Madam (= used like Dear Sir in a letter)
  尊敬的女士/夫人(用于书信开头,同 Dear Sir)
--› see also 'am">ma'am (1)
2. [C] (informal, disapproving, especially BrE) a girl or young woman who expects other people to do what she wants
• 喜欢支使别人的女子；任性妄为的年轻女子:
 »She's a proper little madam.
  她真是个说一不二的小姑奶奶。
3. [C] a woman who is in charge of the prostitutes in a brothel
• 老鸨；鸨母；妓院女老板
ar∙rival / əˈraivl /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] an act of coming or being brought to a place
• 到达；抵达:
 »Guests receive dinner on / upon arrival at the hotel.
  旅客一到旅馆即可就餐。
 »We apologize for the late arrival of the train.
  我们为火车误点表示歉意。
 »the arrival of the mail in the morning
  上午送达的邮件
 »daily arrivals of refugees
  每天到来的难民
 »There are 120 arrivals and departures every day.
  每天有 120 次航班离港和抵港。
【OPP】 departure
2. [C] a person or thing that comes to a place
• 到达者；抵达物:
 »The first arrivals at the concert got the best seats.
  最早来到音乐会的人坐上了最好的座位。
 »early / late / new arrivals
  早到/晚到/新到者
 »We're expecting a new arrival (= a baby) in the family soon.
  我们家很快就会添一个新生婴儿。
3. [U] the time when a new technology or idea is introduced
• (新技术、新思想的)引进,采用,推行:
 »the arrival of pay TV
  收费电视的引进
ar∙rest / əˈrest /
◙ verb
1. [VN] [often passive] ~ sb (for sth) if the police arrest sb, the person is taken to a police station and kept there because the police believe they may be guilty of a crime
• 逮捕；拘留:
 »A man has been arrested in connection with the robbery.
  一名男子因与这桩抢劫案有关已被逮捕。
 »She was arrested for drug-related offences.
  她因涉嫌毒品犯罪而被捕。
 »You could get arrested for doing that.
  你干那种事可能要遭逮捕。
2. [VN] (formal) to stop a process or a development
• 阻止；中止:
 »They failed to arrest the company's decline.
  他们未能阻止公司的衰落。
3. [VN] (formal) to make sb notice sth and pay attention to it
• 吸引(注意):
 »An unusual noise arrested his attention.
  一阵不寻常的嘈杂声引起了他的注意。
4. [V] if sb arrests, their heart stops beating
• 心跳停止:
 »He arrested on the way to the hospital.
  他在送院途中停止了心跳。
◙ noun [C, U]
1. the act of arresting sb
• 逮捕；拘留:
 »The police made several arrests.
  警方逮捕了好几人。
 »She was under arrest on suspicion of murder.
  她因涉嫌谋杀而被逮捕。
 »Opposition leaders were put under house arrest (= not allowed to leave their houses).
  反对党领袖遭软禁。
--› see also 's arrest">citizen's arrest
2. an act of sth stopping or being interrupted
• 停止；中止:
 »He died after suffering a cardiac arrest (= when his heart suddenly stopped).
  他死于心搏停止。
cus∙toms / ˈkʌstəmz /
◙ noun [pl.]
1. (usually Customs) (BrE also Customs and Excise) (US also US Customs Service) the government department that collects taxes on goods bought and sold and on goods brought into the country, and that checks what is brought in
• (政府部门)海关:
 »The Customs have seized large quantities of smuggled heroin.
  海关查获了大量走私的海洛因。
 »a customs officer
  海关官员
【HELP】NAmE uses a singular verb with customs in this meaning.
• 北美英语 customs 作此义时使用单数动词。
2. the place at a port or an airport where your bags are checked as you come into a country
• (港口或机场的)海关:
 »to go through customs and passport control
  通过海关和交验护照
3. the taxes that must be paid to the government when goods are brought in from other countries
• 关税；进口税:
 »to pay customs on sth
  为某物缴纳关税
 »customs duty / duties
  进口税
--› note at tax
--› compare excise ²
fea∙ther / ˈfeðə(r) /
◙ noun
• one of the many soft light parts covering a bird's body
• 羽毛；翎毛:
 »a peacock feather
  孔雀羽毛
 »a feather pillow (= six containing feathers)
  羽绒枕头
【IDIOMS】
◘ a 'feather in your cap
• an action that you can be proud of
• 可引以自豪的行为
【ORIGIN】This idiom comes from the Native American custom of giving a feather to sb who had been very brave in battle.
• 此习语源自美国土着的风俗,把一根羽毛奖赏给在战斗中表现英勇的人。

--› more at bird , knock v., ruffle v., smooth v.
◙ verb
◘ feather your (own) 'nest
• to make yourself richer, especially by spending money on yourself that should be spent on sth else
• 中饱私囊
--› more at tar v.
tor∙toise / ˈtɔ:təs; NAme ˈtɔ:rtəs /
◙ noun
• a reptile with a hard round shell, that lives on land and moves very slowly. It can pull its head and legs into its shell.
• 陆龟；龟
--› compare terrapin , turtle
blan∙ket / ˈblæŋkit /
◙ noun
1. a large cover, often made of wool, used especially on beds to keep people warm
• 毯子；毛毯
--› see also electric blanket
2. [usually sing.] ~ of sth a thick layer or covering of sth
• 厚层；厚的覆盖层:
 »a blanket of fog / snow / cloud
  厚厚的一层雾/雪 / 云
 »(figurative) The trial was conducted under a blanket of secrecy.
  审讯在高度保密下进行。
--› see also wet blanket
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• including or affecting all possible cases, situations or people
• 包括所有情形(或人员)的；总括的；综合的:
 »a blanket ban on tobacco advertising
  烟草广告的全面取缔
 »a blanket refusal
  完全拒绝
◙ verb [VN]
• [often passive] (formal) to cover sth completely with a thick layer
• 以厚层覆盖:
 »Snow soon blanketed the frozen ground.
  冻土上很快就形成了一层厚厚的积雪。
im∙press / imˈpres /
◙ verb
1. ~ sb (with sth / sb) if a person or thing impresses you, you feel admiration for them or it
• 使钦佩；使敬仰；给…留下深刻的好印象:
▪ [VN]
 »We interviewed a number of candidates but none of them impressed us.
  我们和数名申请人进行了面谈,但都没有给我们留下什么印象。
 »He impressed her with his sincerity.
  他的真诚打动了她。
 »His sincerity impressed her.
  他的真诚打动了她。
▪ [V]
 »The Grand Canyon never fails to impress.
  大峡谷永远让人叹为观止。
▪ [VN that]
 »It impressed me that she remembered my name.
  令我佩服的是她记得我的名字。
--› see also impressed , impressive
2. [VN] ~ sth on / upon sb (formal) to make sb understand how important, serious etc. sth is by emphasizing it
• 使意识到(重要性或严重性等):
 »He impressed on us the need for immediate action.
  他让我们认识到立刻采取行动的必要。
3. [VN] ~ sth / itself on / upon sth (formal) to have a great effect on sth, especially sb's mind, imagination, etc.
• 使铭记；给…留下深刻印象:
 »Her words impressed themselves on my memory.
  她的话语我铭记在心里。
clap / klæp /
◙ verb (-pp-)
1. to hit your open hands together several times to show that you approve of or have enjoyed sth
• 鼓掌,拍手(表示赞许或欣赏):
▪ [V]
 »The audience cheered and clapped.
  观众又是喝彩又是鼓掌。
▪ [VN]
 »Everyone clapped us when we went up to get our prize.
  我们上前领奖时,大家都为我们鼓掌。
2. ~ (your hands) to hit your open hands together
• 拍手；击掌:
▪ [VN]
 »She clapped her hands in delight.
  她高兴地拍起手来。
 »He clapped his hands for silence.
  他拍手要大家安静下来。
▪ [V]
 »Everyone clapped in time to the music.
  大家合着音乐的节奏拍手。
3. [VN] ~ sb on the back / shoulder to lightly hit sb with your open hand, usually in a friendly way
• (常指友好地)轻拍某人的背(或肩)
4. [VN +adv. / prep.] to put sth / sb somewhere quickly and suddenly
• 急速放置:
 »'Oh dear!' she cried, clapping a hand over her mouth.
  "哎呀！"她叫道,突然用手捂住了嘴。
 »to clap sb in irons / jail / prison
  迅速把某人关进监狱
♦ clap∙ping noun [U] :
 »I could hear the sound of clapping from the other room.
  我听得见另一个房间里的鼓掌声。
【IDIOMS】
--› see eye n.
◙ noun
1. [sing.] an act of clapping the hands; the sound this makes
• 鼓掌；拍手；掌声；拍手声:
 »Give him a clap! (= to praise sb at the end of a performance)
  为他鼓掌吧！
2. [C] a sudden loud noise
• 砰然巨响；霹雳声:
 »a clap of thunder
  一声霹雳
3. (also the clap) [U] (informal) a disease of the sexual organs, caught by having sex with an infected person
• 淋病
【SYN】 gonorrhoea
eco∙nom∙ic / ˌi:kəˈnɔmik; ˌekə-; NAmE -ˈnɑ:m- /
◙ adj.
1. [only before noun] connected with the trade, industry and development of wealth of a country, an area or a society
• 经济的；经济上的；经济学的:
 »social, economic and political issues
  社会、经济和政治问题
 »economic growth / cooperation / development / reform
  经济增长/合作/发展/改革
 »the government's economic policy
  政府的经济政策
 »economic history
  经济史
 »the current economic climate
  目前的经济形势
2. (of a process, a business or an activity 工序、业务或活动) producing enough profit to continue
• 有利可图的；可赚钱的；合算的
【SYN】 profitable
【OPP】 uneconomic
--› note at successful
con∙flict
◙ noun / ˈkɔnflikt; NAmE ˈkɑ:n- / əɔ, u] ~ (between æ and ɑ) | ~ (over sth)
1. a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument
• 冲突；争执；争论:
 »a conflict between two cultures
  两种文化的冲突
 »The violence was the result of political and ethnic conflicts.
  那次暴力是政治与种族冲突的结果。
 »She found herself in conflict with her parents over her future career.
  她发现自己在将来择业的问题上与父母存在着分歧。
 »John often comes into conflict with his boss.
  约翰经常和他的老板发生争执。
 »The government has done nothing to resolve the conflict over nurses' pay.
  政府未采取任何措施来解决护士工资问题引发的冲突。
2. a violent situation or period of fighting between two countries
• (军事)冲突；战斗:
 »armed / military conflict
  武装/军事冲突
3. a situation in which there are opposing ideas, opinions, feelings or wishes; a situation in which it is difficult to choose
• 抵触；矛盾；不一致:
 »The story tells of a classic conflict between love and duty.
  这故事讲的是典型的爱情与责任之间的矛盾。
 »Her diary was a record of her inner conflict.
  她的日记记录了她内心的矛盾。
 »Many of these ideas appear to be in conflict with each other.
  这些观念中有许多看上去似乎相互矛盾。
【IDIOMS】
◘ conflict of 'interest(s)
• a situation in which there are two jobs, aims, roles, etc. and it is not possible for both of them to be treated equally and fairly at the same time
• 利益(或利害)冲突:
 »There was a conflict of interest between his business dealings and his political activities.
  他的商务交往与政治活动之间存在着利益冲突。
◙ verb / kənˈflikt /
• əʒ] ~ (with sth) if two ideas, beliefs, stories, etc. conflict, it is not possible for them to exist together or for them both to be true
• (两种思想、信仰、说法等的)冲突,抵触
【SYN】 clash :
 »conflicting emotions / interests / loyalties
  相互矛盾的感情/利益/忠诚
 »These results conflict with earlier findings.
  这些结果与早期的发现相矛盾。
 »Reports conflicted on how much of the aid was reaching the famine victims.
  这些报告在究竟有多少援助到了饿民手里的调查数字上彼此矛盾。
queue / kju: /
◙ noun
1. (BrE) (NAmE line) a line of people, cars, etc. waiting for sth or to do sth
• (人、汽车等的)队,行列:
 »the bus queue
  排队等候公共汽车的人
 »I had to join a queue for the toilets.
  我只得排队等着上厕所。
 »How long were you in the queue ?
  你排多长时间队了？
 »There was a queue of traffic waiting to turn right.
  有一大串车辆等着右转弯。
2. (computing 计) a list of items of data stored in a particular order
• (贮存的数据)队列
【IDIOMS】
--› see jump v.
◙ verb (queu∙ing or queue∙ing)
1. [V] (BrE) ~ (up) (for sth) to wait in a line of people, vehicles, etc. in order to do sth, get sth or go somewhere
• (人、车等)排队等候:
 »We had to queue up for an hour for the tickets.
  我们只得排一个小时的队买票。
 »Queue here for taxis.
  等出租车在这里排队。
2. (computing 计) to add tasks to other tasks so that they are ready to be done in order; to come together to be done in order
• (使)排队；列队等待:
▪ [VN]
 »The system queues the jobs before they are processed.
  这系统先把任务排列再进行处理。
▪ [also V]
【PHR V】
◘ be ˌqueuing 'up (for sth / to do sth)
• if people are said to be queuing up for sth or to do sth, a lot of them want to have it or do it
• 排长队等待；趋之若鹜:
 »Italian football clubs are queuing up to sign the young star.
  意大利的足球俱乐部都抢着要与这个年轻球星签约。
desert∙ifi∙ca∙tion / diˌzə:tifiˈkeiʃn; NAmE -ˌzə:rt- /
◙ noun [U]
• (technical 术语) the process of becoming or making sth a desert
• 沙漠化
crop / krɔp; NAmE krɑ:p /
◙ noun
›› PLANTS FOR FOOD 庄稼
1. [C] a plant that is grown in large quantities, especially as food
• 庄稼；作物:
 »Sugar is an important crop on the island.
  糖料作物是这个岛上的一种重要作物。
 »crop rotation / production / yield
  农作物轮作/生产/产量
 »The crops are regularly sprayed with pesticides.
  农作物定期喷洒杀虫剂。
--› see also cash crop , catch crop
2. [C] the amount of grain, fruit, etc. that is grown in six season
• (谷物、水果等一季的)收成,产量
【SYN】 harvest :
 »a fall in this year's coffee crop
  今年咖啡产量的下降
 »We are looking forward to a bumper crop (= a very large one).
  我们期盼着大丰收。
›› GROUP OF PEOPLE 一群人
3. [sing.] a ~ of sth a group of people who do sth at the same time; a number of things that happen at the same time
• (同时做某事的)一群人,一批人；(同时发生的)一些事情:
 »the current crop of trainees
  现在的这批练习生
 »She is really the cream of the crop (= the best in her group).
  她的确是那批人中的精英。
 »a crop of disasters / injuries
  一连串的灾难/伤害
›› WHIP 鞭子
4. [C] a short whip used by horse riders
• (骑手的)短马鞭:
 »a riding crop
  骑马用的短马鞭
›› HAIR 头发
5. [C] a very short hairstyle
• 短发
6. [sing.] a ~ of dark, fair, etc. hair / curls hair that is short and thick
• 短而密的头发:
 »He had a thick crop of black curly hair.
  他有一头浓黑鬈曲的短发。
›› OF BIRD 鸟
7. (technical 术语) a part of a bird's throat shaped like a bag where food is stored before it passes into the stomach
• 嗉囊；嗉子
◙ verb (-pp-)
›› HAIR 头发
1. to cut sb's hair very short
• 剪短:
▪ [VN]
 »closely cropped hair
  剪得很短的头发
▪ [also VN-ADJ]
›› PHOTOGRAPH 照片
2. [VN] (technical 术语) to cut off part of a photograph or picture
• 剪裁(照片或图画)
›› OF ANIMALS 动物
3. [VN] to bite off and eat the tops of plants, especially grass
• 啃吃(青草或其他植物上面的部份)
›› PLANTS 植物
4. [V] (of plants 植物) to produce a crop
• 有收成:
 »The potatoes cropped well this year.
  今年马铃薯丰收。
5. [VN] to use land to grow crops
• 种地；种庄稼:
 »The river valley is intensively cropped.
  河谷里种满了庄稼。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌcrop 'up
• to appear or happen, especially when it is not expected
• (尤指意外地)出现,发生
【SYN】 come up :
 »His name just cropped up in conversation.
  交谈时无意中就提到了他的名字。
 »I'll be late—something's cropped up at home.
  我要晚一点来,家里突然出了点事。
fence / fens /
◙ noun
1. a structure made of wood or wire supported with posts that is put between two areas of land as a boundary , or around a garden / yard, field, etc. to keep animals in, or to keep people and animals out
• 栅栏；篱笆；围栏
2. a structure that horses must jump over in a race or a competition
• (障碍赛马中的)障碍物
3. (informal) a criminal who buys and sells stolen goods
• 买卖赃物者；销赃犯
【IDIOMS】
--› see grass n., mend v., side n., sit
◙ verb
1. [VN] to surround or divide an area with a fence
• (用栅栏、篱笆或围栏)围住,隔开:
 »His property is fenced with barbed wire.
  他的房地产四周围有带刺的铁丝网。
--› see also unfenced
2. [V] to take part in the sport of fencing
• 参加击剑运动
3. [V] ~ (with sb) to speak to sb in a clever way in order to gain an advantage in the conversation
• 搪塞；支吾；回避
【PHR V】
◘ ˌfence sb / sth∽'in əoften passive]
1. to surround sb / sth with a fence
• (用栅栏、篱笆或围栏)围住,关住
2. to restrict sb's freedom
【SYN】 hem sb in
• 限制自由:
 »She felt fenced in by domestic routine.
  她感到被日常家务束缚住了。
◘ ˌfence sth∽'off əoften passive]
• to divide one area from another with a fence
• (用栅栏、篱笆、围栏)隔开
soil / sɔil /
◙ noun [U, C]
1. the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees, etc. grow
• 土壤:
 »poor / dry / acid / sandy / fertile, etc. soil
  贫瘠、干旱、酸性、沙质、肥沃等的土壤
 »the study of rocks and soils
  对岩石和土壤的研究
 »soil erosion
  土壤侵蚀
2. (literary) a country; an area of land
• 国土；领土；土地:
 »It was the first time I had set foot on African soil.
  那是我第一次踏上非洲大地。
--› note at floor
◙ verb [VN]
• [often passive] (formal) to make sth dirty
• 弄脏:
 »soiled linen
  脏了的日用织品
 »(figurative) I don't want you soiling your hands with this sort of work (= doing sth unpleasant or wrong).
  我不希望你干这种事,免得脏了你的手。
--› see also shop-soiled
bush / buʃ /
◙ noun
1. [C] a plant that grows thickly with several hard stems coming up from the root
• 灌木:
 »a rose bush
  玫瑰丛
 »holly bushes
  冬青树丛
--› compare tree
2. [C] a thing that looks like a bush, especially an area of thick hair or fur
• 类似灌木的东西(尤指浓密的毛发或皮毛)
3. (often the bush) [U] an area of wild land that has not been cleared, especially in Africa and Australia; in New Zealand an area where the forest has not been cleared
• (尤指非洲和澳大利亚的)荒野；(新西兰未被砍伐的)林区
【IDIOMS】
--› see beat v., bird
de∙crease
◙ verb
• / diˈkri:s / ~ (from sth) (to sth) to become or make sth become smaller in size, number, etc.
• (使大小、数量等)减少,减小,降低:
▪ [V]
 »The number of new students decreased from 210 to 160 this year.
  今年新生人数从 210 减少到 160。
 »The price of wheat has decreased by 15%.
  小麦价格降低了 15%。
 »This species of bird is decreasing in numbers every year.
  这种鸟的数量在逐年减少。
 »a decreasing population
  逐渐减少的人口
▪ [VN]
 »People should decrease the amount of fat they eat.
  人们应减少脂肪的摄入量。
【OPP】 increase
◙ noun / ˈdi:kri:s / əɔ, u]
• ~ (in sth) | ~ (of sth) the process of reducing sth or the amount that sth is reduced by
• 减少；降低；减少量
【SYN】 reduction :
 »There has been some decrease in military spending this year.
  今年的军费开支有所减少。
 »a decrease of nearly 6% in the number of visitors to the museum
  参观博物馆人数下降将近 6%
【OPP】 increase
drill / dril /
◙ noun
1. [C] a tool or machine with a pointed end for making holes
• 钻；钻头；钻牀；钻机:
 »an electric drill
  电钻
 »a pneumatic drill
  风钻
 »a hand drill
  手钻
 »a dentist's drill
  牙钻
 »a drill bit (= the pointed part at the end of the drill )
  钻头
2. [C, U] a way of learning sth by means of repeated exercises
• 练习；训练
3. [C, U] a practice of what to do in an emergency, for example if there is a fire
• (应对紧急情况的)演习:
 »a fire drill
  消防演习
4. [U] military training in marching, the use of weapons, etc.
• 军事训练；操练:
 »rifle drill
  步枪操练
5. the drill [sing.] (old-fashioned, BrE) the correct or usual way to do sth
• 正确的步骤；常规；程序
【SYN】 procedure :
 »What's the drill for claiming expenses?
  报销费用的手续是什么？
6. [U] a type of strong cotton cloth
• 粗斜纹布
7. [C] a machine for planting seeds in rows
• 条播机
◙ verb
1. to make a hole in sth, using a drill
• 钻(孔)；打(眼):
▪ [VN]
 »Drill a series of holes in the frame.
  在构架上钻一串孔。
▪ [V]
 »They're drilling for oil off the Irish coast.
  他们在爱尔兰沿海钻井探油。
 »He drilled through the wall by mistake.
  他误将墙壁钻穿了。
2. ~ sb (in sth) to teach sb to do sth by making them repeat it a lot of times
• 培训；训练:
▪ [VN to inf]
 »The children were drilled to leave the classroom quickly when the fire bell rang.
  孩子们接受了如何在火警拉响时迅速离开教室的训练。
▪ [VN]
 »a well-drilled team
  训练有素的队伍
3. [VN] to train soldiers to perform military actions
• 作…演习；操练
【PHR V】
◘ ˌdrill 'down (computing 计)
• to go to deeper levels of an organized set of data on a computer or a website in order to find more detail
• 自顶向下搜索；向下钻取:
 »Navigation is good and there's a display to show how far you've drilled down.
  导航很好,有画面显示向下搜索的深度。
◘ 'drill sth into sb
• to make sb remember or learn sth by repeating it often
• 反复训练某人；向某人反复灌输:
 »It was drilled into us at an early age never to drop litter.
  我们从小就被叮嘱绝不能乱扔垃圾。
meas∙ure / ˈmeʒə(r) /
◙ verb
›› SIZE / QUANTITY 大小；数量
1. ~ (sb / sth) (for sth) to find the size, quantity, etc. of sth in standard units
• 测量；度量:
▪ [VN]
 »A ship's speed is measured in knots.
  船速以节测量。
 »a device that measures the level of radiation in the atmosphere
  测量大气层中辐射级的仪器
 »He's gone to be measured for a new suit.
  他去量尺寸做新衣服去了。
 »measuring equipment / instruments
  测量装备/仪器
▪ [V wh-]
 »A dipstick is used to measure how much oil is left in an engine.
  量油尺是用来探查引擎中的剩余油量的。
2. linking verb
• [V-N] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to be a particular size, length, amount, etc.
• (指尺寸、长短、数量等)量度为:
 »The main bedroom measures 12ft by 15ft.
  主卧室宽 12 英尺,长 15 英尺。
 »The pond measures about 2 metres across.
  这个池塘宽约 2 米。
›› JUDGE 判断
3. to judge the importance, value or effect of sth
• 估量,判定(重要性、价值或影响等)
【SYN】 assess :
▪ [VN]
 »It is difficult to measure the success of the campaign at this stage.
  在现阶段还难以估量这场运动的成败。
▪ [also V wh-]
【PHR V】
◘ 'measure sb / sth against sb / sth
• to compare sb / sth with sb / sth
• 使相比较:
 »The figures are not very good when measured against those of our competitors.
  和我们的竞争者相比,我们的数字并不乐观。
◘ ˌmeasure sth∽'out
• to take the amount of sth that you need from a larger amount
• 取出(或量出)所需量:
 »He measured out a cup of milk and added it to the mixture.
  他倒了一杯牛奶,掺了进去。
◘ ˌmeasure 'up ◘ | ˌmeasure sb / sth∽'up
• to measure sb / sth
• 测量；量度:
 »We spent the morning measuring up and deciding where the furniture would go.
  我们花了一上午量来量去,决定家具怎么摆。
◘ ˌmeasure 'up (to sth / sb) (usually used in negative sentences and questions 通常用于否定句和疑问句)
• to be as good, successful, etc. as expected or needed
• 达到预期的要求；符合标准
【SYN】 match up :
 »Last year's intake just didn't measure up.
  去年纳入的人数没有达到预期的要求。
 »The job failed to measure up to her expectations.
  这项工作没有满足她的期望。
◙ noun
›› OFFICIAL ACTION 正式行动
1. [C] ~ (to do sth) an official action that is done in order to achieve a particular aim
• 措施；方法:
 »safety / security / austerity measures
  安全/保安/紧缩措施
 »a temporary / an emergency measure
  临时/紧急措施
 »We must take preventive measures to reduce crime in the area.
  我们必须采取预防措施来减少这个地区的犯罪。
 »The government is introducing tougher measures to combat crime.
  政府正在引入更强硬的手段来反击犯罪。
 »measures against racism
  反种族主义措施
 »Police in riot gear were in attendance as a precautionary measure.
  身着防暴服的警察到场实施预防行动。
--› see also half measures
›› AMOUNT 程度
2. [sing.] a particular amount of sth, especially a fairly large amount
【SYN】 degree
• (一定的)量,程度:
 »A measure of technical knowledge is desirable in this job.
  做这项工作最好多懂一些技术知识。
 »She achieved some measure of success with her first book.
  她出第一部书就得到了相当的成功。
›› WAY OF SHOWING / JUDGING 展示方式；判断方法
3. [sing.] a sign of the size or the strength of sth
• 尺度；标准；程度:
 »Sending flowers is a measure of how much you care.
  你派人送花就说明你是多么关心。
4. [C] a way of judging or measuring sth
• 判断；衡量:
 »an accurate measure of ability
  能力的准确评判
 »Is this test a good measure of reading comprehension?
  这种测试是判断阅读理解力的好方法吗？
›› UNIT OF SIZE / QUANTITY 度量单位
5. [C, U] a unit used for stating the size, quantity or degree of sth; a system or a scale of these units
• 度量单位；计量标准:
 »weights and measures
  度量衡
 »The Richter Scale is a measure of ground motion.
  里氏震级是测量地动的单位。
 »liquid / dry measure
  液量；干量
 »Which measure of weight do pharmacists use?
  药剂师使用什么剂量单位？
6. [C] (especially of alcohol 尤指酒) a standard quantity
• 标准量:
 »a generous measure of whisky
  比标准量稍多一点的威士忌
›› INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING 测量仪器
7. [C] an instrument such as a stick, a long tape or a container that is marked with standard units and is used for measuring
• 量器；计量工具
--› see also tape measure
›› IN MUSIC 音乐
8. [C] (NAmE) = bar n. (10)
【IDIOMS】
◘ beyond 'measure
•(formal) very much
• 非常；极其:
 »He irritated me beyond measure.
  他使我非常生气。
◘ for good 'measure
• as an extra amount of sth in addition to what has already been done or given
• 作为额外增添；外加的项目:
 »Use 50g of rice per person and an extra spoonful for good measure.
  每人 50 克大米,再额外加一勺。
◘ full / short 'measure
• the whole of sth or less of sth than you expect or should have
• 足/不足量:
 »We experienced the full measure of their hospitality.
  我们领受了他们十足的盛情。
 »The concert only lasted an hour, so we felt we were getting short measure.
  音乐会仅仅持续了一个小时,让我们有一种缺斤少两的感觉。
◘ in full 'measure
•(formal) to the greatest possible degree
• 最大程度地；最大限度地
◘ get / take / have the 'measure of sb | ◘ get / have / take sb's 'measure
•(formal) to form an opinion about sb's character or abilities so that you can deal with them
• 摸清某人的底细:
 »After only six game, the chess champion had the measure of his young opponent.
  仅仅一局过后,国际象棋冠军就摸清了年轻对手的实力。
◘ in no small 'measure | ◘ in some, equal, etc. 'measure
•(formal) to a large extent or degree; to some, etc. extent or degree
• 在很大(或某种、同样等)程度上:
 »The introduction of a new tax accounted in no small measure for the downfall of the government.
  这届政府的垮台在很大程度上归因于征收一种新税。
 »Our thanks are due in equal measure to every member of the team.
  我们同样感谢每一位队员。
◘ ˌmade to 'measure
(BrE)
• made especially for six person according to particular measurements
• 量身订制的
【SYN】 bespoke :
 »You'll need to get a suit made to measure.
  你得订做一套西装。
 »a made-to-measure suit
  订做的服装
--› more at large adj.
ad∙min∙is∙tra∙tion / ədˌminiˈstreiʃn /
◙ noun
1. (also BrE informal admin) [U] the activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business, school or other institution
• (企业、学校等的)管理,行政:
 »Administration costs are passed on to the customer.
  行政费用转嫁给了消费者。
 »the day-to-day administration of a company
  公司的日常管理工作
 »I work in the Sales Administration department.
  我在销售管理部门工作。
2. [U] the process or act of organizing the way that sth is done
• 施行；执行:
 »the administration of justice
  司法
3. [C] the people who plan, organize and run a business, an institution, etc.
• (企业、学校等的)管理部门,行政部门:
 »university administrations
  大学行政部门
4. (often Administration) [C] the government of a country, especially the US
• (尤指美国)政府:
 »the Bush administration
  布什政府
 »Successive administrations have failed to solve the country's economic problems.
  一届又一届政府均未能解决这个国家的经济问题。
5. [U] (formal) the act of giving a drug to sb
• (药物的)施用:
 »the administration of antibiotics
  施用抗生素
sat∙el∙lite / ˈsætəlait /
◙ noun
1. an electronic device that is sent into space and moves around the earth or another planet. It is used for communicating by radio, television, etc. and for providing information.
• 人造衞星:
 »a weather / communications satellite
  气象/通讯衞星
 »The interview came live by satellite from Hollywood.
  采访是通过衞星从好莱坞现场传来的。
 »satellite television / TV (= broadcast using a satellite )
  衞星电视
 »a satellite broadcast / channel / picture
  衞星广播/频道/照片
2. a natural object that moves around a larger natural object in space
• 衞星:
 »The moon is a satellite of earth.
  月球是地球的衞星。
3. a town, a country or an organization that is controlled by and depends on another larger or more powerful one
• 衞星城；衞星国；外围组织:
 »satellite states
  衞星国
ty∙phoon / taiˈfu:n /
◙ noun
• a violent tropical storm with very strong winds
• 台风
--› compare cyclone , hurricane
flood / flʌd /
◙ noun
›› WATER 水
1. [C, U] a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry
• 洪水；水灾:
 »The heavy rain has caused floods in many parts of the country.
  大雨使全国许多地方泛滥成灾。
 »flood damage
  洪涝灾害
 »Police have issued flood warnings for Nevada.
  警方已经发布了内华达的水灾警告。
 »The river is in flood (= has more water in it than normal and has caused a flood).
  河水泛滥。
--› see also flash flood
›› LARGE NUMBER 大量
2. [C] ~ (of sth) a very large number of things or people that appear at the same time
• 大批,大量(的人或事物):
 »a flood of complaints
  大量投诉
 »a flood of refugees
  难民潮
 »The child was in floods of tears (= crying a lot).
  小孩哭得泪人儿似的。
◙ verb
›› FILL WITH WATER 灌满水
1. if a place floods or sth floods it, it becomes filled or covered with water
• (使)灌满水；淹没
▪ [V]
 »The cellar floods whenever it rains heavily.
  只要一下大雨地窖就淹水。
▪ [VN]
 »If the pipe bursts it could flood the whole house.
  要是水管破裂整座房子就会灌满水。
›› OF RIVER 河
2. to become so full that it spreads out onto the land around it
• 泛滥；淹没:
▪ [V]
 »When the Ganges floods, it causes considerable damage.
  恒河泛滥时造成严重损害。
▪ [VN]
 »The river flooded the valley.
  河水泛滥淹没了河谷。
›› LARGE NUMBERS 大量
3. [V] ~ in / into / out of sth to arrive or go somewhere in large numbers
• 大量涌入；蜂拥而出
【SYN】 pour :
 »Refugees continue to flood into neighbouring countries.
  难民不断涌入邻国。
 »Telephone calls came flooding in from all over the country.
  全国各地的电话像潮水般打来。
4. [VN] [usually passive] ~ sb / sth with sth to send sth somewhere in large numbers
• 大量送至；挤满；拥满:
 »The office was flooded with applications for the job.
  办公室堆满了应征该职的求职信。
5. [VN] ~ sth (with sth) to become or make sth become available in a place in large numbers
• (使)充斥,充满:
 »Cheap imported goods are flooding the market.
  廉价进口商品充斥着市场。
 »A man who planned to flood Britain with cocaine was jailed for 15 years.
  一个企图在英国大量销售可卡因的男人被判刑 15 年。
›› OF FEELING / THOUGHT 思想；感情
6. to affect sb suddenly and strongly
• 使大受感动；充满
▪ [V +adv. / prep.]
 »A great sense of relief flooded over him.
  他深感宽慰。
 »Memories of her childhood came flooding back.
  她童年的往事涌上心头。
▪ [VN]
 »The words flooded him with self-pity.
  这些话使他充满了自怜。
›› OF LIGHT / COLOUR 光；颜色
7. to spread suddenly into sth; to cover sth
• 照进；覆盖
▪ [V +adv. / prep.]
 »She drew the curtains and the sunlight flooded in.
  她拉开窗帘,阳光洒了进来。
▪ [VN]
 »She looked away as the colour flooded her cheeks.
  她双颊泛出红晕,视线转向别处。
 »The room was flooded with evening light.
  室内一片暮色。
›› ENGINE 发动机
8. [V VN] if an engine floods or if you flood it, it becomes so full of petrol / gas that it will not start
• (使)溢流
♦ flood∙ed adj.:
 »flooded fields
  淹没的田地
♦ flood∙ing noun [U] :
 »There will be heavy rain with flooding in some areas.
  将有大雨,有些地方会泛滥成灾。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌflood sb∽'out əusually passive]
• to force sb to leave their home because of a flood
• 洪水迫使某人背井离乡
range / reindʒ /
◙ noun
›› VARIETY 种类
1. [C, usually sing.] ~ (of sth) a variety of things of a particular type
• 一系列:
 »The hotel offers a wide range of facilities.
  这家酒店提供各种各样的设施。
 »There is a full range of activities for children.
  这里有给孩子们提供的各种活动。
›› LIMITS 界限
2. [C, usually sing.] the limits between which sth varies
• (变动或浮动的)范围,界限,区域:
 »Most of the students are in the 17-20 age range.
  大多数学生都是在 17 至 20 岁的年龄范围内。
 »There will be an increase in the range of 0 to 3 per cent.
  将会有 0 到 3 个百分点的增长幅度。
 »It's difficult to find a house in our price range (= that we can afford).
  在我们的价格范围以内,很难找到房子。
 »This was outside the range of his experience.
  这超出了他的阅历。
›› OF PRODUCTS 产品
3. [C] a set of products of a particular type
• 类；种:
 »our new range of hair products
  我们的新的头发产品系列
--› see also mid-range , top of the range
›› DISTANCE 距离
4. [C, U] the distance over which sth can be seen or heard
• 视觉(或听觉)范围:
 »The child was now out of her range of vision (= not near enough for her to see).
  这孩子已经走出了她的视线。
5. [C, U] the distance over which a gun or other weapon can hit things
• 射程；射击距离:
 »These missiles have a range of 300 miles.
  这些导弹的射程为 300 英里。
--› see also close-range , long-range , short-range
6. [C] the distance that a vehicle will travel before it needs more fuel
• (车辆)加一次油可行的路程
›› OF MOUNTAINS 山
7. [C] a line or group of mountains or hills
• 山脉:
 »the great mountain range of the Alps
  雄伟的阿尔卑斯山脉
›› FOR SHOOTING 射击
8. [C] an area of land where people can practise shooting or where bombs, etc. can be tested
• 靶场；射击场；炸弹试验场:
 »a shooting range
  射击场
--› see also driving range , rifle range
›› OVEN 炉子
9. [C] a large piece of equipment that can burn various fuels and is kept hot all the time, used for cooking, especially in the past
• (尤指旧时的)炉灶
10. (NAmE) = cooker :
 »Cook the meat on a low heat on top of the range.
  把肉放在炉灶上用文火炖着。
›› FOR COWS 乳牛
11. the range [sing.] (NAmE) a large open area for keeping cows, etc.
• 牧场；乳牛场
--› see also free-range
【IDIOMS】
◘ in / within 'range (of sth)
• near enough to be reached, seen or heard
• 在可及的范围内；在视觉(或听觉)范围内:
 »He shouted angrily at anyone within range.
  他看见谁,就对谁吼叫。
◘ out of 'range (of sth)
• too far away to be reached, seen or heard
• 超出…的范围；在视觉(或听觉)范围之外:
 »The cat stayed well out of range of the children.
  这只猫离孩子们远远的。
◙ verb
›› VARY 变化
1. [V] ~ from A to B | ~ between A and B to vary between two particular amounts, sizes, etc., including others between them
• (在一定的范围内)变化,变动:
 »to range in size / length / price from A to B
  尺寸/长度/价格在 A 到 B 间变动
 »Estimates of the damage range between $1 million and $5 million.
  估计损失在 100 万到 500 万元之间。
 »Accommodation ranges from tourist class to luxury hotels.
  住宿条件从经济旅馆至豪华宾馆不等。
2. [V +adv. / prep.] ~ (from A to B) to include a variety of different things in addition to those mentioned
• 包括(从…到…)之间的各类事物:
 »She has had a number of different jobs, ranging from chef to swimming instructor.
  她做过许多不同的工作,从厨师到游泳教练。
 »The conversation ranged widely (= covered a lot of different topics).
  谈话所涉及的范围很广。
--› see also wide-ranging
›› ARRANGE 安排
3. [VN +adv. / prep.] [usually passive] (formal) to arrange people or things in a particular position or order
• (按一定位置或顺序)排列,排序:
 »The delegates ranged themselves around the table.
  代表依次在桌子周围就座。
 »Spectators were ranged along the whole route of the procession.
  旁观者排列在整个游行路线的两侧。
›› MOVE AROUND 徘徊
4. to move around an area
• 徘徊；漫步；四处移动
▪ [V +adv. / prep.]
 »He ranges far and wide in search of inspiration for his paintings.
  他四处漫步,寻找绘画的灵感。
▪ [VN]
 »Her eyes ranged the room.
  她的目光在屋子里来回扫视。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌrange yourself / sb a'gainst / 'with sb / sth əusually passive]
• to join with other people to oppose or support sb / sth
• (使)结伙反对/支持…:
 »The whole family seemed ranged against him.
  一家人好像在合伙对付他。
◘ 'range over sth
• to include a variety of different subjects
• 涉及；包括:
 »His lecture ranged over a number of topics.
  他的讲座涉及许多话题。
il∙legal / iˈli:ɡl /
◙ adj.
• not allowed by the law
• 不合法的；非法的；违法的:
 »illegal immigrants / aliens
  非法移民/外侨
 »It's illegal to drive through a red light.
  开车闯红灯是违章行为。
【OPP】 legal
♦ il∙legal∙ly / -ɡəli / adv.:
 »an illegally parked car
  违章停放的汽车
 »He entered the country illegally.
  他通过非法途径进入了这个国家。
◙ noun
• (NAmE) a person who lives or works in a country illegally
• 非法移民；非法劳工
con∙ser∙va∙tion / ˌkɔnsəˈveiʃn; NAmE ˌkɑ:nsərˈv- /
◙ noun [U]
1. the protection of the natural environment
• (对自然环境的)保护
【SYN】 conservancy :
 »to be interested in wildlife conservation
  对野生动物保护感兴趣
2. the official protection of buildings that have historical or artistic importance
• (官方对历史或艺术建筑的)保护；文物保护
3. the act of preventing sth from being lost, wasted, damaged or destroyed
• 防止流失(或浪费、损害、毁坏)；保持；保护:
 »to encourage the conservation of water / fuel
  鼓励节约用水/燃油
 »energy conservation
  能源的节约
--› see also conserve v.
dol∙phin / ˈdɔlfin; NAmE ˈdɑ:l- /
◙ noun
• a sea animal (a mammal ) that looks like a large fish with a pointed mouth. Dolphins are very intelligent and often friendly towards humans. There are several types of dolphin.
• 海豚:
 »a school of dolphins
  一群海豚
--› compare porpoise
ap∙preci∙ate / əˈpri:ʃieit /
◙ verb
1. [VN] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to recognize the good qualities of sb / sth
• 欣赏；赏识；重视:
 »You can't really appreciate foreign literature in translation.
  看翻译作品不能真正欣赏到外国文学原着的美妙之处。
 »His talents are not fully appreciated in that company.
  他的才干在那家公司未受到充分赏识。
 »Her family doesn't appreciate her.
  她的家人不重视她。
2. (not usually used in the progressive tenses 通常不用于进行时) to be grateful for sth that sb has done; to welcome sth
• 感激；感谢；欢迎:
▪ [VN]
 »I'd appreciate some help.
  如果有人帮忙我将非常感激。
 »Your support is greatly appreciated.
  十分感谢你的支持。
 »Thanks for coming. I appreciate it.
  谢谢光临。无任欢迎。
 »I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.
  假如你支付现金的话,我会不胜感激。
▪ [V -ing]
 »I don't appreciate being treated like a second-class citizen.
  我不愿被人当作二等公民。
▪ [VN -ing]
 »We would appreciate you letting us know of any problems.
  如有任何问题,请告诉我们。
3. (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to understand that sth is true
• 理解；意识到；领会
【SYN】 realize :
▪ [VN]
 »What I failed to appreciate was the distance between the two cities.
  我没有意识到这两座城市间的距离。
▪ [V wh-]
 »I don't think you appreciate how expensive it will be.
  我想你不了解它会有多昂贵。
▪ [V that]
 »We didn't fully appreciate that he was seriously ill.
  我们没有充分认识到他的病情很严重。
4. [V] to increase in value over a period of time
• 增值；升值:
 »Their investments have appreciated over the years.
  他们的投资这些年来已经增值。
【OPP】 depreciate
cli∙mate / ˈklaimət /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] the regular pattern of weather conditions of a particular place
• 气候:
 »a mild / temperate / warm / wet climate
  温和的/暖和的/温暖的/潮湿的气候
 »the threat of global climate change
  全球气候变化的威胁
2. [C] an area with particular weather conditions
• 气候区:
 »They wanted to move to a warmer climate.
  他们想迁移到气候较温暖的地区。
3. [C] a general attitude or feeling; an atmosphere or a situation which exists in a particular place
• 倾向；思潮；风气；环境气氛:
 »the present political climate
  当前的政治气候
 »the current climate of opinion (= what people generally are thinking about a particular issue)
  目前的舆论倾向
 »a climate of suspicion / violence
  怀疑/暴力的风气
 »We need to create a climate in which business can prosper.
  我们需要创造一个有利于生意兴隆的环境气氛。
car∙bon / ˈkɑ:bən; NAmE ˈkɑ:rb- /
◙ noun
1. [U] (symb C) a chemical element. Carbon is found in all living things, existing in a pure state as diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene .
• 碳:
 »carbon fibre
  碳纤维
2. [C] = carbon copy
3. [C] a piece of carbon paper
• 复写纸
di∙ox∙ide / daiˈɔksaid; NAmE -ˈɑ:ks- /
◙ noun [U, C]
• (chemistry 化) a substance formed by combining ten atoms of oxygen and six atom of another chemical element
• 二氧化物
--› see also carbon dioxide
ˌcarbon di'oxide
◙ noun [U]
• (symb CO'Arial', '细明体'">2) a gas breathed out by people and animals from the lungs or produced by burning carbon
• 二氧化碳
ve∙hicle / ˈvi:əkl; NAmE also ˈvi:hikl /
◙ noun
1. (rather formal) a thing that is used for transporting people or goods from one place to another, such as a car or lorry / truck
• 交通工具；车辆:
 »motor vehicles (= cars, buses, lorries / trucks, etc.)
  机动车辆
 »Are you the driver of this vehicle?
  你是这辆汽车的驾驶员吗？
 »rows of parked vehicles
  一排排停放的车辆
2. ~ (for sth) something that can be used to express your ideas or feelings or as a way of achieving sth
• (赖以表达思想、感情或达到目的的)手段,工具:
 »Art may be used as a vehicle for propaganda.
  艺术可以用作宣传的工具。
 »The play is an ideal vehicle for her talents.
  这部戏是她施展才华的理想机会。
pet∙rol / ˈpetrəl / (BrE) (NAmE gas∙oline,gas)
◙ noun [U]
• a liquid obtained from petroleum , used as fuel in car engines, etc.
• 汽油:
 »to fill a car up with petrol
  给汽车油箱装满汽油
 »to run out of petrol
  用光汽油
 »the petrol tank of a car
  汽车的油箱
 »an increase in petrol prices
  汽油价格的上涨
 »leaded / unleaded petrol
  含铅/无铅汽油
--› compare diesel (1)
en∙gine / ˈendʒin /
◙ noun
1. the part of a vehicle that produces power to make the vehicle move
• 发动机；引擎:
 »a diesel / petrol engine
  柴油/汽油发动机
 »My car had to have a new engine.
  我的汽车得换一个新发动机。
 »engine trouble
  发动机故障
 »I switched / turned the engine off.
  我关掉了发动机。
--› see also internal-combustion engine , jet engine , traction engine
2. (also loco∙mo∙tive) a vehicle that pulls a train
• 火车头；机车
3. -engined (in adjectives 构成形容词) having the type or number of engines mentioned
• 有…型发动机的；有…个引擎的:
 »a twin-engined speedboat
  双引擎快艇
--› see also fire engine , search engine
elec∙tric∙al / iˈlektrikl /
◙ adj.
• connected with electricity; using or producing electricity
• 电的；用电的；发电的:
 »an electrical fault in the engine
  发动机的电故障
 »electrical equipment / appliances
  电气设备；电器
 »electrical power / energy
  电力/能
♦ elec∙tric∙al∙ly / -kli / adv.:
 »a car with electrically operated windows
  带电动窗的汽车
 »electrically charged particles
  带电粒子
plant / plɑ:nt; NAme plænt /
◙ noun
›› LIVING THING 生物
1. [C] a living thing that grows in the earth and usually has a stem , leaves and roots, especially one that is smaller than a tree or bush
• 植物:
 »All plants need light and water.
  一切植物都需要阳光和水。
 »flowering / garden / indoor plants
  开花/花园/室内植物
 »a tomato / potato plant
  番茄/马铃薯秧
 »the animal and plant life of the area
  本地区的动植物
--› see also bedding plant , house plant , pot plant , rubber plant
›› FACTORY 工厂
2. [C] a factory or place where power is produced or an industrial process takes place
• 发电厂；工厂:
 »a nuclear reprocessing plant
  核物质再处理厂
 »Japanese car plants
  日本汽车制造厂
 »a chemical plant
  化工厂
--› see also sewage plant
--› note at factory
›› MACHINERY 机械
3. [U] the large machinery that is used in industrial processes
• (工业用的)大型机器,设备:
 »The company has been investing in new plant and equipment.
  这家公司一直在投资购置新机器和设备。
›› STH ILLEGAL 不合法的东西
4. [C, usually sing.] (informal) something that sb has deliberately placed among another person's clothes or possessions in order to make them appear guilty of a crime
• 栽赃物品
›› PERSON 人
5. [C] a person who joins a group of criminals or enemies in order to get and secretly report information about their activities
• 坐探；内线；卧底
◙ verb [VN]
›› SEEDS / PLANTS 种子；植物
1. to put plants, seeds, etc. in the ground to grow
• 栽种；种植；播种:
 »to plant and harvest rice
  栽种并收割水稻
 »Plant these shrubs in full sun.
  把这些灌木栽在阳光充足的地方。
2. ~ sth (with sth) to cover or supply a garden / yard, area of land, etc. with plants
• 在(某处)栽种:
 »a densely planted orange grove
  栽植稠密的橘树丛
 »The field had been ploughed and planted with corn.
  这块地已犁过并种上了玉米。
›› PUT IN POSITION 安放
3. [+adv. / prep.] to place sth or yourself firmly in a particular place or position
• 立稳；竖立；安放:
 »They planted a flag on the summit.
  他们在山顶上插了一面旗子。
 »He planted himself squarely in front of us.
  他稳稳地站在我们面前。
›› BOMB 炸弹
4. to hide sth such as a bomb in a place where it will not be found
• (秘密)放置,安置
›› STH ILLEGAL 不合法的东西
5. ~ sth (on sb) to hide sth, especially sth illegal, in sb's clothing, possessions, etc. so that when it is found it will look as though they committed a crime
• (给某人)栽(赃):
 »He claims that the drugs were planted on him.
  他声称这些毒品是别人给他栽的赃。
›› PERSON 人
6. ~ sb (in sth) to send sb to join a group, etc., especially in order to make secret reports on its members
• 使卧底；安插(密探)
›› THOUGHT / IDEA 思想；意见
7. ~ sth (in sth) to make sb think or believe sth, especially without them realizing that you gave them the idea
• (使思想、信念等)植根于:
 »He planted the first seeds of doubt in my mind.
  是他最初启发我起疑心的。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌplant sth∽'out
• to put plants in the ground so that they have enough room to grow
• 均匀栽植(彼此保持适当距离以利生长)
fuel / ˈfju:əl /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] any material that produces heat or power, usually when it is burnt
• 燃料:
 »solid fuel (= wood, coal, etc.)
  固体燃料
 »nuclear fuels
  核燃料
 »a car with high fuel consumption
  耗油量大的汽车
--› see also fossil fuel
2. [U] a thing that is said or done that makes sth, especially an argument, continue or get worse
• (尤指使争论等继续或更加激烈的)刺激性言行:
 »The new information adds fuel to the debate over safety procedures.
  新信息对于有关安全程序的辩论是火上浇油。
 »The revelations gave new fuel to angry opponents of the proposed law.
  新披露的情况使反对该法律提案的人更为激愤。
 »His remarks simply added fuel to the fire / flames of her rage.
  他的话只是给她的愤怒火上浇油。
◙ verb (-ll-, US -l-)
1. [VN] to supply sth with material that can be burnt to produce heat or power
• 给…提供燃料:
 »Uranium is used to fuel nuclear plants.
  铀用作核电厂的燃料。
 »oil-fuelled power stations
  燃油发电厂
2. ~ (sth) (up) to put petrol / gas into a vehicle
• 给(交通工具)加油:
▪ [VN]
 »The helicopter was already fuelled (up) and ready to go.
  直升机已加好油,准备起飞。
▪ [also V]
3. [VN] to increase sth; to make sth stronger
• 增加；加强；刺激
【SYN】 stoke :
 »to fuel speculation / rumours / fears
  引起猜测/谣传/恐惧
 »Higher salaries helped to fuel inflation.
  工资提高刺激通货膨胀。
con∙sume / kənˈsju:m; NAmE -ˈsu:m /
◙ verb [VN] (formal)
1. to use sth, especially fuel, energy or time
• 消耗,耗费(燃料、能量、时间等):
 »The electricity industry consumes large amounts of fossil fuels.
  电力工业消耗大量的矿物燃料。
2. to eat or drink sth
• 吃；喝；饮:
 »Before he died he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol.
  他死亡前喝了大量的酒。
3. ~ sb (with sth) [usually passive] to fill sb with a strong feeling
• 使充满(强烈的感情):
 »Carolyn was consumed with guilt.
  卡罗琳深感内疚。
 »Rage consumed him.
  他无比愤怒。
4. (of fire 火) to completely destroy sth
• 烧毁；毁灭:
 »The hotel was quickly consumed by fire.
  那座旅馆很快被大火吞噬。
--› see also consuming , consumption , time-consuming
par∙ticu∙lar / pəˈtikjələ(r); NAme pərˈt- /
◙ adj.
1. [only before noun]
• used to emphasize that you are referring to one individual person, thing or type of thing and not others
• 专指的,特指的(与泛指相对)
【SYN】 specific :
 »There is one particular patient I'd like you to see.
  我想让你见一个病人。
 »Is there a particular type of book he enjoys?
  他特别喜爱哪一类的书籍吗？
2. [only before noun] greater than usual; special
• 不寻常的；格外的；特别的:
 »We must pay particular attention to this point.
  我们必须特别注意这一点。
 »These documents are of particular interest.
  这些文件让人很感兴趣。
3. ~ (about / over sth) very definite about what you like and careful about what you choose
【SYN】 fussy
• 讲究；挑剔:
 »She's very particular about her clothes.
  她对衣着特别挑剔。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in par'ticular
1. especially or particularly
• 尤其；特别；格外:
 »He loves science fiction in particular.
  他特别喜爱科幻小说。
2. special or specific
• 特殊的；专门的；具体的:
 »Peter was lying on the sofa doing nothing in particular.
  彼得躺在沙发上,无所事事。
 »Is there anything in particular you'd like for dinner?
  晚饭你想吃点什么特别的吗？
 »She directed the question at no one in particular.
  她的问题并没有针对任何个人。
◙ noun (formal)
1. [usually pl.] a fact or detail especially one that is officially written down
• (正式记下的)细节,详情:
 »The police officer took down all the particulars of the burglary.
  这名警察记下了窃案发生的详细情况。
 »The nurse asked me for my particulars (= personal details such as your name, address, etc.).
  护士向我询问了我的个人资料。
 »The new contract will be the same in every particular as the old one.
  新合同与旧合同的各项细节将完全相同。
2. particulars [pl.] written information and details about a property, business, job, etc.
• 详细资料；详细介绍材料:
 »Application forms and further particulars are available from the Personnel Office.
  申请表格及其他详细资料可向人事部索取。
ab∙sorb / əbˈsɔ:b; -ˈzɔ:b; NAmE -ˈsɔ:rb; -ˈzɔ:rb /
◙ verb [VN]
›› LIQUID / GAS 液体；气体
1. to take in a liquid, gas or other substance from the surface or space around
• 吸收(液体、气体等):
 »Plants absorb oxygen.
  植物吸收氧气。
 »The cream is easily absorbed into the skin.
  这种乳霜皮肤易吸收。
›› MAKE PART OF STH LARGER 使并入
2. [often passive] to make sth smaller become part of sth larger
• 使并入；吞并；同化:
 »The surrounding small towns have been absorbed into the city.
  四周的小城镇已并入这座城市。
 »The country simply cannot absorb this influx of refugees.
  这个国家实在没有能力接纳这么多涌入的难民。
›› INFORMATION 信息
3. to take sth into the mind and learn or understand it
• 理解；掌握
【SYN】 take in :
 »It's a lot of information to absorb all at once.
  要一下子消化这些资料,真是很多。
›› INTEREST SB 引起兴趣
4. to interest sb very much so that they pay no attention to anything else
• 吸引全部注意力；使全神贯注
【SYN】 engross :
 »This work had absorbed him for several years.
  这项工作曾使他沉迷了好几年。
›› HEAT / LIGHT / ENERGY 热；光；能
5. to take in and keep heat, light, energy, etc. instead of reflecting it
• 吸收(热、光、能等):
 »Black walls absorb a lot of heat during the day.
  黑色墙壁在白天吸收大量的热。
›› SHOCK / IMPACT 震动；撞击
6. to reduce the effect of a blow, hit, etc.
• 减轻(打击、碰击等的)作用:
 »This tennis racket absorbs shock on impact.
  这个网球拍能减轻撞击所产生的剧烈震动。
--› see also shock absorber
›› MONEY / TIME / CHANGES 金钱；时间；变化
7. to use up a large supply of sth, especially money or time
• 耗费,耗去(大量金钱、时间等):
 »The new proposals would absorb $80 billion of the federal budget.
  这些新提案将耗费 800 亿元联邦政府预算。
8. to deal with changes, effects, costs, etc.
• 承受,承担,对付(变化、结果、费用等):
 »The company is unable to absorb such huge losses.
  公司无法承受如此巨大的损失。
oxy∙gen / ˈɔksidʒən; NAme ˈɑ:k- /
◙ noun [U]
• (symb O) a chemical element. Oxygen is a gas that is present in air and water and is necessary for people, animals and plants to live.
• 氧；氧气
dec∙ade / ˈdekeid; diˈkeid /
◙ noun
• a period of two years, especially a period such as 1910–1919 or 1990–1999
• 十年,十年期(尤指一个年代)