m6u4
lack / læk /
◙ noun [U, sing.]
• ~ (of sth) the state of not having sth or not having enough of sth
• 缺乏；匮乏；短缺
【SYN】 dearth , shortage :
 »a lack of food / money / skills
  缺乏食物/金钱/技能
 »The trip was cancelled through lack of (= because there was not enough) interest.
  因为缺乏兴趣这次旅行被取消了。
 »There was no lack of volunteers.
  志愿者不乏其人。
【IDIOMS】

—more at try v.
◙ verb [VN]
• [no passive] to have none or not enough of sth
• 没有；缺乏；不足；短缺:
 »Some houses still lack basic amenities such as bathrooms.
  有些住宅仍没有像衞生间这样的基本设施。
 »He lacks confidence.
  他缺乏信心。
 »She has the determination that her brother lacks.
  她有决心,而她兄弟却没有。
--› see also lacking
◘ ˌlack (for) 'nothing
•(formal) to have everything that you need
• 没有欠缺
--› more at courage
am∙bas∙sador / æmˈbæsədə(r) /
◙ noun
• an official who lives in a foreign country as the senior representative there of his or her own country
• 大使；使节:
 »the British Ambassador to Italy / in Rome
  英国驻意大利/罗马大使
 »a former ambassador to the UN
  前任驻联合国大使
 »(figurative) The best ambassadors for the sport are the players.
  这种运动最好的大使就是运动员。
♦ am∙bas∙sador∙ial / æmˌbæsəˈdɔ:riəl / adj.
de∙scrip∙tion / diˈskripʃn /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] ~ (of sb / sth) a piece of writing or speech that says what sb / sth is like; the act of writing or saying in words what sb / sth is like
• 描写(文字)；形容；说明:
 »to give a detailed / full description of the procedure
  对程序作详细的/详尽的说明
 »a brief / general description of the software
  软件的简要/概括性说明
 »Police have issued a description of the gunman.
  警方发布通告,描述了持枪歹徒的特征。
 »'Scared stiff' is an apt description of how I felt at that moment.
  "吓得呆若木鸡"是我当时感受的贴切描述。
 »a personal pain that goes beyond description (= is too great to express in words)
  难以言表的个人痛苦
 »the novelist's powers of description
  小说家的敍述才能
--› note at report
2. [C] of some, all, every, etc. ~ of some, etc. type
• 类型:
 »boats of every description / all descriptions
  各种类型的船
 »Their money came from trade of some description.
  他们的钱是做某种生意赚来的。
 »medals, coins and things of that description
  纪念章、硬币以及诸如此类的东西
【IDIOMS】
◘ answer / fit a description (of sb / sth)
• to be like a particular person or thing
• 与描述的…相像:
 »A child answering the description of the missing boy was found safe and well in London yesterday.
  昨天在伦敦发现了一个与失踪男孩情况相符的孩子,安然无恙。
--› more at beggar v.
pol∙it∙ical / pəˈlitikl /
◙ adj.
1. connected with the state, government or public affairs
• 政治的；政府的；政权的:
 »a monarch without political power
  没有政治权力的君主
 »He was a political prisoner (= six who was put in prison because he was thought to be harmful to the state).
  他曾是个政治犯。
2. connected with the different groups working in politics, especially their policies and the competition between them
• 政党的；党派的:
 »a political debate / party / leader
  政治辩论/党派/领袖
 »What are your political sympathies?
  你认同哪个政党？
3. (of people 人) interested in or active in politics
• 关心政治的；政治上活跃的:
 »She became very political at university.
  她上大学时开始十分热衷于政治。
 »I'm not a political animal (= person who is interested in politics).
  我不是搞政治的那种人。
4. concerned with power, status, etc. within an organization, rather than with matters of principle
• 争权夺利的；人事纠纷的:
 »I suspect that he was dismissed for political reasons.
  我怀疑他被解职是人事上的原因。
--› see also politically
worthy / ˈwə:ði; NAme ˈwə:rði /
◙ adj. (wor∙thier, wor∙thi∙est)
1. ~ (of sb / sth) (formal) having the qualities that deserve sb / sth
• 值得(或应得)…的:
 »to be worthy of attention
  值得注意
 »A number of the report's findings are worthy of note.
  这份报告里有些调查结果值得注意。
 »No composer was considered worthy of the name until he had written an opera.
  作曲家直到写出一部歌剧来才被认为是名副其实。
 »a worthy champion (= one who deserved to win)
  当之无愧的冠军
 »He felt he was not worthy of her.
  他觉得他配不上她。
【OPP】 unworthy
2. [usually before noun] having qualities that deserve your respect, attention or admiration
• 值得尊敬的；值得注意的；值得敬仰的
【SYN】 deserving :
 »The money we raise will be going to a very worthy cause.
  我们筹集的钱款将用于非常崇高的事业。
 »a worthy member of the team
  一位优秀的队员
3. having good qualities but not very interesting or exciting
• 值得尊敬的,有价值的(但不太令人感兴趣或激动的):
 »her worthy but dull husband
  她那为人正派却呆板的丈夫
4. ~ of sb / sth typical of what a particular person or thing might do, give, etc.
• 有(某人或事物)的典型特征:
 »He gave a speech that was worthy of Martin Luther King.
  他作了一次典型的马丁 · 路德 · 金式的演讲。
5. -worthy (in compounds 构成复合词) deserving, or suitable for, the thing mentioned
• 值得…的；适于…的:
 »trustworthy
  值得信任的
 »roadworthy
  适于在公路上行驶的
♦ wor∙thily / -ili / adv.
♦ worthi∙ness noun [U]
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
• (often humorous) an important person
• 要人；大人物；知名人士:
 »a meeting attended by local worthies
  当地知名人士参加的会议
vic∙tim / ˈviktim /
◙ noun
1. a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a crime, a disease, an accident, etc.
• 受害者；罹难者；罹病者；牺牲品:
 »murder / rape, etc. victims
  谋杀案、强奸案等受害者
 »accident / earthquake / famine, etc. victims
  事故、地震、饥荒等的罹难者
 »AIDS / cancer / stroke, etc. victims
  艾滋病、癌症、中风等患者
 »victims of crime
  犯罪的受害者
 »She was the innocent victim of an arson attack.
  她是一起纵火案的无辜受害者。
 »Schools are the latest victims of cuts in public spending.
  学校是削减公共开支的最新的牺牲品。
2. a person who has been tricked
• 受骗者；上当的人
【SYN】 target :
 »They were the victims of a cruel hoax.
  他们成了一大骗局的上当受骗者。
--› see also fashion victim
3. an animal or a person that is killed and offered as a sacrifice
• 为祭祀杀死的动物(或人)；祭品；牺牲:
 »a sacrificial victim
  祭品
【IDIOMS】
◘ fall 'victim (to sth)
•(formal) to be injured, damaged or killed by sth
• 受伤；受损；被害
add∙ition / əˈdiʃn /
◙ noun
1. [U] the process of adding two or more numbers together to find their total
• 加；加法:
 »children learning addition and subtraction
  学习加减的儿童
【OPP】 subtraction
2. [C] ~ (to sth) a thing that is added to sth else
• 增加物；添加物:
 »the latest addition to our range of cars
  我们汽车系列新增加的款式
 »an addition to the family (= another child)
  这家新添的一口人(又生了一个孩子)
 »(NAmE) to build a new addition onto a house
  扩建房子
3. [U] ~ (of sth) the act of adding sth to sth else
• 增加；添加:
 »Pasta's basic ingredients are flour and water, sometimes with the addition of eggs or oil.
  意大利麪制品的主要成分是麪粉和水,有时加鸡蛋和食用油。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in addition (to sb / sth)
• used when you want to mention another person or thing after sth else
• 除…以外(还):
 »In addition to these arrangements, extra ambulances will be on duty until midnight.
  除了这些安排以外,另增救护车值班至午夜。
 »There is, in addition, one further point to make.
  此外,还有一点要说。
equal / ˈi:kwəl /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (to sb / sth) the same in size, quantity, value, etc. as sth else
• (大小、数量、价值等)相同的,同样的；相等的:
 »There is an equal number of boys and girls in the class.
  这个班男女生人数相等。
 »One unit of alcohol is equal to half a pint of beer.
  一单位酒精等于半品脱啤酒。
 »two pieces of wood equal in length / of equal length
  两块长度相同的木头
【HELP】You can use exactly, precisely, approximately, etc. with equal in this meaning.
• * equal 作此义可与 exactly、precisely、approximately 等词连用。
2. having the same rights or being treated the same as other people, without differences such as race, religion or sex being considered
• 平等的；同等的:
 »equal rights / pay
  平等的权利；同酬
 »The company has an equal opportunities policy (= gives the same chances of employment to everyone).
  这家公司的政策是人人机会均等。
 »the desire for a more equal society (= in which everyone has the same rights and chances)
  对更平等的社会的向往
【HELP】You can use more with equal in this meaning.
• * equal 作此义可与 more 连用。
3. ~ to sth (formal) having the necessary strength, courage and ability to deal with sth successfully
• (力气、勇气、能力等)相当的；能胜任的；能应付的:
 »I hope that he proves equal to the challenge.
  我希望他最后能应付这一挑战。
--› see also equally
【IDIOMS】
◘ on ˌequal 'terms (with sb)
• having the same advantages and disadvantages as sb else
• (与某人)处于平等的地位:
 »Can our industry compete on equal terms with its overseas rivals?
  我们的工业能与海外对手以平等的地位竞争吗？
--› more at thing
◙ noun
• a person or thing of the same quality or with the same status, rights, etc. as another
• 同等的人；相等物:
 »She treats the people who work for her as her equals.
  她以平等的身分对待为她工作的人。
 »Our cars are the equal of those produced anywhere in the world.
  我们的汽车可与世界上任何地方生产的汽车媲美。
◘ be without 'equal | ◘ have no 'equal
•(formal) to be better than anything else or anyone else of the same type
• 无以伦比；无敌；无比:
 »He is a player without equal.
  他是个无与伦比的运动员。
◘ ˌsome (people, members, etc.) are more equal than 'others
•(saying) although the members of a society, group, etc. appear to be equal, some, in fact, get better treatment than others
• 有些(人、成员等)比其他的更平等
【ORIGIN】This phrase is used by one of the pigs in the book 'Animal Farm' by George Orwell: 'All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.'
• 本短语来自乔治 · 奥威尔所着的《动物庄园》中一头猪所说的话:"所有的动物都平等,但有些动物比其他的动物更平等。"

--› more at first n.
◙ verb (-ll-, US -l-)
1. linking verb
• [V-N] to be the same in size, quantity, value, etc. as sth else
• (大小、数量、价值等)与…相等,等于:
 »2x plus y equals 7 (2x+y=7)
  * 2x 加 y 等于 7。
 »A metre equals 39.38 inches.
  * 1 米等于 39.38 英寸。
2. [VN] to be as good as sth else or do sth to the same standard as sb else
• 比得上；敌得过:
 »This achievement is unlikely ever to be equalled.
  这一成就可能任何时候都没有能与之匹敌的。
 »Her hatred of religion is equalled only by her loathing for politicians.
  只有对政客的厌恶才能与她对宗教的憎恨同日而语。
 »With his last jump he equalled the world record.
  他的最后一跳平了世界纪录。
3. [VN] to lead to or result in sth
• 导致；结果为:
 »Cooperation equals success.
  合作意味着成功。
vol∙un∙tary / ˈvɔləntri; NAme ˈvɑ:lənteri /
◙ adj.
1. done willingly, not because you are forced
• 自愿的；志愿的；主动的；自告奋勇的:
 »a voluntary agreement
  自愿协议
 »Attendance on the course is purely voluntary.
  听这门课纯粹是自愿的。
 »to pay voluntary contributions into a pension fund
  向退休基金自愿分担费用
 »(BrE) He took voluntary redundancy.
  他选择了自愿裁汰。
【OPP】 compulsory
2. [usually before noun] (of work 工作) done by people who choose to do it without being paid
• 自愿性的；无偿的；义务性的:
 »I do some voluntary work at the local hospital.
  我在当地医院从事一些义务性工作。
 »She works there on a voluntary basis.
  她自愿在那里无偿工作。
 »voluntary services / bodies / agencies / organizations (= organized, controlled or supported by people who choose to do this and are usually not paid)
  义务性服务/团体/机构/组织
 »the voluntary sector (= organizations which are set up to help people and which do not make a profit, for example charities)
  非营利部门
3. [only before noun] (of a person 人) doing a job without wanting to be paid for it
• 自愿的；志愿的；义务的；自发的:
 »a voluntary worker
  志愿工作者
4. (technical 术语) (of movements of the body 人体活动) that you can control
• 随意的；可以控制的
【OPP】 involuntary
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
• a piece of music played before, during or after a church service, usually on an organ
• 仪式终始曲,即兴曲(通常用风琴在教堂礼拜仪式前后或期间演奏)
con∙trib∙ute / kənˈtribju:t; BrE also ˈkɔntribju:t /
◙ verb
1. ~ (sth) (to / towards sth) to give sth, especially money or goods, to help sb / sth
• 捐献,捐赠(尤指款或物)；捐助:
▪ [VN]
 »We contributed £5 000 to the earthquake fund.
  我们向地震基金捐赠了 5 000 英镑。
▪ [V]
 »Would you like to contribute to our collection?
  你愿意给我们的募捐捐款吗？
 »Do you wish to contribute?
  你想捐助吗？
2. [V] ~ (to sth) to be six of the causes of sth
• 是…的原因之一:
 »Medical negligence was said to have contributed to her death.
  据说医务人员的玩忽职守是她死亡的原因之一。
 »Human error may have been a contributing factor.
  人为的失误可能是一个起作用的因素。
3. ~ (sth) to sth to increase, improve or add to sth
• 增加；增进；添加(到某物):
▪ [V]
 »Immigrants have contributed to British culture in many ways.
  移民在许多方面都对英国文化有所贡献。
▪ [VN]
 »This book contributes little to our understanding of the subject.
  此书对我们了解这门学科无所助益。
4. ~ (sth) (to sth) to write things for a newspaper, magazine, or a radio or television programme; to speak during a meeting or conversation, especially to give your opinion
• (为报纸、杂志、电台或电视节目)撰稿,投稿；(在会议或会谈期间)讲话,(尤指)发表意见:
▪ [VN]
 »She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.
  她给这家杂志撰写了一些稿件。
▪ [V]
 »He contributes regularly to the magazine 'New Scientist'.
  他定期给《新科学家》杂志投稿。
 »We hope everyone will contribute to the discussion.
  我们希望大家都能参与讨论。
ac∙quire / əˈkwaiə(r) /
◙ verb [VN] (formal)
1. to gain sth by your own efforts, ability or behaviour
• (通过努力、能力、行为表现)获得,得到:
 »She has acquired a good knowledge of English.
  她英语已经学得很好。
 »He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.
  他得到了奸诈的名声。
 »I have recently acquired a taste for olives.
  我最近开始喜欢吃橄榄了。
2. to obtain sth by buying or being given it
• 购得；获得；得到:
 »The company has just acquired new premises.
  公司刚购得新办公楼。
 »I've suddenly acquired a stepbrother.
  我突然有了一个继兄弟。
【IDIOMS】
◘ an acquired 'taste
• a thing that you do not like much at first but gradually learn to like
• 养成的爱好:
 »Abstract art is an acquired taste.
  要慢慢培养才会欣赏抽象艺术。
ex∙pand / ikˈspænd /
◙ verb
1. to become greater in size, number or importance; to make sth greater in size, number or importance
• 扩大,增加,增强(尺码、数量或重要性):
▪ [V]
 »Metals expand when they are heated.
  金属受热会膨胀。
 »Student numbers are expanding rapidly.
  学生人数在迅速增加。
 »A child's vocabulary expands through reading.
  孩子的词汇量通过阅读得到扩大。
 »The waist expands to fit all sizes.
  腰围可拉松适合任何尺码。
▪ [VN]
 »In breathing the chest muscles expand the rib cage and allow air to be sucked into the lungs.
  呼吸时胸部肌肉使胸廓扩大让空气吸入肺部。
 »The new system expanded the role of family doctors.
  新体制扩大了家庭医生的作用。
 »There are no plans to expand the local airport.
  目前尚无扩建地方机场的方案。
【OPP】 contract
2. if a business expands or is expanded, new branches are opened, it makes more money, etc.
• 扩展,发展(业务)
▪ [VN]
 »We've expanded the business by opening two more stores.
  我们增开了两个商店以扩展业务。
▪ [V]
 »an expanding economy (= with more businesses starting and growing)
  不断发展的经济
3. [V] to talk more; to add details to what you are saying
• 细谈；详述；详细阐明:
 »I repeated the question and waited for her to expand.
  我把问题重复了一遍,等着她详细回答。
【PHR V】
◘ ex'pand on / upon sth
• to say more about sth and add some details
• 详述；充分敍述；详细阐明:
 »Could you expand on that point, please?
  请你把这一点详细说明一下好吗？
worth∙while / ˌwə:θˈwail; NAme ˌwə:rθ- /
◙ adj.
• ~ (to do sth) | ~ (doing sth) important, enjoyable, interesting, etc.; worth spending time, money or effort on
• 重要的；令人愉快的；有趣的；值得花时间(或花钱、努力等):
 »It was in aid of a worthwhile cause (= a charity, etc.).
  这是在为高尚的事业尽一分力。
 »The smile on her face made it all worthwhile.
  她脸上的笑容使得这一切都非常值得。
 »High prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buyers to look abroad.
  英国的高价足以使买主把视线转向国外。
 »It is worthwhile to include really high-quality illustrations.
  把真正高质量的插图包括进去是值得的。
 »It didn't seem worthwhile writing it all out again.
  把这再都写出来似乎不必要。
【HELP】This word can be written worth while, except when it is used before a noun.
• 除非用在名词前,否则可写成 worth while。
ur∙gent / ˈə:dʒənt; NAme ˈə:rdʒ- /
◙ adj.
1. that needs to be dealt with or happen immediately
• 紧急的；紧迫的；迫切的
【SYN】 pressing :
 »an urgent appeal for information
  紧急呼吁提供信息
 »a problem that requires urgent attention
  需要紧急处理的问题
 »'Can I see you for a moment?' 'Is it urgent?'
  "我能见你一下吗？" "有急事吗？"
 »Mark the message 'urgent', please.
  请在通知上注明"急件"。
 »The law is in urgent need of reform.
  这项法律亟待修订。
2. showing that you think that sth needs to be dealt with immediately
• 催促的；急切的:
 »an urgent whisper
  急切的耳语
♦ ur∙gen∙cy / -dʒənsi / noun [U, sing.] :
 »This is a matter of some urgency.
  这件事相当紧迫。
 »The attack added a new urgency to the peace talks.
  这次攻击事件使和平谈判愈加紧迫。
♦ ur∙gent∙ly adv.:
 »New equipment is urgently needed.
  亟需新设备。
 »I need to speak to her urgently.
  我得马上跟她谈谈。
 »'We must find him,' she said urgently.
  "我们必须找到他。"她急切地说。
star∙va∙tion / stɑ:ˈveiʃn; NAme stɑ:rˈv- /
◙ noun [U]
• the state of suffering and death caused by having no food
• 饥饿；捱饿；饿死:
 »to die of / from starvation
  饿死
 »Millions will face starvation next year as a result of the drought.
  由于发生旱灾,明年将有数百万人面临饥饿的威胁。
 »a starvation diet (= six in which you do not have much to eat)
  不足果腹的食物
 »They were on starvation wages (= extremely low wages).
  他们挣的工资不够维持基本生活。
AIDS (BrE usually Aids) / eidz /
◙ noun [U]
• the abbreviation for 'Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome' (an illness which attacks the body's ability to resist infection and which usually causes death)
• 艾滋病,爱滋病(全写为 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome,获得性免疫缺损综合症):
 »AIDS research / education / victims
  艾滋病研究/教育/患者
 »He developed full-blown AIDS five years after contracting HIV.
  他感染艾滋病病毒五年以后,患上了完全型艾滋病。
boil / bɔil /
◙ verb
1. when a liquid boils or when you boil it, it is heated to the point where it forms bubbles and turns to steam or vapour
• (使)沸腾；煮沸；烧开:
▪ [V]
 »The water was bubbling and boiling away.
  水在咕嘟咕嘟地沸腾着。
▪ [VN]
 »Boil plenty of salted water, then add the spaghetti.
  把足量的盐水烧开,再放入意大利麪条。
2. when a kettle, pan, etc. boils or when you boil a kettle, etc., it is heated until the water inside it boils
• (把壶、锅等里面的水)烧开
▪ [VN]
 »I'll boil the kettle and make some tea.
  我来烧壶开水泡点茶。
▪ [V]
 »(BrE) The kettle's boiling.
  壶开了。
▪ [V-ADJ]
 »She left the gas on by mistake and the pan boiled dry (= the water boiled until there was none left).
  她忘了关煤气,结果把锅烧干了。
3. to cook or wash sth in boiling water; to be cooked or washed in boiling water
• 用沸水煮(或烫洗)；被煮(或烫洗):
▪ [V]
 »She put some potatoes on to boil.
  她煮了些土豆。
▪ [VN]
 »boiled carrots / cabbage
  水煮胡萝卜/卷心菜
▪ [VN VNN]
 »to boil an egg for sb
  给某人煮个鸡蛋
 »to boil sb an egg
  给某人煮个鸡蛋
4. [V] if you boil with anger, etc. or anger, etc. boils inside you, you are very angry
• 怒火中烧；异常气愤:
 »He was boiling with rage.
  他怒不可遏。
【IDIOMS】

—more at blood n., watch v.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌboil 'down ◘ | ˌboil sth∽'down
• to be reduced or to reduce sth by boiling
• (使)煮浓,熬浓
◘ ˌboil sth 'down (to sth)
• to make sth, especially information, shorter by leaving out the parts that are not important
• 概括；归纳；压缩:
 »The original speech I had written got boiled down to about two minutes.
  我写的演讲原稿被压缩到了大约十分钟。
◘ ˌboil 'down to sth (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (of a situation, problem, etc. 局势、问题等)
• to have sth as a main or basic part
• 归结为；基本问题是:
 »In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it.
  问题的症结是钱,或者说是缺钱。
◘ ˌboil 'over
1. (of liquid 液体) to boil and flow over the side of a pan, etc.
• 煮溢；潽出
2. (informal) to become very angry
• 怒火中烧；大怒
3. (of a situation, an emotion, etc. 局势、情绪等) to change into sth more dangerous or violent
【SYN】 explode
• 恶化；爆发:
 »Racial tension finally boiled over in the inner city riots.
  种族间的紧张状态最终演化成了市中心贫困区的暴乱。
◘ ˌboil 'up
• if a situation or an emotion boils up, it becomes dangerous, worrying, etc.
• (局势、情绪等)进入危急关头,令人担忧:
 »I could feel anger boiling up inside me.
  我感到怒火中烧。
◘ ˌboil sth∽'up
• to heat a liquid or some food until it boils
• 把(液体或食物)烧开
◙ noun
1. [sing.] a period of boiling; the point at which liquid boils
• 沸腾；沸点:
 »(BrE) Bring the soup to the boil, then allow it to simmer for nine minutes.
  把汤煮开,然后文火煮五分钟。
 »(NAmE) Bring the soup to a boil.
  把汤煮开。
2. [C] a painful infected swelling under the skin which is full of a thick yellow liquid (called pus )
• 疖；皮下脓肿；黄水疮
◘ off the 'boil
(BrE)
• less good than before
• 不如以前:
 »The second series of the show really went off the boil.
  节目的续集的确逊色一些。
◘ on the 'boil
• very active
• 十分活跃；如火如荼:
 »We have several projects all on the boil at once.
  我们热火朝天地同时上马了几项工程。
car∙pet / ˈkɑ:pit; NAmE ˈkɑ:rpit /
◙ noun
1. [U] a thick woven material made of wool, etc. for covering floors or stairs
• 地毯:
 »a roll of carpet
  一卷地毯
2. [C] a piece of carpet used as a floor covering, especially when shaped to fit a room
• (尤指铺满房间的一块)地毯:
 »to lay a carpet
  铺地毯
 »a bedroom carpet
  卧室地毯
 »(BrE) We have fitted carpets (= carpets from wall to wall) in our house.
  我们家的地上都铺了地毯。
--› see also carpeting , red carpet , rug
3. [C] ~ (of sth) (literary) a thick layer of sth on the ground
• 覆盖地面的一层厚东西:
 »a carpet of snow
  一层厚厚的雪
【IDIOMS】
◘ (be / get called) on the 'carpet
•(informal, especially NAmE) called to see sb in authority because you have done sth wrong
• (因做错事)被上司叫去训斥:
 »I got called on the carpet for being late.
  我因为迟到被叫去克了一顿。
--› more at sweep v.
◙ verb [VN] [usually passive]
1. to cover the floor of a room with a carpet
• 用地毯铺(房间的)地:
 »The hall was carpeted in blue.
  大厅铺上了蓝色的地毯。
2. ~ sth (with / in sth) (literary) to cover sth with a thick layer of sth
• 把…厚厚地覆盖；厚厚地铺上:
 »The forest floor was carpeted with wild flowers.
  森林的地面上开满了野花。
3. (informal, especially BrE) to speak angrily to sb because they have done sth wrong
• 训斥；斥责
【SYN】 reprimand
wool / wul /
◙ noun [U]
1. the soft fine hair that covers the body of sheep, goats and some other animals
• (羊等的)绒,毛
2. long thick thread made from animal's wool, used for knitting
• 毛线；绒线:
 »a ball of wool
  一团毛线
3. cloth made from animal's wool, used for making clothes, etc.
• 毛料；毛织物:
 »This scarf is 100% wool.
  这条披肩是全毛的。
 »pure new wool
  纯新毛料
 »a wool blanket
  毛毯
--› see also cotton wool , dyed in the wool , lambswool , steel wool , wire wool
【IDIOMS】
--› see pull v.
fetch / fetʃ /
◙ verb
1. (especially BrE) to go to where sb / sth is and bring them / it back
• (去)拿来；(去)请来:
▪ [VN]
 »to fetch help / a doctor
  去请人帮助；去请医生
 »The inhabitants have to walk a mile to fetch water.
  居民得走一英里路去取水。
 »She's gone to fetch the kids from school.
  她去学校接孩子了。
▪ [VNN]
 »Could you fetch me my bag?
  你能帮我去取我的包吗？
2. [VN] to be sold for a particular price
• 售得,卖得(某价)
【SYN】 sell for :
 »The painting is expected to fetch $10 000 at auction.
  这幅画预计拍卖可得 10 000 元。
【IDIOMS】
◘ fetch and 'carry (for sb)
• to do a lot of little jobs for sb as if you were their servant
• (为某人)打杂,当听差,跑腿
【PHR V】
◘ ˌfetch 'up (informal, especially BrE)
• to arrive somewhere without planning to
• 偶然来到；意外到达:
 »And then, a few years later, he somehow fetched up in Rome.
  后来,过了几年,他不知怎么到了罗马。
ex∙port
◙ verb / ikˈspɔ:t; NAmE ikˈspɔ:rt /
1. ~ (sth) (to sb) to sell and send goods to another country
• 出口；输出:
▪ [VN]
 »The islands export sugar and fruit.
  这些岛屿出口糖和水果。
 »90% of the engines are exported to Europe.
  * 90% 的发动机都出口到欧洲。
▪ [also V]
2. [VN] to introduce an idea or activity to another country or area
• 传播,输出(思想或活动):
 »American pop music has been exported around the world.
  美国流行音乐已传播到世界各地。
3. [VN] (computing 计) to send data to another program, changing its form so that the other program can read it
• 输出；移出；调出
【OPP】 import
◙ noun / ˈekspɔ:t; NAmE ˈekspɔ:rt /
1. əu] the selling and transporting of goods to another country
• 出口；输出:
 »a ban on the export of live cattle
  禁止活牛出口
 »Then the fruit is packaged for export.
  然后水果便包装出口。
 »export earnings
  出口收益
 »an export licence
  出口许可证
2. [C, usually pl.] a product that is sold to another country
• 出口产品；输出品:
 »the country's major exports
  该国的主要出口产品
 »a fall in the value of exports
  出口产品值的下跌
【OPP】 import
al∙ter∙na∙tive / ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv; NAmE -ˈtə:rn- /
◙ noun
• a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities
• 可供选择的事物:
 »You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly; those are the two alternatives.
  你的工资可以按周以现金支取,或按月以支票支取。二者可选其一。
 »We had no alternative but to fire Gibson.
  我们别无他法,只有辞退吉布森。
 »There is a vegetarian alternative on the menu every day.
  每天的菜单上另有素食餐点。
--› note at option
◙ adj. [only before noun]
1. (also al∙ter∙nate especially in NAmE) that can be used instead of sth else
• 可供替代的:
 »an alternative method of doing sth
  做某事的其他方法
 »Do you have an alternative solution?
  你有没有别的解决办法？
2. different from the usual or traditional way in which sth is done
• 非传统的；他择性的:
 »alternative comedy / lifestyles / values
  非传统喜剧/生活方式/价值
 »alternative energy (= electricity or power that is produced using the energy from the sun, wind, water, etc.)
  代用能源(指太阳能、风能、水能等)
re∙mote / riˈməut; NAme riˈmout /
◙ adj. (re∙moter, re∙mot∙est)
›› PLACE 地点
1. ~ (from sth) far away from places where other people live
• 偏远的；偏僻的
【SYN】 isolated :
 »a remote beach
  偏远的海滩
 »one of the remotest areas of the world
  世界上最荒僻的地区之一
 »The farmhouse is remote from any other buildings.
  这家农舍附近没有别的房屋。
›› TIME 时间
2. [only before noun] far away in time
• 遥远的；久远的
【SYN】 distant :
 »in the remote past / future
  在遥远的过去/将来
 »a remote ancestor (= who lived a long time ago)
  远祖
›› RELATIVES 亲戚
3. [only before noun] (of people 人) not closely related
• 关系较远的；远亲的
【SYN】 distant :
 »a remote cousin
  远房表亲
›› COMPUTER / SYSTEM 计算机；系统
4. that you can connect to from far away, using an electronic link
• 远程的；远程连接的:
 »a remote terminal / database
  远程终端/数据库
›› DIFFERENT 不同
5. ~ (from sth) very different from sth
• 相差很大的；极不相同的:
 »His theories are somewhat remote from reality.
  他的理论有点儿脱离现实。
›› NOT FRIENDLY 不友好
6. (of people or their behaviour 人或行为) not very friendly or interested in other people
• 不很友好的；冷漠的
【SYN】 aloof , distant
›› VERY SMALL 微小
7. not very great
• 细微的；微小的
【SYN】 slight :
 »There is still a remote chance that they will find her alive.
  他们仍然有一线希望能把她活着找到。
 »I don't have the remotest idea what you're talking about.
  你在说什么我一点都不懂。
♦ re∙mote∙ness noun [U] :
 »the geographical remoteness of the island
  这座岛地理位置偏远
 »His remoteness made her feel unloved.
  他的冷漠使她觉得他不爱她。
◙ noun
(informal) = remote control (2)
char∙ity / ˈtʃærəti /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [C] an organization for helping people in need
• 慈善机构(或组织):
 »Many charities sent money to help the victims of the famine.
  许多慈善机构捐款赈济饥民。
 »The concert will raise money for local charities.
  这场音乐会将为当地慈善机构募捐。
2. [U] the aim of giving money, food, help, etc. to people who are in need
• 慈善；赈济；施舍:
 »Most of the runners in the London Marathon are raising money for charity.
  大多数人参加伦敦马拉松赛跑是为慈善事业募集资金。
 »Do you give much to charity?
  慈善捐助你捐得多吗？
 »a charity concert (= organized to get money for charity)
  慈善音乐会
 »to live on / off charity (= to live on money which other people give you because you are poor)
  靠赈济生活
3. [U] (formal) kindness and sympathy towards other people, especially when you are judging them
• 慈善；仁爱；宽容；宽厚:
 »Her article showed no charity towards her former friends.
  她的文章对她以前的朋友毫不宽容。
【IDIOMS】
◘ charity begins at 'home
•(saying) you should help and care for your own family, etc. before you start helping other people
• 博爱始于自家
pos∙ses∙sion / pəˈzeʃn /
◙ noun
›› HAVING / OWNING 拥有
1. [U] (formal) the state of having or owning sth
• 具有；拥有:
 »The manuscript is just six of the treasures in their possession.
  这部手稿只是他们的珍藏之一。
 »The gang was caught in possession of stolen goods.
  这伙人被逮住,人赃俱获。
 »The possession of a passport is essential for foreign travel.
  出国旅行必须持有护照。
 »On her father's death, she came into possession of (= received) a vast fortune.
  她父亲死后,她继承了一大笔财产。
 »You cannot legally take possession of the property (= start using it after buying it) until seven weeks after the contract is signed.
  契约签署三周以后,你才能合法取得这份产业的所有权。
--› see also vacant possession
2. [C, usually pl.] something that you own or have with you at a particular time
• 个人财产；私人物品
【SYN】 belongings :
 »personal possessions
  私人物品
 »The ring is six of her most treasured possessions.
  这只戒指是她最珍贵的财产之一。
--› note at thing
›› IN SPORT 体育运动
3. [U] the state of having control of the ball
• 控球状态:
 »to win / get / lose possession of the ball
  赢得/得到/失去对球的控制
›› LAW 法律
4. [U] the state of having illegal drugs or weapons with you at a particular time
• 持有违禁物；私藏毒品(或武器):
 »She was charged with possession.
  她被控持有违禁物品。
›› COUNTRY 国家
5. [C] (formal) a country that is controlled or governed by another country
• 殖民地；托管地；属地
›› BY EVIL SPIRIT 受恶魔控制
6. [U] the situation when sb's mind is believed to be controlled by the Devil or by an evil spirit
• 鬼魂缠身；着魔
【IDIOMS】
◘ possession is four tenths of the 'law
•(saying) if you already have or control sth, it is difficult for sb else to take it away from you, even if they have the legal right to it
• 现实占有,败一胜九；占有者在诉讼中总占上风
--› more at field n.
moun∙tain∙ous / ˈmauntənəs /
◙ adj.
1. having many mountains
• 多山的:
 »a mountainous region / terrain
  多山的地区/地形
2. very large in size or amount; like a mountain
• 巨大的；山一般的:
 »mountainous waves
  如山的巨浪
【SYN】 huge
pov∙erty / ˈpɔvəti; NAme ˈpɑ:vərti /
◙ noun
1. [U] the state of being poor
• 贫穷；贫困:
 »conditions of abject / extreme poverty
  极度贫穷的状况
 »to alleviate / relieve poverty
  缓解/解除贫困
 »Many elderly people live in poverty.
  许多老年人生活于贫困之中。
2. [U, sing.] a lack of sth; poor quality
• 贫乏；短缺；劣质:
 »There is a poverty of colour in her work.
  她的作品缺乏色彩。
means / mi:nz /
◙ noun (pl. means)
1. [C] ~ (of doing sth / of sth) an action, an object or a system by which a result is achieved; a way of achieving or doing sth
• 方式；方法；途径:
 »Television is an effective means of communication.
  电视是一种有效的通讯手段。
 »Is there any means of contacting him?
  有没有什么办法和他取得联系？
 »Have you any means of identification ?
  你有没有任何身分证件？
 »We needed to get to London but we had no means of transport.
  我们需要赶往伦敦,但却没有任何交通工具。
2. [pl.] the money that a person has
• 财富；钱财:
 »People should pay according to their means.
  人们应该按照各自的负担能力来消费。
 »He doesn't have the means to support a wife and child.
  他无钱养活妻小。
 »Private school fees are beyond the means of most people (= more than they can afford).
  私立学校的费用是大多数人无力支付的。
 »Are the monthly repayments within your means (= can you afford them) ?
  这样按月还钱,你能承受得了吗？
 »Try to live within your means (= not spend more money than you have).
  要尽可能量入为出。
 »a man of means (= a rich man)
  有钱人
【IDIOMS】
◘ by 'all means
• used to say that you are very willing for sb to have sth or do sth
• 可以；当然行；没问题:
 »'Do you mind if I have a look?' 'By all means.'
  "我看一眼行吗？" "当然可以。"
◘ by means of sth
•(formal) with the help of sth
• 借助…手段；依靠…方法:
 »The load was lifted by means of a crane.
  重物是用起重机吊起来的。
◘ by 'no means | ◘ not by 'any (manner of) means
• not at all
• 决不；一点也不:
 »She is by no means an inexperienced teacher.
  她绝不是个毫无经验的教师。
 »We haven't won yet, not by any means.
  我们离成功还远着呢。
◘ a ˌmeans to an 'end
• a thing or action that is not interesting or important in itself but is a way of achieving sth else
• (本身并不重要或有趣的)达到目的的手段:
 »He doesn't particularly like the work but he sees it as a means to an end.
  他不怎么喜欢这项工作,只是把它看作达到目的的手段而已。
--› more at end n., fair adj., way n.
primi∙tive / ˈprimətiv /
◙ adj.
1. [usually before noun] belonging to a very simple society with no industry, etc.
• 原始的；远古的:
 »primitive tribes
  原始部落
 »primitive beliefs
  原始的信仰
2. [usually before noun] belonging to an early stage in the development of humans or animals
• 原始的；人类或动物发展早期的:
 »primitive man
  原始人
3. very simple and old-fashioned, especially when sth is also not convenient and comfortable
• 发展水平低的；落后的
【SYN】 crude :
 »The methods of communication used during the war were primitive by today's standards.
  按今天的标准,大战时期使用的通讯方法非常简陋。
 »The facilities on the campsite were very primitive.
  营地的设施非常简陋。
4. [usually before noun] (of a feeling or a desire 感觉或欲望) very strong and not based on reason, as if from the earliest period of human life
• 原始本能的:
 »a primitive instinct
  原始本能
♦ primi∙tive∙ly adv.
♦ primi∙tive∙ness noun [U]
◙ noun
1. an artist of the period before the Renaissance; an example of work from this period
• 文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品)
2. an artist who paints in a very simple style like a child; an example of the work of such an artist
• 原始派画家(或作品)
ob∙tain / əbˈtein /
◙ verb (formal)
1. [VN] to get sth, especially by making an effort
• (尤指经努力)获得,赢得:
 »to obtain advice / information / permission
  得到忠告/信息/许可
 »I finally managed to obtain a copy of the report.
  我终于设法弄到了这份报告的一个副本。
 »To obtain the overall score, add up the totals in each column.
  要得出总计得分,就把各栏的小计加起来。
2. [V] (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) (formal) (of rules, systems, customs, etc. 规则、制度、习俗等) to exist
• 存在；流行；沿袭
【SYN】 apply :
 »These conditions no longer obtain.
  这些条件不再适用。
heat∙ing / ˈhi:tiŋ /
◙ noun [U]
• (especially BrE) (also heat especially in NAmE) the process of supplying heat to a room or building; a system used to do this
• 供暖；供暖系统；暖气设备:
 »Who turned the heating off?
  谁把暖气关掉了？
 »What type of heating do you have?
  你们用什么供暖？
 »a gas heating system
  燃气供暖系统
 »heating bills
  暖气开销
--› see also central heating
well / wel /
◙ adv. (bet∙ter / ˈbetə(r) / best / best / )
1. in a good, right or acceptable way
• 好；对；令人满意地:
 »The kids all behaved well.
  孩子们都很有礼貌。
 »The conference was very well organized.
  这次会议组织得很好。
 »Well done! (= expressing admiration for what sb has done)
  干得好！
 »His campaign was not going well.
  他的竞选活动进展得不顺利。
 »These animals make very good pets if treated well (= with kindness).
  这些动物受到爱护就会很温顺。
 »People spoke well of (= spoke with approval of) him.
  人们对他的评价很高。
 »She took it very well (= did not react too badly), all things considered.
  总的说来,她承受得还挺不错。
 »They lived well (= in comfort and spending a lot of money) and were generous with their money.
  他们生活优裕,花钱大方。
 »She was determined to marry well (= marry sb rich and / or with a high social position).
  她决意嫁给有钱有势的人。
2. thoroughly and completely
• 完全地；彻底地；全部地:
 »Add the lemon juice and mix well.
  加进柠檬汁并搅拌均匀。
 »The surface must be well prepared before you start to paint.
  一定要把表面打磨好再开始粉刷。
 »How well do you know Carla?
  你跟卡拉有多熟？
 »He's well able to take care of himself.
  他完全能够自理。 (BrE, informal)
 »I was well annoyed, I can tell you.
  我跟你说吧,我那时气坏了。
3. to a great extent or degree
• 很；相当；大大地；远远地:
 »He was driving at well over the speed limit.
  他当时开车的速度远远超过了限制。
 »a well-loved tale
  深受喜爱的故事
 »The castle is well worth a visit.
  这座城堡很值得参观。
 »He liked her well enough (= to a reasonable degree) but he wasn't going to make a close friend of her.
  他够喜欢她的,但并不打算和她结为密友。
4. can / could ~ easily
• 容易地；轻松地:
 »She could well afford to pay for it herself.
  她自己完全买得起。
5. can / could / may / might ~ probably
• 很可能:
 »You may well be right.
  你很可能是对的。
 »It may well be that the train is delayed.
  火车很可能晚点了。
6. can / could / may / might ~ with good reason
• 有充分理由；合理地:
 »I can't very well leave now.
  我现在离开不太合适。
 »I couldn't very well refuse to help them, could I?
  我没有理由拒绝帮助他们,是不是？
 »'What are we doing here?' ' You may well ask (= I don't really know either).'
  "我们在这儿干什么呢？" "你算问对了(我也不知道)。"
【IDIOMS】
◘ as well (as sb / sth)
• in addition to sb / sth; too
• 除…之外；也；还:
 »Are they coming as well?
  他们也来吗？
 »They sell books as well as newspapers.
  他们既卖报也卖书。
 »She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer.
  她不但是个摄影师而且还是个天才的音乐家。
--› note at also
◘ be doing 'well
• to be getting healthier after an illness; to be in good health after a birth
• (病后)康复,恢复良好；(产后)平安,健康:
 »Mother and baby are doing well.
  母子平安。
◘ (you, etc.) may / might as well be hanged / hung for a ˌsheep as (for) a 'lamb
•(saying) if you are going to be punished for doing sth wrong, whether it is a big or small thing, you may as well do the big thing
• 与其偷羊羔被绞死,不如偷只羊；一不做,二不休
◘ be well on the way to sth / doing sth
• to have nearly achieved sth and be going to achieve it soon
• 即将达到；将要成就:
 »She is well on the way to recovery.
  她就要康复了。
 »He is well on the way to establishing himself among the top two players in the world.
  他很快就会成为排名世界前十位的选手。
◘ be ˌwell 'out of sth
(BrE, informal)
• to be lucky that you are not involved in sth
• 幸运地与…无关；幸亏没有卷入
◘ be ˌwell 'up in sth
• to know a lot about sth
• 精通；熟悉:
 »He's well up in all the latest developments.
  他对所有的最新发展情况都了如指掌。
◘ do 'well
• to be successful
• 成功:
 »Jack is doing very well at school.
  杰克在学校里学习成绩斐然。
◘ do 'well by sb
• to treat sb generously
• 善待；慷慨对待
◘ do 'well for yourself
• to become successful or rich
• 成功；发家致富
◘ do 'well out of sb / sth
• to make a profit or get money from sb / sth
• 获利于；从…中获取钱财
◘ do 'well to do sth
• to be sensible or wise to do sth
• 做…明智(或聪明):
 »He would do well to concentrate more on his work.
  他最好还是更加集中精力在工作上。
 »You did well to sell when the price was high.
  你在价钱高的时候出售,真明智。
◘ leave / let well a'lone
(BrE) (NAmE let well enough a'lone)
• to not get involved in sth that does not concern you
• 不管闲事；事不关己高高挂起:
 »When it comes to other people's arguments, it's better to leave well alone.
  遇到别人争论时,最好别插嘴。
◘ may / might (just) as well do sth
• to do sth because it seems best in the situation that you are in, although you may not really want to do it
• 做…倒也无妨；只好做(某事):
 »If no six else wants it, we might as well give it to him.
  如果没人要这个,我们不妨给他吧。
◘ ˌwell and 'truly
•(informal) completely
• 完全；彻底:
 »By that time we were well and truly lost.
  那时候我们已经完全迷路了。
◘ 'well away
(BrE, informal)
1. having made good progress
• 有很大进步；大有进展:
 »If we got Terry to do that, we'd be well away.
  假若我们让特里干这事,我们就会有很大成绩。
2. drunk or fast asleep
• 酒醉；沉睡
◘ ˌwell 'in (with sb)
•(informal) to be good friends with sb, especially sb important
• 为(尤指要人)的知己:
 »She seems to be well in with all the right people.
  她似乎和所有大人物都关系很好。
--› more at bloody ¹, fucking , jolly adv., know v., mean v., pretty adv.
◙ adj. (bet∙ter / ˈbetə(r) / best / best / )
1. ənot usually before noun] in good health
• 健康；身体好:
 »I don't feel very well.
  我觉得身体不太好。
 »Is she well enough to travel?
  她身体怎么样,能够旅行了吗？
 »Get well soon! (= for example, on a card)
  愿早日康复！
 »I'm better now, thank you.
  我现在好些了,谢谢您。
 »(informal) He's not a well man.
  他身体不太好。
2. [not before noun] in a good state or position
• 状态良好；情况良好:
 »It seems that all is not well at home.
  看来家中并非事事如意。
 »All's well that ends well (= used when sth has ended happily, even though you thought it might not).
  结果好就算一切都好。
3. [not before noun] (as) ~ (to do sth) sensible; a good idea
• 明智；可取；好主意:
 »It would be just as well to call and say we might be late.
  还是打个电话说一声我们可能到得晚些比较好。
 »(formal) It would be well to start early.
  最好还是早点动身。
◘ ˌall very 'well (for sb) (to do sth)
• (informal) used to criticize or reject a remark that sb has made, especially when they were trying to make you feel happier about sth
• (用于批评或反驳)某人尽可做某事:
 »It's all very well for you to say it doesn't matter, but I've put a lot of work into this and I want it to be a success.
  你说这无所谓当然容易,可是我却已经花费很大力气而且想要取得成功。
◘ ˌall well and 'good
•(informal) quite good but not exactly what is wanted
• 好倒是好(但并不完全合乎心意):
 »That's all well and good, but why didn't he call her to say so?
  那好倒是好,可是他为什么不给她打电话这样说呢？
◙ exclamation
1. used to express surprise, anger or relief
• (表示惊奇、愤怒或宽慰)哎呀,哟,啊,好啦:
 »Well, well —I would never have guessed it!
  哟,哟,我怎么也不会猜到那儿去！
 »Well, really! What a thing to say!
  啊,真是的！太不像话了！
 »Well, thank goodness that's over!
  好啦,谢天谢地,这件事总算过去了！
2. used to show that you accept that sth cannot be changed
• (承认某事不可改变)唉,好吧:
 »Well, it can't be helped.
  唉,这没有办法。
 »'We lost.' ' Oh, well. Better luck next time.'
  "我们输了。" "啊,算了。愿下次交好运。"
3. used to agree to sth, rather unwillingly
• (勉强同意)嗯,好吧:
 »Well, I suppose I could fit you in at 3.45.
  好吧,我想可以在 3:45 见你。
 »Oh, very well, then, if you insist.
  啊,那好吧,如果你坚持的话。
4. used when continuing a conversation after a pause
• (停顿后继续交谈)唔,这个,噢:
 »Well, as I was saying...
  噢,我刚才是说…
5. used to say that sth is uncertain
• (表示不肯定)哦:
 »'Do you want to come?' 'Well, I'm not sure.'
  "你想来吗？" "哦,我还说不好。"
6. used to show that you are waiting for sb to say sth
• (等待别人说话)嘿,嗨:
 »Well? Are you going to tell us or not?
  嗯？你想不想告诉我们？
7. used to mark the end of a conversation
• (结束交谈)就这样,好啦:
 »Well, I'd better be going now.
  就这样,我现在该走了。
8. used when you are pausing to consider your next words
• (说话时稍微停顿)对了,噢:
 »I think it happened, well, towards the end of last summer.
  我想事情发生在,对了,快到上个夏末的时候。
9. used when you want to correct or change sth that you have just said
• (纠正或改变刚说过的话时用):
 »There were thousands of people there—well, hundreds, anyway.
  那里有数以千计的人,噢,至少几百人。
◘ well I 'never ('did)!
• (old-fashioned) used to express surprise
• (表示惊奇)哟,我可从未做过(或听说过)这样的事
--› more at say v.
◙ noun
1. a deep hole in the ground from which people obtain water. The sides of wells are usually covered with brick or stone and there is usually some covering or a small wall at the top of the well.
• 井；水井
2. = oil well
3. a narrow space in a building that drops down from a high to a low level and usually contains stairs or a lift / elevator
• 楼梯井；电梯井道
--› see also stairwell
4. (BrE) the space in front of the judge in a court, where the lawyers sit
• (法庭中的)律师席
◙ verb [V] ~ (up)
1. (of a liquid 液体) to rise to the surface of sth and start to flow
• 涌出；冒出；流出；溢出:
 »Tears were welling up in her eyes.
  她热泪盈眶。
2. (literary) (of an emotion 情感) to become stronger
• 涌起；迸发:
 »Hate welled up inside him as he thought of the ten of them together.
  他一想到他们俩在一起就恨得咬牙切齿。
con∙tain∙er / kənˈteinə(r) /
◙ noun
1. a box, bottle, etc. in which sth can be stored or transported
• 容器:
 »Food will last longer if kept in an airtight container.
  如果贮藏在密封的容器里,食物能保持比较久的时间。
2. a large metal or wooden box of a standard size in which goods are packed so that they can easily be lifted onto a ship, train, etc. to be transported
• 集装箱；货柜:
 »a container ship (= six designed to transport such containers)
  集装箱船
trouble∙some / ˈtrʌblsəm /
◙ adj.
• causing trouble, pain, etc. over a long period of time
• 令人烦恼的；讨厌的；令人痛苦的
【SYN】 annoying , irritating :
 »a troublesome cough / child / problem
  烦人的咳嗽；让人心烦的孩子；棘手的问题
wage / weidʒ /
◙ noun [sing.]
• (also wages [pl.]) a regular amount of money that you earn, usually every week, for work or services
• (通常指按周领的)工资,工钱:
 »wages of £200 a week
  一星期 200 英镑的工资
 »a weekly wage of £200
  周薪 200 英镑
 »wage cuts
  减薪
 »a wage increase of 3%
  * 3% 的加薪
 »(BrE) a wage rise of 3%
  * 3% 的加薪
 »wage demands / claims / settlements
  增加工资的要求；工资解决协议
 »Wages are paid on Fridays.
  每星期五发工资。
 »There are extra benefits for people on low wages.
  低薪者有额外补助。
 »The staff have agreed to a voluntary wage freeze (= a situation in which wages are not increased for a time).
  全体员工已经同意自愿冻结工资。
--› see also living wage , minimum wage
--› compare salary
--› note at income
◙ verb [VN]
• ~ sth (against / on sb / sth) to begin and continue a war, a battle, etc.
• 开始,发动,进行,继续(战争、战斗等):
 »The rebels have waged a guerrilla war since 2001.
  反叛者自 2001 年以来一直进行游击战争。
 »He alleged that a press campaign was being waged against him.
  他声称有人正在对他发起新闻攻势。
com∙mit∙ment / kəˈmitmənt /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] ~ (to sb / sth) | ~ to do sth a promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way; a promise to support sb / sth; the fact of committing yourself
• 承诺；许诺；允诺承担；保证:
 »She doesn't want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment.
  她不想在此刻对史蒂夫在感情上作出重大的承诺。
 »The company's commitment to providing quality at a reasonable price has been vital to its success.
  这家公司保证供货质优价廉的承诺对它的成功起了决定性的作用。
 »the government's commitment to public services
  政府对公共服务事业作出的承诺
2. [U] ~ (to sb / sth) the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to a job or an activity
• (对工作或某活动)献身,奉献,投入:
 »A career as an actor requires one hundred per cent commitment.
  干演员这一行需要百分之百的投入。
3. [C] a thing that you have promised or agreed to do, or that you have to do
• 已承诺(或同意)的事；不得不做的事:
 »He's busy for the next month with filming commitments.
  他正忙于准备已经承诺的下个月拍电影的事。
 »Women very often have to juggle work with their family commitments.
  妇女经常得两头兼顾,既要工作又要照管家庭。
4. [U, C] ~ (of sth) (to sth) agreeing to use money, time or people in order to achieve sth
• 花费,使用(资金、时间、人力):
 »the commitment of resources to education
  对教育的资源投入
 »Achieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy.
  取得这种水平的成就需要花费时间和精力。
chaos / ˈkeiɔs; NAmE ˈkeiɑ:s /
◙ noun [U]
• a state of complete confusion and lack of order
• 混乱；杂乱；紊乱:
 »economic / political / domestic chaos
  经济/政治/国内的混乱
 »Heavy snow has caused total chaos on the roads.
  大雪导致道路上交通一片混乱。
 »The house was in chaos after the party.
  聚会后,房子里一片狼藉。
col∙league / ˈkɔli:ɡ; NAmE ˈkɑ:- /
◙ noun
• a person that you work with, especially in a profession or a business
• 同事；同僚；同仁:
 »a colleague of mine from the office
  我办公室的一位同事
 »We were friends and colleagues for more than 20 years.
  * 20 多年来我们既是朋友又是同事。
 »the Prime Minister and his Cabinet colleagues
  首相及其内阁同僚
as∙sist∙ant / əˈsistənt /
◙ noun
1. a person who helps or supports sb, usually in their job
• 助理；助手:
 »My assistant will now demonstrate the machine in action.
  现在我的助手将演示机器运转情况。
 »a senior research assistant
  高级研究助理
--› see also PDA , personal assistant , teaching assistant
2. (BrE) = shop assistant :
 »a sales assistant in a department store
  一名百货公司售货员
3. (BrE) a student at university or college who spends time in a foreign country teaching his or her own language in a school
• 助教(在国外留学的大学生,教授本国语)
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• (abbr. Asst) (often in titles 常用于头衔) having a rank below a senior person and helping them in their work
• 助理的；副的:
 »the assistant manager
  协理
 »Assistant Chief Constable Owen
  助理警察局长欧文
 »Assistant Attorney General William Weld
  助理检察总长威廉 · 韦尔德
va∙cant / ˈveikənt /
◙ adj.
1. (of a seat, hotel room, house, etc. 座位、旅馆房间、房屋等) empty; not being used
• 空着的；未被占用的
【SYN】 unoccupied :
 »vacant properties
  未被占用的房地产
 »The seat next to him was vacant.
  他旁边的座位空着。
 »(especially NAmE) a vacant lot (= a piece of land in a city that is not being used)
  一块闲置的地皮
--› compare engaged (4), occupied (1)
2. (formal) if a job in a company is vacant, nobody is doing it and it is available for sb to take
• (职位)空缺的:
 »When the post finally fell (= became) vacant, they offered it to Fiona.
  这个职位最终空出来之后,他们给了菲奥纳。
 »(BrE) Situations Vacant (= a section in a newspaper where jobs are advertised)
  招聘广告栏目
3. (of a look, an expression, etc. 目光、表情等) showing no sign that the person is thinking of anything
• 无神的；呆滞的；茫然的；若有所失的:
 »a vacant look
  呆滞的目光
♦ va∙cant∙ly adv.:
 »to stare vacantly
  茫然瞪视
muddy / ˈmʌdi /
◙ adj. (mud∙dier, mud∙di∙est)
1. full of or covered in mud
• 多泥的；泥泞的:
 »a muddy field / track
  泥泞的田野/小径
 »muddy boots / knees
  沾满泥浆的靴子/膝盖
2. (of a liquid 液体) containing mud; not clear
• 含泥的；浑浊的:
 »muddy water
  泥水
 »a muddy pond
  浑浊的池塘
3. (of colours 色彩) not clear or bright
• 灰暗的；暗淡的:
 »muddy green / brown
  暗绿色/褐色
◙ verb
(mud∙dies, muddy∙ing, mud∙died, mud∙died)
• [VN] to make sth muddy
• 使变得泥泞；使浑浊
【IDIOMS】
◘ muddy the 'waters, 'issue, etc.
•(disapproving) to make a simple situation confused and more complicated than it really is
• 搅浑水；添乱
damp / dæmp /
◙ adj.
• (damp∙er, damp∙est) slightly wet, often in a way that is unpleasant
• 潮湿的；微湿的；湿气重的:
 »The cottage was cold and damp.
  这小屋又冷又湿。
 »It feels damp in here.
  这地方使人感到潮乎乎的。
 »damp clothes
  潮湿的衣服
 »Wipe the surface with a damp cloth.
  用湿布擦表面。
--› note at wet
♦ damp∙ly adv.:
 »The blouse clung damply to her skin.
  衬衫湿漉漉地贴在她身上。
【IDIOMS】
◘ a damp 'squib
(BrE, informal)
• an event that is disappointing because it is not as exciting or impressive as expected
• 哑炮；令人失望的事；令人扫兴的事
◙ noun [U]
• (BrE) the state of being damp ; areas on a wall, etc. that are damp
• 潮湿；潮气；湿气；湿块:
 »The old house smells of damp.
  这老房子散发出一股潮气。
 »Those marks above the window look like damp to me.
  窗子上面的印迹看上去像是水渍。
◙ verb [VN]
• = dampen
• 弄潮；使潮湿；抑制,减弱(感情等):
 »She damped a towel and wrapped it round his leg.
  她弄湿毛巾,把它裹在他的腿上。
【PHR V】
◘ ˌdamp 'down sth
• to make an emotion or a feeling less strong
• 抑制,控制(情绪、感情等)
◘ ˌdamp sth∽'down
• to make a fire burn more slowly or stop burning
• 使(火)减弱；灭火
bac∙teria / bækˈtiəriə; NAmE -ˈtir- /
◙ noun [pl.]
• (sing. bac∙ter∙ium / -iəm / ) the simplest and smallest forms of life. ɑacteria exist in large numbers in air, water and soil, and also in living and dead creatures and plants, and are often a cause of disease.
• 细菌
♦ bac∙ter∙ial / -riəl / adj.:
 »bacterial infections / growth
  细菌传染/生长
shel∙ter / ˈʃeltə(r) /
◙ noun
1. [U] the fact of having a place to live or stay, considered as a basic human need
• 居所；住处:
 »Human beings need food, clothing and shelter.
  人类有衣、食、住的需求。
2. [U] ~ (from sth) protection from rain, danger or attack
• 遮蔽,庇护,避难(避雨、躲避危险或攻击):
 »to take shelter from the storm
  躲避暴风雨
 »The fox was running for the shelter of the trees.
  狐狸朝树丛跑,想要躲藏起来。
 »People were desperately seeking shelter from the gunfire.
  人们拚命地找地方躲避炮火。
3. [C] (often in compounds 常构成复合词) a structure built to give protection, especially from the weather or from attack
• (尤指用以躲避风雨或攻击的)遮蔽物,庇护处,避难处:
 »They built a rough shelter from old pieces of wood.
  他们用旧木条搭了一个简陋的窝棚。
 »an air-raid shelter
  防空洞
--› see also bus shelter
4. [C] a building, usually owned by a charity, that provides a place to stay for people without a home, or protection for people or animals who have been badly treated
• (无家可归者或受虐待者的)收容所,庇护所:
 »a night shelter for the homeless
  无家可归者夜间收容所
 »an animal shelter
  动物收容处
--› see also hostel (2)
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ sb / sth (from sb / sth) to give sb / sth a place where they are protected from the weather or from danger; to protect sb / sth
• 保护；掩蔽:
 »Trees shelter the house from the wind.
  树给房子挡住了风。
 »helping the poor and sheltering the homeless
  帮助贫穷者,庇护无家可归者
 »Perhaps I sheltered my daughter too much (= protected her too much from unpleasant or difficult experiences).
  也许我对女儿保护过度了。
2. [V] ~ (from sth) to stay in a place that protects you from the weather or from danger
• 躲避(风雨或危险):
 »We sheltered from the rain in a doorway.
  我们在一处门廊里避雨。
crowd / kraud /
◙ noun
1. [C + sing. / pl. v.] a large number of people gathered together in a public place, for example in the streets or at a sports game
• 人群；观众:
 »He pushed his way through the crowd.
  他在人群中往前挤。
 »A small crowd had gathered outside the church.
  一小群人聚集在教堂的外面。
 »Police had to break up the crowd.
  警方不得不驱散人群。
 »Crowds of people poured into the street.
  人们成群结队涌上街头。
 »I want to get there early to avoid the crowds.
  我想及早赶到那里,免得拥挤。
 »The match attracted a capacity crowd of 80 000.
  这场比赛爆满,吸引了 8 万名观众。
 »The crowd cheered the winning hit.
  观众为那决胜的一击而欢呼。
 »crowd control
  人群控制
 »crowd trouble
  群众闹事
 »A whole crowd of us are going to the ball (= a lot of us).
  我们一大帮人要去参加那场舞会。
 »He left the hotel surrounded by crowds of journalists.
  他在大群记者的包围下离开了酒店。
2. [C + sing. / pl. v.] (informal, often disapproving) a particular group of people
• 一伙人；一帮人:
 »Bob introduced her to some of the usual crowd (= people who often meet each other).
  鲍勃把她介绍给常见面的几个朋友。
 »the bright young theatrical crowd
  这帮年轻聪明的戏剧演员
3. the crowd [sing.] (sometimes disapproving) ordinary people, not special or unusual in any way
• 群众；民众；老百姓；凡夫俗子:
 »We all like to think we stand out from the crowd (= are different from and better than other people).
  我们都喜欢认为自己胜人一筹。
 »He prefers to be one of the crowd.
  他宁愿做个凡夫俗子。
 »She's quite happy to follow the crowd.
  她就愿意随大溜。
◙ verb [VN]
1. to fill a place so there is little room to move
• 挤满；塞满；使…拥挤:
 »Thousands of people crowded the narrow streets.
  成千上万的人把狭窄的街道挤得水泄不通。
2. to fill your mind so that you can think of nothing else
• 涌上(心头)；涌入(脑海):
 »Memories crowded his mind.
  往事涌上他的心头。
3. (informal) to stand very close to sb so that they feel uncomfortable or nervous
• 挤,靠近,挤在一旁(以致使人不舒服或紧张)
【PHR V】
◘ ˌcrowd a'round / 'round (sb / sth)
• to gather in large numbers around sb / sth
• 聚集在…周围；聚拢:
 »We all crowded around the stove to keep warm.
  我们都挤在炉边取暖。
 »Photographers were crowding around outside.
  摄影师聚集在外面。
◘ ˌcrowd 'in (on sb) ◘ | ˌcrowd 'into sth (of thoughts, questions etc. 想法、问题等)
• to fill your mind so that you can think of nothing else
• 涌上(心头)；涌入(脑海):
 »Too many uncomfortable thoughts were crowding in on her.
  她心乱如麻。
 »Memories came crowding into her mind.
  往事一齐涌上她的心头。
◘ ˌcrowd 'into / 'onto sth ◘ | ˌcrowd 'in
• to move in large numbers into a small space
• 大批涌入(狭小的空间):
 »We all crowded into her office to sing 'Happy Birthday'.
  我们全都涌进她的办公室,唱"祝你生日快乐"。
◘ ˌcrowd sb / sth 'into / 'onto sth ◘ | ˌcrowd sb / sth 'in
• to put many people or things into a small space
• 把…装满(或塞满):
 »Guests were crowded into the few remaining rooms.
  他们把客人塞进了剩下的几个房间。
◘ ˌcrowd sb / sth 'out
• to fill a place so that other people or things are kept out
• 把(其他人或物)排挤在外
re∙mind / riˈmaind /
◙ verb
• ~ sb (about / of sth) to help sb remember sth, especially sth important that they must do
• 提醒；使想起:
▪ [VN]
 »I'm sorry, I've forgotten your name. Can you remind me?
  对不起,我忘了你的名字。提醒我一下好吗？
 »That (= what you have just said, done, etc.) reminds me, I must get some cash.
  这倒提醒了我,我得带上一些现金。
 »'You need to finish that essay.' ' Don't remind me (= I don't want to think about it).'
  "你要完成那篇论文。" "别提啦！"
 »'Don't forget the camera.' 'Remind me about it nearer the time.'
  "别忘了带相机。" "到时候再提醒我一下。"
▪ [VN to inf]
 »Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.
  提醒我在出去之前给艾伦打电话。
▪ [VN (that)]
 »Passengers are reminded (that) no smoking is allowed on this train.
  旅客们请注意,本次列车禁止吸烟。
▪ [VN wh-]
 »Can someone remind me what I should do next?
  谁能告诉我下一步该做什么？
▪ [VN speech]
 »'You had an accident,' he reminded her.
  他提醒她道:"你出过一次事故了。"
【PHR V】
◘ re'mind sb of sb / sth
• if sb / sth reminds you of sb / sth else, they make you remember or think about the other person, place, thing, etc. because they are similar in some way
• 使想起(类似的人、地方、事物等):
 »You remind me of your father when you say that.
  你说这样的话,使我想起了你的父亲。
 »That smell reminds me of France.
  这股气味使我想起了法国。
staff / stɑ:f; NAme stæf /
◙ noun
1. [C, usually sing., U] all the workers employed in an organization considered as a group
• 全体职工(或雇员):
 »medical staff
  全体医务人员
 »(BrE) teaching staff
  全体教师
 »(BrE) We have 20 part-time members of staff.
  我们有 20 名兼职员工。
 »(NAmE) staff members
  职工
 »staff development / training
  员工培养/培训
 »a staff restaurant / meeting
  职工食堂/大会
 »(especially BrE) a lawyer on the staff of the Worldwide Fund for Nature
  供职于世界野生动物保护基金会的律师
--› see also ground staff
2. [sing.] (NAmE) the people who work at a school, college or university, but who do not teach students
• (大、中、小学的)管理人员,行政人员:
 »students, faculty and staff
  学生和教职员工
3. [C + sing. / pl. v.] a group of senior army officers who help a commanding officer
• (军队的)全体参谋人员:
 »a staff officer
  参谋
--› see also chief of staff , general staff
4. [C] (old-fashioned or formal) a long stick used as a support when walking or climbing, as a weapon, or as a symbol of authority
• 拐杖；棍棒；权杖
5. [C] (music 音) (especially NAmE) = stave n. (2)
【IDIOMS】
◘ the ˌstaff of 'life
•(literary) a basic food, especially bread
• 主食；麪包
◙ verb [VN]
• [usually passive] to work in an institution, a company, etc.; to provide people to work there
• 在…工作；任职于；为…配备职员:
 »The advice centre is staffed entirely by volunteers.
  在咨询中心工作的全部是志愿者。
 »The charity provided money to staff and equip ten hospitals.
  这个慈善机构提供资金装备了两家医院并配备了人员。
 »a fully staffed department
  人员配备齐全的部门
--› see also overstaffed , short-staffed , understaffed
♦ staf∙fing noun [U] :
 »staffing levels
  人员配备情况
bar∙rier / ˈbæriə(r) /
◙ noun
1. an object like a fence that prevents people from moving forward from one place to another
• 屏障；障碍物:
 »The crowd had to stand behind barriers.
  人群只好站在障碍物后面。
 »Show your ticket at the barrier.
  请在验票处出示车票。
--› see also crash barrier
2. ~ (to sth) a problem, rule or situation that prevents sb from doing sth, or that makes sth impossible
• 障碍；阻力；关卡:
 »the removal of trade barriers
  贸易壁垒的消除
 »Lack of confidence is a psychological barrier to success.
  缺乏信心是阻碍成功的心理因素。
3. ~ (between A and B) | ~ (against sth) something that exists between one thing or person and another and keeps them separate
• 分界线；隔阂；障碍:
 »The Yangtze river is a natural barrier to the north-east.
  长江是东北面的一道天然屏障。
 »There was no real barrier between reality and fantasy in his mind.
  在他的头脑中,现实与幻想之间没有真正的界线。
 »Ozone is the earth's barrier against ultra-violet radiation.
  臭氧是地球防止紫外线辐射的屏障。
 »the language barrier (= when people cannot communicate because they do not speak the same language)
  语言隔阂(因语言不通而无法交流)
4. a particular amount, level or number which it is difficult to get past
• 难以逾越的数量(或水平、数目)；关口:
 »the first player whose earnings passed the $10 million barrier
  第一位收入超过 1 000 万元大关的运动员
in∙ter∙pret∙er / inˈtə:pritə(r); NAme -ˈtə:rp- /
◙ noun
1. a person whose job is to translate what sb is saying into another language
• 口译工作者；口译译员； 传译员 :
 »Speaking through an interpreter, the President said that the talks were going well.
  总统通过译员说会谈进展良好。
 »a sign language interpreter (= a person who translates what sb is saying into sign language for deaf people)
  手语译员
--› compare translator
2. a person who performs a piece of music or a role in a play in a way that clearly shows their ideas about its meaning
• 演绎(音乐、戏剧中人物等)的人:
 »She is one of the finest interpreters of Debussy's music.
  她是将德彪西的音乐演绎得最出色的演奏者之一。
3. (computing 计) a computer program that changes the instructions of another program into a form that the computer can understand and use
• 解释程序； 解释程式
angle / ˈæŋɡl /
◙ noun
1. the space between two lines or surfaces that join, measured in degrees
• 角:
 »a 45° angle
  * 45° 角
--› see also acute angle , adjacent angle , corresponding angles , obtuse angle , right angle , wide-angle lens
2. the direction that sth is leaning or pointing in when it is not in a vertical or horizontal line
• 斜角；角度:
 »The tower of Pisa leans at an angle.
  比萨斜塔塔身倾斜。
 »The plane was coming in at a steep angle.
  飞机当时正俯冲降落。
 »His hair was sticking up at all angles.
  他的头发都竖了起来,乱蓬蓬的。
3. a position from which you look at sth
• 角度:
 »The photo was taken from an unusual angle.
  这张照片是从不寻常角度拍摄的。
4. a particular way of presenting or thinking about a situation, problem, etc.
• 观点；立场；角度:
 »We need a new angle for our next advertising campaign.
  我们需要从一个新的角度去展开下一次广告活动。
 »You can look at the issue from many different angles.
  你可以从很多不同的角度看这个问题。
 »The article concentrates on the human angle (= the part that concerns people's emotions) of the story.
  这篇文章集中讨论了故事中人的情感问题。
◙ verb
1. [VN] to move or place sth so that it is not straight or not directly facing sb / sth
• 斜移；斜置:
 »He angled his chair so that he could sit and watch her.
  他斜移了椅子,以便坐着观察她。
2. [VN] to present information, a report, etc. based on a particular way of thinking or for a particular audience
• 以(某角度)报道；以(某观点)提供信息:
 »The programme is angled towards younger viewers.
  这个节目的对象是较年轻的观众。
3. (usually go angling)
• [V] to catch fish with a line and a hook
• 垂钓；钓鱼
【PHR V】
◘ 'angle for sth
• to try to get a particular reaction or response from sb, without directly asking for what you want
• 转弯抹角地打听；博取:
 »She was angling for sympathy.
  她有意博取同情。