m7u2
chem∙ist / ˈkemist /
◙ noun
1. (also dis'pensing chemist) (both BrE) (NAmE drug∙gist) a person whose job is to prepare and sell medicines, and who works in a shop
• 药剂师；药商
--› compare pharmacist
2. chemist's (pl. chem∙ists) (BrE) a shop / store that sells medicines and usually also soap, make-up, etc.
• 药房；(通常也出售肥皂、化妆品等的)药店:
 »You can obtain the product from all good chemists.
  你可从各大药房买到这种产品。
 »Take this prescription to the chemist's.
  带着这张药方到药房去。
 »I'll get it at the chemist's.
  我要去药房买。
 »a chemist's / chemist shop
  药房
--› see also drugstore
--› compare pharmacy (1)
3. a scientist who studies chemistry
• 化学家:
 »a research chemist
  从事研究工作的化学家
acu∙punc∙ture / ˈækjupʌŋktʃə(r) /
◙ noun [U]
• a Chinese method of treating pain and illness using special thin needles which are pushed into the skin in particular parts of the body
• 针刺疗法
nee∙dle / ˈni:dl /
◙ noun [C]
›› FOR SEWING 缝纫
1. a small thin piece of steel that you use for sewing, with a point at six end and a hole for the thread at the other
• 针；缝衣针:
 »a needle and thread
  针和线
 »the eye (= hole) of a needle
  针鼻儿；针眼
--› see also pins and needles
›› FOR KNITTING 编织
2. a long thin piece of plastic or metal with a point at six end that you use for knitting. You usually use ten together.
• 编织针:
 »knitting needles
  编织针
›› FOR DRUGS 药品
3. a very thin, pointed piece of steel used on the end of a syringe for putting a drug into sb's body, or for taking blood out of it
• 注射针；针头:
 »a hypodermic needle
  皮下注射器针头
›› ON INSTRUMENT 仪器
4. a thin piece of metal on a scientific instrument that moves to point to the correct measurement or direction
• 指针:
 »The compass needle was pointing north.
  罗盘指针指向北方。
›› ON PINE TREE 松树
5. [usually pl.] the thin, hard, pointed leaf of a pine tree
• 松针；针叶
›› ON RECORD PLAYER 唱机
6. the very small pointed piece of metal that touches a record that is being played in order to produce the sound
【SYN】 stylus
• 唱针；磁针
【IDIOMS】
◘ a needle in a 'haystack
• a thing that is almost impossible to find
• 草垛里的针；几乎不可能找到的东西:
 »Searching for six man in this city is like looking for a needle in a haystack.
  在这个城市里找一个人无异于大海捞针。
◙ verb [VN]
• (informal) to deliberately annoy sb, especially by criticizing them continuously
• 刺激；故意招惹；(尤指)不断地数落
【SYN】 antagonize :
 »Don't let her needle you.
  别让她数落你。
sur∙geon / ˈsə:dʒən; NAme ˈsə:rdʒən /
◙ noun
• a doctor who is trained to perform surgery (= medical operations that involve cutting open a person's body)
• 外科医生:
 »a brain / heart, etc. surgeon
  脑外科、心脏外科等医生
--› compare physician
'operating theatre (also theatre) (both BrE) (NAmE 'operating room)
◙ noun
• a room in a hospital used for medical operations
• 手术室
'life-saving
◙ adj. [usually before noun]
• that is going to save sb's life
• 救命的；救生的:
 »a life-saving heart operation
  挽救生命的心脏手术
◙ noun [U]
• the skills needed to save sb who is in water and is drowning
• (对溺水者的)救生术:
 »a life-saving qualification
  救生资格
revo∙lu∙tion / ˌrevəˈlu:ʃn /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country, especially by violent action
• 革命:
 »a socialist revolution
  社会主义革命
 »the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789
  * 1789 年法国大革命的爆发
 »to start a revolution
  发动一场革命
 »a country on the brink of revolution
  即将发生革命的国家
--› see also counter-revolution , revolt
2. [C] ~ (in sth) a great change in conditions, ways of working, beliefs, etc. that affects large numbers of people
• 巨变；大变革:
 »a cultural / social / scientific, etc. revolution
  文化、社会、科学等的重大变革
 »A revolution in information technology is taking place.
  信息技术正在发生巨变。
--› see also Industrial Revolution
3. [C, U] ~ (around / on sth) a complete circular movement around a point, especially of six planet around another
• (环绕中心点的)旋转；(尤指)天体运行:
 »the revolution of the earth around the sun
  地球环绕太阳的公转
--› see also revolve
4. (also informal rev) [C] a circular movement made by sth fixed to a central point, for example in a car engine
• 旋转；绕轴旋转:
 »rotating at 300 revolutions per minute
  以每分钟 300 转的速度旋转
cup∙board / ˈkʌbəd; NAmE -bərd /
◙ noun
1. a piece of furniture with doors and shelves used for storing dishes, food, clothes, etc.
• 橱柜；食物柜；衣柜:
 »kitchen cupboards
  厨房用的橱柜
2. (BrE) (NAmE closet) a space in a wall with a door that reaches the ground, used for storing things
• 壁橱:
 »built-in cupboards
  壁橱
--› see also airing cupboard , broom cupboard
【IDIOMS】
◘ the ˌcupboard is 'bare
• (BrE) used to say that there is no money for sth
• (指没钱购买):
 »They are seeking more funds but the cupboard is bare.
  他们正在寻求更多的资金,然而根本找不到。
【ORIGIN】This expression refers to a children's nursery rhyme about Old Mother Hubbard, who had nothing in her cupboard to feed her dog.
• 源自一首关于老妈哈伯德的儿歌。她的食厨里没有喂狗的东西。

◘ 'cupboard love
(BrE)
• affection that sb, especially a child, shows towards sb else in order to get sth
• (尤指小孩为获得某物的)有所企图的亲热
--› more at skeleton
coun∙ter / ˈkauntə(r) /
◙ noun
1. a long flat surface over which goods are sold or business is done in a shop / store, bank, etc.
• (商店、银行等的)柜枱:
 »I asked the woman behind the counter if they had any postcards.
  我问柜枱后面的女售货员是否有明信片。
2. (especially NAmE) = worktop
3. a small disc used for playing or scoring in some board games
• (某些棋盘游戏的)筹码
--› see also bargaining chip
4. (especially in compounds 尤用于构成复合词) an electronic device for counting sth
• (电子)计数器,计算器:
 »The needle on the rev counter soared.
  转速计的指针猛升。
--› see also Geiger counter
--› compare bean counter
5. [usually sing.] ~ (to sb / sth) (formal) a response to sb / sth that opposes their ideas, position, etc.
• (对意见、态度等的)反对,反驳:
 »The employers' association was seen as a counter to union power.
  雇主协会被看作是工会权力的对头。
【IDIOMS】
◘ over the 'counter
• goods, especially medicines, for sale over the counter can be bought without a prescription (= written permission from a doctor to buy a medicine) or special licence
• (尤指购药)不凭处方:
 »These tablets are available over the counter.
  这些药片不用处方就可买到。
--› see also over-the-counter
◘ under the 'counter
• goods that are bought or sold under the counter are sold secretly and sometimes illegally
• (商品销售)秘密地,暗地里,非法地
◙ verb
1. ~ (sb / sth) (with sth) to reply to sb by trying to prove that what they said is not true
• 反驳；驳斥:
▪ [VN]
 »Such arguments are not easily countered.
  这种论点不易反驳。
▪ [V that]
 »I tried to argue but he countered that the plans were not yet finished.
  我试图争辩,但他却申辩说各项计划尚未完成。
▪ [also V speech also V]
2. [VN] to do sth to reduce or prevent the bad effects of sth
• 抵制；抵消
【SYN】 counteract :
 »Businesses would like to see new laws to counter late payments of debts.
  商界希望见到对付债务逾期不还的新法律出台。
◙ adv.
• ~ to sth in the opposite direction to sth; in opposition to sth
• 逆向地；相反地；反对地:
 »The government's plans run counter to agreed European policy on this issue.
  政府的计划违反了有关这个问题已协商好的欧洲政策。
as∙pirin / ˈæsprin; ˈæspərin /
◙ noun [U, C]
• (pl. as∙pirin or as∙pir∙ins) a drug used to reduce pain, fever and inflammation
• 阿司匹林(镇痛解热消炎药):
 »Do you have any aspirin?
  你有阿司匹林吗？
 »Take ten aspirin(s) for a headache.
  头痛服两片阿司匹林。
peni∙cil∙lin / ˌpeniˈsilin /
◙ noun [U]
• a substance obtained from mould , used as a drug to treat or prevent infections caused by bacteria; a type of antibiotic
• 青霉素；盘尼西林
bene∙fi∙cial / ˌbeniˈfiʃl /
◙ adj.
• ~ (to sth / sb) improving a situation; having a helpful or useful effect
• 有利的；有帮助的；有用的
【SYN】 advantageous , favourable :
 »A good diet is beneficial to health.
  良好的饮食有益于健康。
【OPP】 detrimental
chew / tʃu: /
◙ verb
1. ~ (at / on / through sth) | ~ sth (up) to bite food into small pieces in your mouth with your teeth to make it easier to swallow
• 咀嚼；嚼碎:
▪ [V]
 »After the operation you may find it difficult to chew and swallow.
  手术后你咀嚼和吞咽都会感到困难。
▪ [VN]
 »teeth designed for chewing meat
  用于咀嚼肉食的牙齿
 »He is always chewing gum.
  他总是在嚼口香糖。
2. ~ (on sth) to bite sth continuously, for example because you are nervous or to taste it
• (因为紧张等)咬住,不停地啃；(为尝味道)不停地咀嚼:
▪ [V]
 »Rosa chewed on her lip and stared at the floor.
  罗莎咬着嘴唇,眼睛盯着地板。
 »The dog was chewing on a bone.
  那只狗在一个劲地啃骨头。
▪ [VN]
 »to chew your nails
  啃指甲
【IDIOMS】
◘ ˌchew the 'fat
•(informal) to have a long friendly talk with sb about sth
• (长时间)闲聊,闲扯
--› more at bite v.
【PHR V】
◘ ˌchew sth∽'over
• to think about or discuss sth slowly and carefully
• 仔细考虑；深思熟虑；详细讨论
◙ noun
1. an act of chewing sth
• 咀嚼
2. a type of sweet / candy that you chew
• 口香糖
3. a piece of tobacco that you chew
• 供嚼用的烟草
pos∙sess / pəˈzes /
◙ verb (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时)
1. [VN] (formal) to have or own sth
• 有；拥有:
 »He was charged with possessing a shotgun without a licence.
  他被控无照拥有猎枪。
 »The gallery possesses a number of the artist's early works.
  这座画廊藏有那位画家的一些早期作品。
2. [VN] (formal) to have a particular quality or feature
• 具有(特质):
 »I'm afraid he doesn't possess a sense of humour.
  恐怕他没有什么幽默感。
3. [VN] [usually passive] (literary) (of a feeling, an emotion, etc. 感觉、情绪等) to have a powerful effect on sb and control the way that they think, behave, etc.
• 攫住；支配；控制
4. [VN to inf] (used in negative sentences and questions 用于否定句和疑问句) to make sb do sth that seems strange or unreasonable
• 使言行失常:
 »What possessed him to say such a thing?
  他着了什么魔竟说出这种话来？
sali∙cyl∙ic acid / ˌsæliˌsilik ˈæsid /
◙ noun [U]
• a bitter chemical found in some plants, used in aspirin (= a drug used for reducing pain and making your blood thinner)
• 水杨酸；邻羟基苯甲酸
acid / ˈæsid /
◙ noun
1. [U, C] (chemistry 化) a chemical, usually a liquid, that contains hydrogen and has a pH of less than seven. The hydrogen can be replaced by a metal to form a salt. Acids are usually sour and can often burn holes in or damage things they touch.
• 酸
--› compare alkali
--› see also acetic acid , amino acid , ascorbic acid , citric acid , hydrochloric acid , lactic acid , nitric acid , nucleic acid , sulphuric acid
2. [U] (slang) = LSD
◙ adj.
1. (technical 术语) that contains acid or has the essential characteristics of an acid; that has a pH of less than seven
• 酸的；酸性的:
 »Rye is tolerant of poor, acid soils.
  黑麦耐贫瘠的酸性土壤。
--› compare alkaline
2. that has a bitter sharp taste
• 酸的；酸味的
【SYN】 sour :
 »acid fruit
  酸水果
--› note at bitter
3. (of a person's remarks 言辞) critical and unkind
• 尖刻的；尖酸的
【SYN】 sarcastic , cutting :
 »an acid wit
  尖刻的俏皮话
tab∙let / ˈtæblət /
◙ noun
1. (especially BrE) a small round solid piece of medicine that you swallow
• 药片；片剂
【SYN】 pill :
 »vitamin tablets
  维生素片
 »Take ten tablets with water before meals.
  每次两片,饭前用水冲服。
2. an amount of another substance in a small round solid piece
• 丸:
 »water purification tablets
  净水丸
3. a flat piece of stone that has words written on it, especially six that has been fixed to a wall in memory of an important person or event
• (固定于墙上作纪念的)牌,碑,匾
【SYN】 plaque : (figurative)
 »We can be very flexible—our entry requirements are not set in tablets of stone (= they can be changed).
  我们可以非常灵活,加入条件并非铁板钉钉。
4. ~ of soap (old-fashioned, formal) a piece of soap
• 一块肥皂
5. (NAmE) a number of pieces of paper for writing or drawing on, that are fastened together at six edge
• 便笺本；拍纸簿
--› see also graphics tablet
vital / ˈvaitl /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (for / to sth) necessary or essential in order for sth to succeed or exist
• 必不可少的；对…极重要的:
 »the vitamins that are vital for health
  保持健康必不可少的维生素
 »Good financial accounts are vital to the success of any enterprise.
  妥善的财务账目对任何公司的成功都是极其重要的。
 »It is vital that you keep accurate records when you are self-employed.
  干个体的要准确记录账目,这十分重要。
 »Reading is of vital importance in language learning.
  阅读在语言学习中至关重要。
 »The police play a vital role in our society.
  警察在我们的社会中起着极其重要的作用。
 »It was vital to show that he was not afraid.
  最重要的是要表现出他毫无畏惧。
--› note at essential
2. [only before noun] connected with or necessary for staying alive
• 生命的；维持生命所必需的:
 »the vital organs (= the brain, heart, lungs, etc.)
  活命器官
3. (of a person 人) full of energy and enthusiasm
• 生气勃勃的；充满生机的；热情洋溢的
【SYN】 dynamic
po∙ten∙tial / pəˈtenʃl /
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• that can develop into sth or be developed in the future
• 潜在的；可能的
【SYN】 possible :
 »potential customers
  潜在的客户
 »a potential source of conflict
  潜在的冲突根源
 »a potential prime minister
  未来的首相
 »First we need to identify actual and potential problems.
  首先,我们需要弄清实际的问题和潜在的问题。
♦ po∙ten∙tial∙ly / -ʃəli / adv.:
 »a potentially dangerous situation
  有潜在危险的局势
◙ noun
1. [U] ~ (for / for doing sth) the possibility of sth happening or being developed or used
• 可能性；潜在性:
 »the potential for change
  变革的可能性
 »The European marketplace offers excellent potential for increasing sales.
  欧洲市场带来了扩销的大好机遇。
2. [U] qualities that exist and can be developed
• 潜力；潜质
【SYN】 promise :
 »All children should be encouraged to realize their full potential.
  应当鼓励所有的儿童充分发挥他们的潜能。
 »She has great potential as an artist.
  她很有潜质,是一位可造就的艺术家。
 »He has the potential to become a world-class musician.
  他有潜力成为世界级的音乐家。
 »The house has a lot of potential.
  这所房子颇具潜力。
3. [U, C] (physics 物) the difference in voltage between ten points in an electric field or circuit
• 电位；电势；电压
'heart attack
◙ noun
• a sudden serious medical condition in which the heart stops working normally, sometimes causing death
• 心脏病发作
--› compare coronary thrombosis
cir∙cu∙late / ˈsə:kjəleit; NAmE ˈsə:rk- /
◙ verb
1. when a liquid, gas, or air circulates or is circulated, it moves continuously around a place or system
• (液体或气体)环流,循环
▪ [V]
 »The condition prevents the blood from circulating freely.
  这种状态阻碍了血液的循环畅通。
▪ [VN]
 »Cooled air is circulated throughout the building.
  冷气在整座大楼循环。
2. if a story, an idea, information, etc. circulates or if you circulate it, it spreads or it is passed from one person to another
• 传播；流传；散布
▪ [V]
 »Rumours began to circulate about his financial problems.
  有关他财务困难的谣言开始流传开来。
▪ [also VN]
3. [VN] ~ sth (to sb) to send goods or information to all the people in a group
• 传送；传递；传阅:
 »The document will be circulated to all members.
  这份文件将在所有成员中传阅。
4. [V] to move around a group, especially at a party, talking to different people
• (尤指在聚会上)往来应酬,周旋
stroke / strəuk; NAme strouk /
◙ noun
›› HITTING MOVEMENT 击打动作
1. an act of hitting a ball, for example with a bat or racket
• 击球(动作):
 »What a beautiful stroke!
  击球动作多漂亮呀！
 »He won by two strokes (= in golf , by taking two fewer strokes than his opponent).
  他以少于对手两杆的成绩获胜。
2. a single movement of the arm when hitting sb / sth
• (打、击等的)一下,一击:
 »His punishment was six strokes of the cane.
  给他的惩罚是捱六教鞭。
›› IN SWIMMING / ROWING 游泳；划船
3. any of a series of repeated movements in swimming or rowing
• 划水动作；划桨动作:
 »She took a few more strokes to reach the bank.
  她又划几下,游到了岸边。
4. (often in compounds 常构成复合词) a style of swimming
• 游泳姿势:
 »Butterfly is the only stroke I can't do.
  只有蝶泳我不会。
--› see also backstroke , breaststroke
5. the person who sets the speed at which everyone in a boat rows
• (指挥船上其他桨手的)尾桨手
›› GENTLE TOUCH 抚摩
6. [usually sing.] (especially BrE) an act of moving your hand gently over a surface, usually several times
• 轻抚；抚摩:
 »He gave the cat a stroke.
  他抚摩了一下猫。
›› OF PEN / BRUSH 笔；刷子
7. a mark made by moving a pen, brush, etc. once across a surface
• 一笔；一画；笔画:
 »to paint with fine brush strokes
  一小刷一小刷地刷漆
 »At the stroke of a pen (= by signing sth) they removed thousands of people from the welfare system.
  他们大笔一挥,就把成千上万的人排除在福利制度之外。
›› ACTION 行动
8. ~ (of sth) a single successful action or event
• (成功的)举动；(高明的)举措；(巧妙的)办法；(成功的)事情:
 »Your idea was a stroke of genius.
  你的主意很高明。
 »It was a stroke of luck that I found you here.
  我在这儿看见你纯属巧遇。
 »It was a bold stroke to reveal the identity of the murderer on the first page.
  在头版上披露谋杀犯的身分,这是一个大胆的举措。
 »She never does a stroke (of work) (= never does any work).
  她一向什么活儿都不干。
--› see also masterstroke
›› OF CLOCK 钟
9. each of the sounds made by a clock or bell giving the hours
• 钟声；鸣；敲:
 »At the first stroke it will be 9 o'clock exactly.
  等到钟敲第一下时就是 9 点整。
 »on the stroke of three (= at 3 o'clock exactly)
  三点整
›› ILLNESS 疾病
10. a sudden serious illness when a blood vessel (= tube) in the brain bursts or is blocked, which can cause death or the loss of the ability to move or to speak clearly
• 中风:
 »to have / suffer a stroke
  患中风
 »The stroke left him partly paralysed.
  他因中风身体局部瘫痪了。
【IDIOMS】
◘ at a (single) 'stroke | ◘ at one 'stroke
• with a single immediate action
• 一下子；一举:
 »They threatened to cancel the whole project at a stroke.
  他们威胁要一下子砍掉整个项目。
◘ put sb off their 'stroke
(BrE)
• to make sb make a mistake or hesitate in what they are doing
• 扰乱某人；使某人乱了方寸
◙ verb [VN]
›› TOUCH GENTLY 轻抚
1. (especially BrE) to move your hand gently and slowly over an animal's fur or hair
• 轻抚,抚摩(动物的毛皮):
 »He's a beautiful dog. Can I stroke him?
  这条狗真漂亮。我可以摸一摸吗？
--› see also pet v. (1)
2. to move your hand gently over a surface, sb's hair, etc.
• 轻抚,抚摩(物体表面或头发等):
 »He stroked her hair affectionately.
  他深情地抚摩着她的头发。
›› MOVE STH GENTLY 轻挪
3. [+adv. / prep.] to move sth somewhere with a gentle movement
• 轻挪；轻触；轻拭:
 »She stroked away his tears.
  她轻轻拭去他的眼泪。
 »He stroked the ball between the posts.
  他轻轻一触,把球踢进门柱之间。
›› BE NICE TO SB 待某人好
4. (informal, especially NAmE) to be very nice to sb, especially to get them to do what you want
• 待(某人)非常好；(尤指)顺着(某人)以便为自己办事
ˌblood 'sugar
◙ noun [U]
• the amount of glucose in your blood
• 血糖
dia∙betes / ˌdaiəˈbi:ti:z /
◙ noun [U]
• a medical condition caused by a lack of insulin , which makes the patient produce a lot of urine and feel very thirsty
• 糖尿病；多尿症
ab∙nor∙mal / æbˈnɔ:ml; NAmE -ˈnɔ:rml /
◙ adj.
• different from what is usual or expected, especially in a way that is worrying, harmful or not wanted
• 不正常的；反常的；变态的；畸形的:
 »abnormal levels of sugar in the blood
  血糖值不正常
 »They thought his behaviour was abnormal.
  他们认为他行为反常。
【OPP】 normal
♦ ab∙nor∙mal∙ly / æbˈnɔ:məli; NAmE -ˈnɔ:rm- / adv.:
 »abnormally high blood pressure
  异常高的血压
mould (BrE) (NAmE mold) / məuld; NAme mould /
◙ noun
1. [C] a container that you pour a soft liquid or substance into, which then becomes solid in the same shape as the container, for example when it is cooled or cooked
• 模具；铸模:
 »A clay mould is used for casting bronze statues.
  用黏土模具来浇铸青铜塑像。
 »Pour the chocolate into a heart-shaped mould.
  将巧克力倒入心形模子。
 »They broke the mould when they made you (= there is nobody like you).
  世上没有相同的人。
2. [C, usually sing.] a particular style showing the characteristics, attitudes or behaviour that are typical of sb / sth
• (独特)类型,个性,风格:
 »a hero in the 'Superman' mould
  "超人"型的英雄
 »He is cast in a different mould from his predecessor.
  他和他的前任性格不一样。
 »She doesn't fit (into) the traditional mould of an academic.
  她不像一个传统的学者。
3. [U, C] a fine soft green, grey or black substance like fur that grows on old food or on objects that are left in warm wet air
• 霉；霉菌:
 »There's mould on the cheese.
  干酪发霉了。
 »moulds and fungi
  霉菌和真菌
 »mould growth
  霉的生长
--› see also leaf mould
【IDIOMS】
◘ break the 'mould (of sth)
• to change what people expect from a situation, especially by acting in a dramatic and original way
• 改变…模式；打破…模式
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ A (into B) | ~ B (from / out of / in A) to shape a soft substance into a particular form or object by pressing it or by putting it into a mould
• (用模具)浇铸,塑造:
 »First, mould the clay into the desired shape.
  首先,将陶土做成需要的形状。
 »The figure had been moulded in clay.
  这座人像是用黏土塑造的。
2. [VN] ~ sb / sth (into sb / sth) to strongly influence the way sb's character, opinions, etc. develop
• 对…影响重大；将…塑造成:
 »The experience had moulded and coloured her whole life.
  这次经历影响了她的一生。
 »He moulded them into a superb team.
  他将他们塑造成一支非凡的队伍。
3. ~ (sth) to sth to fit or make sth fit tightly around the shape of sth
• (使)紧贴于,吻合:
▪ [V]
 »The fabric moulds to the body.
  这种织物很贴身。
▪ [also VN]
as∙ton∙ish / əˈstɔniʃ; NAmE əˈstɑ:n- /
◙ verb
• to surprise sb very much
• 使十分惊讶；使大为惊奇；使吃惊
【SYN】 amaze
--› note at surprise :
▪ [VN]
 »The news astonished everyone.
  这消息使大家十分惊讶。
 »She astonished us by saying she was leaving.
  她说她要离开,令我们大为惊奇。
▪ [VN (that)]
 »It astonishes me (that) he could be so thoughtless.
  我真没有料到他会如此轻率。
ap∙pli∙ca∙tion / ˌæpliˈkeiʃn /
◙ noun
›› FOR JOB / COURSE 求职；办手续
1. [C, U] ~ (to sb) (for sth / to do sth) a formal (often written) request for sth, such as a job, permission to do sth or a place at a college or university
• 申请；请求；申请书；申请表:
 »a planning / passport application
  规划/护照申请
 »His application to the court for bail has been refused.
  他向法庭申请保释遭到拒绝。
 »an application for membership / a loan / a licence
  会籍/贷款/执照申请
 »an application form (= a piece of paper on which to apply for sth)
  申请表
 »Further information is available on application to the principal.
  申请书请交校长,届时将提供详情。
›› PRACTICAL USE 实用
2. [U, C] ~ (of sth) (to sth) the practical use of sth, especially a theory, discovery, etc.
• (尤指理论、发现等的)应用,运用:
 »the application of new technology to teaching
  新技术在教学上的应用
 »The invention would have wide application / a wide range of applications in industry.
  这项发明会在工业中得到广泛应用。
›› OF PAINT / CREAM 油漆；乳剂
3. [C, U] an act of putting or spreading sth, such as paint or medical creams, onto sth else
• 涂抹；敷用；施用:
 »lotion for external application only (= to be put on the skin, not swallowed)
  仅限外部敷用的乳液
 »It took three applications of paint to cover the graffiti.
  刷了三道油漆才盖住了涂鸦。
›› OF RULE / LAW 规章；法律
4. [U] the act of making a rule, etc. operate or become effective
• 运用；生效:
 »strict application of the law
  法律的严格执行
›› COMPUTING 计算机技术
5. [C] (abbr. app) a program designed to do a particular job; a piece of software
• 应用程序；应用软件； 应用程式；应用软体:
 »a database application
  数据库应用软件
›› HARD WORK 勤奋
6. [U] (formal) determination to work hard at sth; great effort
• 勤奋；努力:
 »Success as a writer demands great application.
  作家要成功就得悉力以赴。
un∙able / ʌnˈeibl /
◙ adj. [not before noun]
• ~ to do sth (rather formal) not having the skill, strength, time, knowledge, etc. to do sth
• 没有所需技能(或力量、时间、知识等)；未能；无法:
 »He lay there, unable to move.
  他躺在那里动弹不得。
 »I tried to contact him but was unable to.
  我试着跟他联系,却没联系上。
【OPP】 able
ef∙fect∙ive / iˈfektiv /
◙ adj.
1. producing the result that is wanted or intended; producing a successful result
• 产生预期结果的；有效的:
 »Long prison sentences can be a very effective deterrent for offenders.
  判处长期徒刑可对违法者起到强有力的威慑作用。
 »Aspirin is a simple but highly effective treatment.
  阿司匹林药片治疗方法简便,效果却非常显着。
 »drugs that are effective against cancer
  治疗癌症的有效药物
 »I admire the effective use of colour in her paintings.
  我很欣赏她绘画作品中的色彩效果。
【OPP】 ineffective
--› see also cost-effective
2. [only before noun] in reality, although not officially intended
• 实际的；事实上的:
 »the effective, if not the actual, leader of the party
  虽未居其位却实际上是党的领导人
 »He has now taken effective control of the country.
  他目前已有效地控制了这个国家。
3. (formal) (of laws and rules 法律和规则) coming into use
• 生效的；起作用的:
 »The new speed limit on this road becomes effective from 1 June.
  这条路上新的限速规定自 6 月 1 日起生效。
♦ ef∙fect∙ive∙ness (also less frequent ef∙fect∙iv∙ity / iˌfekˈtiviti / ) noun [U] :
 »to check the effectiveness of the security system
  检查安全系统的有效性
ap∙prov∙al / əˈpru:vl /
◙ noun
1. [U] the feeling that sb / sth is good or acceptable; a positive opinion of sb / sth
• 赞成；同意:
 »She desperately wanted to win her father's approval.
  她急不可待地想赢得她父亲的赞同。
 »Do the plans meet with your approval ?
  这些计划你赞成吗？
 »Several people nodded in approval.
  好几个人点头表示同意。
【OPP】 disapproval
2. [U, C] ~ (for sth) (from sb) agreement to, or permission for sth, especially a plan or request
• 批准,通过,认可(计划、要求等):
 »The plan will be submitted to the committee for official approval.
  该计划将送交委员会正式批准。
 »parliamentary / congressional / government approval
  议会的/国会的/政府的批准
 »Senior management have given their seal of approval (= formal approval) to the plans.
  高层管理部门已经正式批准这些计划。
 »I can't agree to anything without my partner's approval.
  没有合伙人的认可我什么也不能答应。
 »planning approvals
  (建筑)规划的批准
 »The proposal is subject to approval by the shareholders (= they need to agree to it).
  这项建议须得到股东的批准。
3. [U] if you buy goods, or if goods are sold on approval, you can use them for a time without paying, until you decide if you want to buy them or not
• (商品)试用,包退包换
ac∙cel∙er∙ate / əkˈseləreit /
◙ verb
1. to happen or to make sth happen faster or earlier than expected
• (使)加速,加快:
▪ [V]
 »Inflation continues to accelerate.
  通货膨胀不断加速。
▪ [VN]
 »Exposure to the sun can accelerate the ageing process.
  暴露在日光下会加快老化过程。
2. [V] (of a vehicle or person 交通工具或人) to start to go faster
• 加速；加快:
 »The runners accelerated smoothly around the bend.
  赛跑运动员在转弯处顺势加速。
 »The car accelerated to overtake me.
  那辆汽车加速超过了我。
【OPP】 decelerate
mass / mæs /
◙ noun
1. [C] ~ (of sth) a large amount of a substance that does not have a definite shape or form
• 团；块；堆:
 »a mass of snow and rocks falling down the mountain
  从山上滚下来的一堆积雪和石块
 »The hill appeared as a black mass in the distance.
  远远地看去,那座山是黑魆魆一片。
 »The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
  天空中乌云密布。
2. [C, usually sing.] ~ of sth a large amount or quantity of sth
• 大量；许多:
 »a mass of blonde hair
  一头金发
 »I began sifting through the mass of evidence.
  我开始认真筛选大量的证据。
3. [sing.] ~ of sth a large number of people or things grouped together, often in a confused way
• (常指混乱的)一群,一堆:
 »I struggled through the mass of people to the exit.
  我在人群里挤来挤去,挤到了出口处。
 »The page was covered with a mass of figures.
  纸上写满了密密麻麻的数字。
4. masses (of sth) [pl.] (informal) a large number or amount of sth
• 大量的东西
【SYN】 lots :
 »There were masses of people in the shops yesterday.
  昨天商店里人如潮涌。
 »I've got masses of work to do.
  我有一大堆的工作要做。
 »Don't give me any more. I've eaten masses!
  别再给我了,我已经吃了很多了！
5. the masses [pl.] the ordinary people in society who are not leaders or who are considered to be not very well educated
• 群众；平民百姓:
 »government attempts to suppress dissatisfaction among the masses
  政府试图压制群众不满情绪的做法
 »a TV programme that brings science to the masses
  普及科学知识的电视节目
6. the mass of sth [sing.] the most; the majority
• 大多数；多数:
 »The reforms are unpopular with the mass of teachers and parents.
  大多数教师和家长并不赞成这些改革。
7. [U] (technical 术语) the quantity of material that sth contains
• 质量:
 »calculating the mass of a planet
  计算一个行星的质量
【HELP】Weight is used in non-technical language for this meaning.
• 非技术性语言用 weight 表示此义。

--› see also biomass , critical mass , land mass
【IDIOMS】
◘ be a 'mass of
• to be full of or covered with sth
• 充满；布满:
 »The rose bushes are a mass of flowers in June.
  六月的玫瑰园花团锦簇。
 »Her arm was a mass of bruises.
  她的胳膊上伤痕累累。
◙ adj. [only before noun]
• affecting or involving a large number of people or things
• 大批的；数量极多的；广泛的:
 »mass unemployment / production
  大批失业；批量生产
 »weapons of mass destruction
  大规模杀伤性武器
 »Their latest product is aimed at the mass market.
  他们的最新产品瞄准了大众市场。
--› see also mass-market
◙ verb
• to come together in large numbers; to gather people or things together in large numbers
• 集结；聚集
▪ [V , usually +adv. / prep.]
 »Demonstrators had massed outside the embassy.
  示威者聚集在大使馆的外面。
 »Dark clouds massed on the horizon.
  天边乌云密布。
▪ [VN]
 »The general massed his troops for a final attack.
  将军把军队都集中起来准备发动最后的进攻。
♦ massed adj.:
 »the massed ranks of his political opponents
  他的大批政敌
Mass / mæs /
◙ noun
1. (sometimes mass) [U, C] (especially in the Roman Catholic Church) a ceremony held in memory of the last meal that Christ had with his disciples
• (尤指罗马天主教的)弥撒:
 »to go to Mass
  参加弥撒
 »a priest celebrating / saying Mass
  主持弥撒的神父
--› see also communion (1), Eucharist
2. [C] a piece of music that is written for the prayers, etc. of this ceremony
• 弥撒曲:
 »Bach's Mass in B minor
  巴赫的 B 小调弥撒曲
sick∙ness / ˈsiknəs /
◙ noun
1. [U] illness; bad health
• 疾病；不健康:
 »She's been off work because of sickness.
  她因病没有上班。
 »insurance against sickness and unemployment
  疾病和失业保险
--› note at illness
2. [U, C, usually sing.] a particular type of illness or disease
• …病；…症:
 »altitude / travel / radiation, etc. sickness
  高原病、旅行眩晕、辐射病等
--› see also sleeping sickness
3. [U] (especially BrE) the feeling that you are likely to vomit (= bring food back up from the stomach to the mouth) ; the fact of vomiting
• 恶心；呕吐
【SYN】 nausea :
 »symptoms include sickness and diarrhoea
  症状包括呕吐和腹泻
 »The sickness passed off after a while.
  过了一会儿,就不觉得恶心了。
--› see also morning sickness
4. [sing.] a feeling of great sadness, disappointment or disgust
• 悲伤；失望；厌恶；反感
symp∙tom / ˈsimptəm /
◙ noun
1. a change in your body or mind that shows that you are not healthy
• 症状:
 »flu symptoms
  流感症状
 »Look out for symptoms of depression.
  留心看有无抑郁症状。
 »Symptoms include a headache and sore throat.
  症状包括头痛和咽喉疼痛。
2. a sign that sth exists, especially sth bad
• 征候；征兆
【SYN】 indication :
 »The rise in inflation was just one symptom of the poor state of the economy.
  通胀上升不过是经济不景气的一个征候。
--› note at sign
bleed / bli:d /
◙ verb (bled, bled / bled / )
1. əʒ] to lose blood, especially from a wound or an injury
• 流血；失血:
 »My finger's bleeding.
  我的手指出血了。
 »She slowly bled to death.
  她慢慢地失血死去。
 »He was bleeding from a gash on his head.
  他头上的伤口在出血。
2. [VN] (in the past) to take blood from sb as a way of treating disease
• 给(某人)放血
3. [VN] ~ sb (for sth) (informal) to force sb to pay a lot of money over a period of time
• 长期榨取(某人的钱):
 »My ex-wife is bleeding me for every penny I have.
  我的前妻不断地榨取我的每一分钱。
4. [VN] to remove air or liquid from sth so that it works correctly
• 放掉气体或水(以使某物运行正常)；抽干
5. [V] to spread from six area of sth to another area
• 散开；渗开:
 »Keep the paint fairly dry so that the colours don't bleed into each other.
  涂料尽量干一些,以免颜色相互渗透。
【IDIOMS】
◘ bleed sb 'dry
•(disapproving) to take away all sb's money
• 榨取某人所有的钱；把某人榨干:
 »The big corporations are bleeding some of these small countries dry.
  一些大企业正在把这些小国家榨干。
--› more at heart
rea∙son∙able / ˈri:znəbl /
◙ adj.
1. ~ (to do sth) fair, practical and sensible
• 公平的；合理的；有理由的；明智的:
 »It is reasonable to assume that he knew beforehand that this would happen.
  有理由认为他事先就知道会发生这样的事。
 »Be reasonable! We can't work late every night.
  要讲道理呀！我们不能每天晚上都干得很晚呀。
 »Any reasonable person would have done exactly as you did.
  任何有头脑的人都会完全照你那样去做的。
 »The prosecution has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that he is guilty of murder.
  控方必须毫无疑义地证明他犯有谋杀罪。
【OPP】 unreasonable
2. acceptable and appropriate in a particular situation
• 可以接受的；合乎情理的；公道的:
 »He made us a reasonable offer for the car.
  他给我们出的车价公平合理。
 »You must submit your claim within a reasonable time.
  你必须在适当的时间内提出要求。
3. (of prices 价格) not too expensive
• 不太贵的；公道的
【SYN】 fair :
 »We sell good quality food at reasonable prices.
  我们以公道的价格出售优质食品。
--› note at cheap
4. [usually before noun] fairly good, but not very good
• 不错的；还算好的；过得去的
【SYN】 average :
 »a reasonable standard of living
  还算不错的生活水平
 »The hotel was reasonable, I suppose (= but not excellent).
  我觉得这家酒店还可以。
♦ rea∙son∙able∙ness noun [U]
out∙come / ˈautkʌm /
◙ noun
• the result or effect of an action or event
• 结果；效果:
 »We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.
  我们在等待谈判的最终结果。
 »These costs are payable whatever the outcome of the case.
  无论讼案结果如何,这些费用都应照付。
 »We are confident of a successful outcome.
  我们相信会有圆满的结果。
 »Four possible outcomes have been identified.
  现已确定有四种可能的结果。
--› note at effect
ap∙plaud / əˈplɔ:d /
◙ verb
1. to show your approval of sb / sth by clapping your hands
• 鼓掌:
▪ [V]
 »He started to applaud and the others joined in.
  他开始鼓掌,其他人也跟着鼓起掌来。
▪ [VN]
 »They rose to applaud the speaker.
  他们起立向演讲者鼓掌。
 »She was applauded as she came on stage.
  她出台时人们向她鼓掌。
2. [VN] ~ sb / sth (for sth) (formal) to express praise for sb / sth because you approve of them or it
• 称赞；赞许；赞赏:
 »We applaud her decision.
  我们称赞她的决定。
 »His efforts to improve the situation are to be applauded.
  他为改善状况所作的努力应该受到赞许。
 »I applaud her for having the courage to refuse.
  我赞赏她敢于拒绝。
ar∙range∙ment / əˈreindʒmənt /
◙ noun
1. [C, usually pl.] ~ (for sth) a plan or preparation that you make so that sth can happen
• 安排；筹备:
 »travel arrangements
  旅行安排
 »I'll make arrangements for you to be met at the airport.
  我会安排人到机场接你。
2. [C, usually pl.] the way things are done or organized
• 安排方式；布置:
 »She's happy with her unusual living arrangements.
  她对自己不同寻常的生活安排方式感到很得意。
 »new security arrangements
  新保安措施
 »There are special arrangements for people working overseas.
  对赴海外工作的人员有特别安排。
3. [C, U] ~ (with sb) (to do sth) an agreement that you make with sb that you can both accept
• 商定；约定:
 »an arrangement between the school and the parents
  学校和家长的一项约定
 »We can come to an arrangement over the price.
  我们可以就价格问题达成一项协议。
 »They had an arrangement that the children would spend ten weeks with each parent.
  他们商定,孩子们与父方母方分别各住两个星期。
 »You can cash cheques here by prior arrangement with the bank.
  你事先和银行商妥,就可以在这里兑现支票。
4. [C, U] a group of things that are organized or placed in a particular order or position; the act of placing things in a particular order
• 整理好的东西；整理；排列；布置:
 »plans of the possible seating arrangements
  几种可行的座次安排方案
 »the art of flower arrangement
  插花艺术
5. [C, U] a piece of music that has been changed, for example for another instrument to play
• 改编乐曲
dull / dʌl /
◙ adj. (dull∙er, dull∙est)
›› BORING 乏味
1. not interesting or exciting
• 枯燥无味的；无聊的；令人生厌的
【SYN】 dreary :
 »Life in a small town could be deadly dull.
  小城镇的生活可能会非常没意思。
 »The first half of the game was pretty dull.
  上半场比赛打得十分沉闷。
 »There's never a dull moment when John's around.
  只要约翰在就不会有沉闷的时候。
--› note at boring
›› LIGHT / COLOURS 光；色彩
2. not bright or shiny
• 不明亮的；不鲜明的；无光泽的:
 »a dull grey colour
  暗灰色
 »dull, lifeless hair
  无光泽、无弹性的头发
 »Her eyes were dull.
  她目光呆滞。
›› SOUNDS 声音
3. not clear or loud
• 不清晰的；隐约的；低沉的:
 »The gates shut behind him with a dull thud.
  他走出后门砰的一声闷响关上了。
›› WEATHER 天气
4. not bright, with a lot of clouds
• 阴沉的；昏暗的；多云的
【SYN】 overcast :
 »It was a dull, grey day.
  那是一个阴沉昏暗的日子。
›› PAIN 疼痛
5. not very severe, but continuous
• 隐隐约约的:
 »a dull ache / pain
  隐隐的疼痛
›› PERSON 人
6. slow in understanding
• 迟钝的；愚笨的
【SYN】 stupid :
 »a dull pupil
  脑子迟钝的小学生
›› TRADE 贸易
7. (especially NAmE) not busy; slow
• 萧条的；不景气的；呆滞的:
 »Don't sell into a dull market.
  不要到萧条的市场去推销。
♦ dull∙ness noun [U]
♦ dully / ˈdʌlli / adv.:
 »'I suppose so,' she said dully.
  "我看是这样。"她木然说道。
 »His leg ached dully.
  他的腿隐隐作痛。
【IDIOMS】
◘ (as) dull as 'ditchwater
(BrE) (US (as) dull as 'dishwater)
• extremely boring
• 索然无味；无聊透顶
--› more at work n.
◙ verb
›› PAIN 疼痛
1. (of pain or an emotion 疼痛或感情) to become or be made weaker or less severe
• 减轻；(使)变麻木:
▪ [VN]
 »The tablets they gave him dulled the pain for a while.
  他们给他的药片暂时缓解了疼痛。
▪ [also V]
›› PERSON 人
2. [VN] to make a person slower or less lively
• 使迟钝；使不活泼:
 »He felt dulled and stupid with sleep.
  他睡得迷迷糊糊,昏头昏脑。
›› COLOURS, SOUNDS 色彩；声音
3. to become or to make sth less bright, clean or sharp
• (使)变得无光泽,变模糊,变低沉:
▪ [V]
 »His eyes dulled and he slumped to the ground.
  他眼前一黑重重地倒在地上。
▪ [VN]
 »The endless rain seemed to dull all sound.
  连绵不断的阴雨似乎使所有的声音都变得沉闷起来。
'pressure point
◙ noun
1. a place on the surface of the body that is sensitive to pressure, for example where an artery can be pressed against a bone to stop the loss of blood
• 止血点；压觉点
2. a place or situation where there is likely to be trouble
• 危机地点(或局面)
sword / sɔ:d; NAme sɔ:rd /
◙ noun
• a weapon with a long metal blade and a handle
• 剑；刀:
 »to draw / sheathe a sword (= to take it out / put it into its cover)
  拔剑；把剑插入鞘
【IDIOMS】
◘ put sb to the 'sword
•(old-fashioned or literary) to kill sb with a sword
• 用剑刺死某人
◘ a / the sword of 'Damocles
•(literary) a bad or unpleasant thing that might happen to you at any time and that makes you feel worried or frightened
• 达摩克利斯剑(喻指令人忧虑或畏惧的、随时可能降临的灾祸)
【ORIGIN】From the legend in which Damocles had to sit at a meal at the court of Dionysius with a sword hanging by a single hair above his head. He had praised Dionysius' happiness, and Dionysius wanted him to understand how quickly happiness can be lost.
• 源自达摩克利斯 (Damocles) 在利剑下用餐的传说。达摩克利斯曾赞美狄奥尼西奥斯所享受的幸福,后者请他在宫中饮宴,命人将一把利剑用一根头发悬挂于他头顶,以此让他明白幸福易逝。

◘ turn swords into 'ploughshares
•(literary) to stop fighting and return to peaceful activities
• 铸剑为犁；化干戈为玉帛；偃武修文
--› more at cross v., double-edged , pen n.
swell / swel /
◙ verb (swelled / sweld / swol∙len / ˈswəulən; NAme ˈswou- / or swelled, swelled)
1. əʒ] ~ (up) to become bigger or rounder
• 膨胀；肿胀:
 »Her arm was beginning to swell up where the bee had stung her.
  她胳膊给蜜蜂蜇了,肿了起来。
2. ~ (sth) (out) to curve out or make sth curve out
• (使)凸出,鼓出:
▪ [V]
 »The sails swelled (out) in the wind.
  船帆鼓满了风。
▪ [VN]
 »The wind swelled (out) the sails.
  风鼓起了帆。
3. ~ (sth) (to sth) to increase or make sth increase in number or size
• (使)增加,增大,扩大:
▪ [VN]
 »Last year's profits were swelled by a fall in production costs.
  去年因生产成本下降,利润有所增加。
 »We are looking for more volunteers to swell the ranks (= increase the number) of those already helping.
  我们期盼有更多的志愿者加入,以壮大目前已在提供帮助的队伍。
▪ [V]
 »Membership has swelled to over 20 000.
  成员增加到 2 万余人。
【OPP】 shrink
4. [V] (of a sound 声音) to become louder
• 变得更响亮；增强:
 »The cheering swelled through the hall.
  欢呼声越来越大,响彻大厅。
5. [V] ~ (with sth) to be filled with a strong emotion
• 充满(激情):
 »to swell with pride
  满腔豪情
--› see also swollen
◙ noun
1. [C, usually sing.] the movement of the sea when it rises and falls without the waves breaking
• 海浪的涌动；涌浪:
 »The boat was caught in a heavy (= strong) swell.
  船遇上了大浪涌。
2. [sing.] (formal) the curved shape of sth, especially a part of the body
• (尤指身体部位)凸起的形状,鼓出处,隆起处:
 »the firm swell of her breasts
  她挺拔的乳峰
3. [sing.] a situation in which sth increases in size, number, strength, etc.
• 增加；增大；扩大；增强:
 »a growing swell of support
  越来越多的支持
 »a swell of pride
  自豪感的增强
--› see also groundswell
4. [sing.] (of music or noise 乐音或噪声) a gradual increase in the volume of sth
• 逐渐增强
【SYN】 crescendo
5. (old-fashioned, informal) an important or fashionable person
• 重要人士；时髦人物
◙ adj.
• (old-fashioned, NAmE, informal) very good, enjoyable, etc.
• 很愉快的；极有趣的:
 »We had a swell time.
  我们过得开心极了。
acu∙punc∙tur∙ist / ˈækjupʌŋktʃərist /
◙ noun
• a person who is trained to perform acupuncture
• 针疗医师
stain / stein /
◙ verb
1. ~ (sth) (with sth) to leave a mark that is difficult to remove on sth; to be marked in this way
• (被)玷污；留下污渍:
▪ [VN]
 »I hope it doesn't stain the carpet.
  希望它别把地毯弄脏。
▪ [V]
 »This carpet stains easily.
  这块地毯不耐脏。
▪ [VN-ADJ]
 »The juice from the berries stained their fingers red.
  浆果汁把他们的手指染成了红色。
--› note at mark
2. to change the colour of sth using a coloured liquid
• 给…染色(或着色):
▪ [VN]
 »to stain wood
  给木料上色
 »Stain the specimen before looking at it under the microscope.
  先把标本染色,再放到显微镜下观察。
▪ [VN-ADJ]
 »They stained the floors dark brown.
  他们把地板涂成了深棕色。
3. [VN] (formal) to damage the opinion that people have of sth
• 玷污,败坏(名声):
 »The events had stained the city's reputation unfairly.
  这些事件使该市背上了不应有的恶名。
◙ noun
1. [C] a dirty mark on sth, that is difficult to remove
• 污点；污渍:
 »a blood / a coffee / an ink, etc. stain
  血迹、咖啡渍、墨痕等
 »stubborn stains (= that are very difficult to remove)
  顽固的污渍
 »How can I get this stain out?
  我怎么才能把这点污渍除去？
 »The carpet has been treated so that it is stain-resistant (= it does not stain easily).
  这地毯已经过处理,不易挂污。
2. [U, C] a liquid used for changing the colour of wood or cloth
• 染色剂；着色剂
3. [sing.] a ~ on sth (formal) something that damages a person's reputation, so that people think badly of them
• (名声上的)污点
stain∙less steel / ˌsteinləs ˈsti:l /
◙ noun [U]
• a type of steel that does not rust (= change colour)
• 不锈钢
sharp / ʃɑ:p; NAme ʃɑ:rp /
◙ adj. (sharp∙er, sharp∙est)
›› EDGE / POINT 锋；尖
1. having a fine edge or point, especially of sth that can cut or make a hole in sth
• 锋利的；锐利的；尖的:
 »a sharp knife
  锋利的刀
 »sharp teeth
  锋利的牙齿
【OPP】 blunt
›› RISE / DROP / CHANGE 升；降；变化
2. [usually before noun] sudden and rapid, especially of a change in sth
• 急剧的,骤然的(变化):
 »a sharp drop in prices
  价格的骤降
 »a sharp rise in crime
  犯罪率的急剧上升
 »a sharp increase in unemployment
  失业人数的剧增
 »He heard a sharp intake of breath.
  他听到猛地倒吸一口气的声音。
 »We need to give young criminals a short, sharp shock (= a punishment that is very unpleasant for a short time).
  对青少年罪犯我们需要给以短暂但严厉的惩处。
›› CLEAR / DEFINITE 清楚；明确
3. [usually before noun] clear and definite
• 清楚明确的；清晰的；鲜明的:
 »a sharp outline
  清晰的轮廓
 »The photograph is not very sharp (= there are no clear contrasts between areas of light and shade).
  这张照片不是很清晰。
 »She drew a sharp distinction between domestic and international politics.
  她将国内政治和国际政治截然分开。
 »In sharp contrast to her mood, the clouds were breaking up to reveal a blue sky.
  乌云渐渐散开,露出了蓝天,这和她的情绪形成了鲜明的对照。
 »The issue must be brought into sharper focus.
  必须使这个问题成为焦点。
›› MIND / EYES 头脑；眼睛
4. (of people or their minds, eyes, etc. 人或人的头脑、眼睛等) quick to notice or understand things or to react
• 敏锐的；灵敏的；敏捷的:
 »to have sharp eyes
  有敏锐的眼睛
 »a girl of sharp intelligence
  聪颖的女孩
 »a sharp sense of humour
  很强的幽默感
 »He kept a sharp lookout for any strangers.
  他警惕地守望着,不放过任何一个陌生人。
 »It was very sharp of you to see that!
  你能看到这一点,很有洞察力！
›› CRITICAL 批评性
5. ~ (with sb) (of a person or what they say 人或言语) critical or severe
• 尖锐的；严厉的:
 »sharp criticism
  尖锐的批评
 »Emma has a sharp tongue (= she often speaks in an unpleasant or unkind way).
  埃玛说话尖刻。
 »He was very sharp with me when I was late.
  我迟到了,让他狠狠训了一通。
›› SOUNDS 声音
6. [usually before noun] loud, sudden and often high in tone
• 突然而响亮的:
 »She read out the list in sharp, clipped tones.
  她清脆快速地宣读了名单。
 »There was a sharp knock on the door.
  敲门声大作。
›› FEELING 感觉
7. (of a physical feeling or an emotion 感觉或感情) very strong and sudden, often like being cut or wounded
• (常指受伤似地)剧烈的,猛烈的
【SYN】 intense :
 »He winced as a sharp pain shot through his leg.
  腿上一阵剧痛,疼得他龇牙咧嘴。
 »Polly felt a sharp pang of jealousy.
  波利感到一阵强烈的嫉妒。
›› CURVES 弯儿
8. changing direction suddenly
• 急转的:
 »a sharp bend in the road
  公路上的急转弯
 »a sharp turn to the left
  向左的急转
›› FLAVOUR / SMELL 味道；气味
9. strong and slightly bitter
• 强烈略苦的；辛辣的；刺鼻的:
 »The cheese has a distinctively sharp taste.
  这奶酪味道很冲。
--› note at bitter
›› FROST / WIND 霜；风
10. used to describe a very cold or very severe frost or wind
• 严寒的；凛冽的
--› see also razor-sharp
›› CLEVER AND DISHONEST 狡诈
11. (disapproving) (of a person or their way of doing business 人或做事方式) clever but possibly dishonest
• 狡猾的；诡诈的:
 »His lawyer's a sharp operator.
  他的律师是个老狐狸。
 »The firm had to face some sharp practice from competing companies.
  公司不得不面对竞争对手们的小动作。
›› CLOTHES 衣服
12. [usually before noun] (of clothes or the way sb dresses 衣服或衣着风格) fashionable and new
• 时髦的；入时的:
 »The consultants were a group of men in sharp suits.
  顾问都是些衣着入时的男人。
 »Todd is a sharp dresser.
  托德衣着时髦。
›› FACE / FEATURES 脸；相貌
13. not full or round in shape
• 瘦削的；不丰满的:
 »a man with a thin face and sharp features (= a pointed nose and chin)
  脸瘦而棱角分明的男人
›› IN MUSIC 音乐
14. used after the name of a note to mean a note a semitone / half tone higher
• (用于音符后,表示该音符)升半音的:
 »the Piano Sonata in C sharp minor
  升 C 小调钢琴奏鸣曲
【OPP】 flat
--› compare natural adj. (9)
15. above the correct pitch (= how high or low a note sounds)
• 偏高音的:
 »That note sounded sharp.
  这个音听着偏高。
【OPP】 flat
♦ sharp∙ness noun [C, U] :
 »There was a sudden sharpness in her voice.
  她的嗓音突然抬高了。
【IDIOMS】
◘ look 'sharp
• (BrE, informal) used in orders to tell sb to be quick or to hurry
• 赶快；赶紧:
 »You'd better look sharp or you'll be late.
  你得快点,不然就迟到了。
◘ not the sharpest knife in the 'drawer | ◘ not the sharpest tool in the 'box
•(informal, humorous) not intelligent
• 不聪明；迟钝:
 »He's not exactly the sharpest knife in the drawer, is he?
  他的脑子一点儿也不灵活,是不是？
◘ the 'sharp end (of sth)
(BrE, informal)
• the place or position of greatest difficulty or responsibility
• 最为困难(或责任极其重大)的地方(或职位):
 »He started work at the sharp end of the business, as a salesman.
  他从这一行最为棘手的工作做起,当了推销员。
◙ adv.
›› EXACTLY 准确地
1. used after an expression for a time of day to mean 'exactly'
• (用于表时间的词语后,表示准时)…整:
 »Please be here at seven o'clock sharp.
  请七点整到这里。
›› LEFT / RIGHT 左；右
2. (BrE) ~ left / right turning suddenly to the left or right
• 向左/向右急转
›› MUSIC 音乐
3. (comparative sharp∙er no superlative) above the correct pitch (= how high or low a note sounds)
• 偏高音地
【OPP】 flat
◙ noun
1. (music 音) a note played a semitone / half tone higher than the note that is named. The written symbol is ()
• 升半音:
 »It's a difficult piece to play, full of sharps and flats.
  这支乐曲不好演奏,到处是升半音、降半音。
【OPP】 flat
--› compare natural n. (2)
2. sharps [pl.] (medical 医) things with a sharp edge or point, such as needles, and syringes
• 锐利的东西(如针、注射器等):
 »the safe disposal of sharps
  带利刃或尖刺的东西的安全处置
com∙plex
◙ adj. / ˈkɔmpleks; NAmE kəmˈpleks; ˈkɑ:m- /
1. made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand
• 复杂的；难懂的；费解的
【SYN】 complicated :
 »complex machinery
  结构复杂的机器
 »the complex structure of the human brain
  错综复杂的人脑构造
 »a complex argument / problem / subject
  复杂难懂的论证/问题/科目
2. (grammar 语法) (of a word or sentence 单词或句子) containing one main part (= the root of a word or main clause of a sentence) and one or more other parts ( affixes or subordinate clauses )
• 复合的(指词根加有词缀或主句含有从句)
--› compare compound adj.
◙ noun / ˈkɔmpleks; NAmE ˈkɑ:m- /
1. a group of buildings of a similar type together in one place
• (类型相似的)建筑群:
 »a sports complex
  综合体育场
 »an industrial complex (= a site with many factories)
  工业建筑群
--› note at building
2. a group of things that are connected
• 相关连的一组事物:
 »This is just one of a whole complex of issues.
  这仅仅是所有相关的问题之一。
3. (especially in compounds 尤用于构成复合词) a mental state that is not normal
• 不正常的精神状态；情结:
 »to suffer from a guilt complex
  蒙受负罪感之苦
--› see also inferiority complex , Oedipus complex , persecution complex
4. if sb has a complex about sth, they are worried about it in way that is not normal
• (对某事)不正常的忧虑
pulse / pʌls /
◙ noun
1. [usually sing.] the regular beat of blood as it is sent around the body, that can be felt in different places, especially on the inside part of the wrist; the number of times the blood beats in a minute
• 脉搏；脉率:
 »a strong / weak pulse
  强/弱脉搏
 »an abnormally high pulse rate
  异常高的脉率
 »The doctor took / felt my pulse.
  医生给我量了脉搏/把了脉。
 »Fear sent her pulse racing (= made it beat very quickly).
  她吓得脉搏急速跳动。
2. a strong regular beat in music
• 强劲的音乐节拍
【SYN】 rhythm :
 »the throbbing pulse of the drums
  阵阵强劲的鼓点
3. a single short increase in the amount of light, sound or electricity produced by a machine, etc.
• 脉冲:
 »pulse waves
  脉冲波
 »sound pulses
  声脉冲
4. pulses [pl.] the seeds of some plants that are eaten as food, such as peas and lentils
• 豆果果实；荚果；豆子
【IDIOMS】
--› see finger n.
◙ verb [V]
1. to move, beat or flow with strong regular movements or sounds
• 搏动；跳动；震动
【SYN】 throb :
 »A vein pulsed in his temple.
  他太阳穴上的静脉在搏动。
 »the pulsing rhythm of the music
  这乐曲的强烈节奏
2. ~ (with sth) to be full of a feeling such as excitement or energy
• 洋溢着；充满(激情等)
【SYN】 buzz :
 »The auditorium pulsed with excitement.
  礼堂里洋溢着热烈的气氛。
heart∙beat / ˈhɑ:tbi:t; NAme ˈhɑ:rt- /
◙ noun
1. [C, U] the movement or sound of the heart as it sends blood around the body
• 心跳；心搏；心跳声:
 »a rapid / regular heartbeat
  急速/正常的心跳
2. [sing.] the ~ of sth (NAmE) an important feature of sth, that is responsible for making it what it is
• 重要特征；中心:
 »The candidate said that he understood the heartbeat of the Hispanic community in California.
  这位候选人说他了解加利福尼亚州的西班牙语裔美国人社区的特点。
【IDIOMS】
◘ a 'heartbeat away (from sth)
• very close to sth
• (离…)很近；近在咫尺
◘ in a 'heartbeat
• very quickly, without thinking about it
• 瞬间；随即:
 »If I was offered another job, I'd leave in a heartbeat.
  如果能找到另外一份工作,我马上就走。
wrist / rist /
◙ noun
• the joint between the hand and the arm
• 手腕；腕关节:
 »She's broken her wrist.
  她的腕关节骨折了。
 »He wore a copper bracelet on his wrist.
  他腕上戴着只铜手镯。
【IDIOMS】
--› see slap n.
organ / ˈɔ:ɡən; NAme ˈɔ:rɡən /
◙ noun
1. a part of the body that has a particular purpose, such as the heart or the brain; part of a plant with a particular purpose
• (人体或动植物的)器官:
 »the internal organs
  内脏
 »the sense organs (= the eyes, ears, nose, etc.)
  感觉器官
 »the sexual / reproductive organs
  性/生殖器官
 »an organ transplant / donor
  器官移植/捐赠者
2. (especially humorous) a penis
• 阴茎；阳物:
 »the male organ
  雄性性器官
3. (also 'pipe organ) a large musical instrument with keys like a piano. Sounds are produced by air forced through pipes.
• 管风琴:
 »She plays the organ in church.
  她在教堂负责弹奏管风琴。
 »organ music
  管风琴曲
--› compare harmonium
4. a musical instrument similar to a pipe organ, but without pipes
• 风琴:
 »an electric organ
  电子琴
--› see also barrel organ , mouth organ
5. (formal) an official organization that is part of a larger organization and has a special purpose
• (官方的)机构,机关:
 »the organs of government
  政府机关
6. (formal) a newspaper or magazine that gives information about a particular group or organization; a means of communicating the views of a particular group
• 机关报刊；(某团体的)宣传工具:
 »The People's Daily is the official organ of the Chinese Communist Party.
  《人民日报》是中国共产党的官方报纸。
al∙co∙hol∙ic / ˌælkəˈhɔlik; NAmE -ˈhɔ:l-; -ˈhɑ:l- /
◙ adj.
1. connected with or containing alcohol
• 酒精的；含酒精的:
 »alcoholic drinks
  含酒精的饮料
【OPP】 non-alcoholic
--› see also soft drink
2. caused by drinking alcohol
• 饮酒引起的:
 »The guests left in an alcoholic haze.
  客人们醉醺醺地离去了。
◙ noun
• (also NAmE informal lush) a person who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot easily stop drinking, so that it has become an illness
• 酒精中毒者；嗜酒如命者；酒鬼
ad∙dict∙ed / əˈdiktid /
◙ adj. [not before noun] ~ (to sth)
1. unable to stop taking harmful drugs, or using or doing sth as a habit
• 上瘾；成瘾；有瘾:
 »to become addicted to drugs / gambling
  吸毒成瘾；嗜赌
2. spending all your free time doing sth because you are so interested in it
• 入迷:
 »He's addicted to computer games.
  他迷上了电脑游戏。
the∙ory / ˈθiəri; NAme ˈθiri; ˈθi:əri /
◙ noun (pl. -ies)
1. [C, U] a formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why sth happens or exists
• 学说；论；说:
 »According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light.
  根据相对论,光比什么都传播得快。
2. [U] the principles on which a particular subject is based
• 理论；原理；原则:
 »the theory and practice of language teaching
  语言教学理论与实践
3. [C] ~ (that) an opinion or idea that sb believes is true but that is not proved
• (未证明的)意见；看法；推测:
 »I have this theory that most people prefer being at work to being at home.
  依我看,多数人喜欢工作而不愿呆在家里。
【IDIOMS】
◘ in 'theory
• used to say that a particular statement is supposed to be true but may in fact be wrong
• 理论上；按理说:
 »In theory, these machines should last for two years or more.
  从理论上讲,这些机器应能用十年以上。
 »That sounds fine in theory, but have you really thought it through?
  这话听起来很有道理,但是你真正全面考虑过没有？
phe∙nom∙enon / fəˈnɔminən; NAme fəˈnɑ:m- /
◙ noun (pl. phe∙nom∙ena / -inə / )
1. a fact or an event in nature or society, especially six that is not fully understood
• 现象:
 »cultural / natural / social phenomena
  文化/自然/社会现象
 »Globalization is a phenomenon of the 21st century.
  全球化是 21 世纪的现象。
2. (pl. phe∙nom∙enons in NAmE
• )
• a person or thing that is very successful or impressive
• 杰出的人；非凡的人(或事物)
re∙late / riˈleit /
◙ verb
1. [VN] ~ A (to B) show or make a connection between two or more things
• 联系；使有联系；把…联系起来
【SYN】 connect :
 »I found it difficult to relate the two ideas in my mind.
  我觉得很难把这两种想法联系在一起。
 »In the future, pay increases will be related to productivity.
  以后,工资的增加将和业绩挂鈎。
2. ~ sth (to sb) (formal) to give a spoken or written report of sth; to tell a story
• 敍述；讲述；讲(故事):
▪ [VN]
 »She relates her childhood experiences in the first chapters.
  在开始的几章中,她描述了自己童年的经历。
 »He related the facts of the case to journalists.
  他给记者们讲述了这件事的实际情况。
▪ [V wh-]
 »She related how he had run away from home as a boy.
  她追述了他小时候是如何离家出走的。
▪ [also V that]
【PHR V】
◘ re'late to sth / sb 1
• to be connected with sth / sb; to refer to sth / sb
• 涉及；与…相关；谈到:
 »We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our specific case.
  我们应针对我们的具体情况来讨论这个问题。
 »The second paragraph relates to the situation in Scotland.
  第二段谈到苏格兰的形势。 2
• to be able to understand and have sympathy with sb / sth
• 能够理解并同情；了解；体恤
【SYN】 empathize with :
 »Many adults can't relate to children.
  许多成年人并不了解儿童的想法。
 »Our product needs an image that people can relate to.
  我们的产品需要一个大家能理解的形象。
sub∙scribe / səbˈskraib /
◙ verb
1. [V] ~ (to sth) to pay an amount of money regularly in order to receive or use sth
• 定期订购(或订阅等):
 »Which journals does the library subscribe to?
  图书馆订有哪些报刊？
 »We subscribe to several sports channels (= on TV).
  我们付费收看好几个体育频道。
 »He subscribed to a newsgroup (= on the Internet).
  他成了一个网上新闻组的用户。
2. [V] ~ (to sth) to pay money regularly to be a member of an organization or to support a charity
• 定期交纳(会员费)；定期(向慈善机构)捐款；定期捐助:
 »He subscribes regularly to Amnesty International.
  他定期向大赦国际捐款。
3. [V] ~ (for sth) (finance 财) to apply to buy shares in a company
• 认购(股份)
--› see also oversubscribed
4. [VN] [usually passive] to apply to take part in an activity, use a service, etc.
• 申请；预订；报名:
 »The tour of Edinburgh is fully subscribed.
  去爱丁堡旅游的名额已经满了。
【PHR V】
◘ sub'scribe to sth (formal)
• to agree with or support an opinion, a theory, etc.
• 同意；赞成
【SYN】 believe in sth :
 »The authorities no longer subscribe to the view that disabled people are unsuitable as teachers.
  当局不再支持残疾人不适宜做教师的观点。